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Heusler compound

April 24, 2023

Heusler compounds are magnetic intermetallics with face-centered cubic crystal structure and a composition of XYZ (half-Heuslers) or X2YZ (full-Heuslers), where X and Y are transition metals and Z is in the p-block. The term derives from the name of German mining engineer and chemist Friedrich Heusler, who studied such a compound (Cu2MnAl) in 1903.[1] Many of these compounds exhibit properties relevant to spintronics, such as magnetoresistance, variations of the Hall effect, ferro-, antiferro-, and ferrimagnetism, half- and semimetallicity, semiconductivity with spin filter ability, superconductivity, topological band structure and are actively studied as Thermoelectric materials. Their magnetism results from a double-exchange mechanism between neighboring magnetic ions. Manganese, which sits at the body centers of the cubic structure, was the magnetic ion in the first Heusler compound discovered. (See the Bethe–Slater curve for details of why this happens.)

In the case of the full Heusler compounds with formula X2YZ (e. g., Co2MnSi) two of them are occupied by X-atoms (L21 structure), for the half-Heusler compounds XYZ one fcc sublattice remains unoccupied (C1b structure).
Electron microscope images of Cu-Mn-Al Heusler compound showing magnetic domain walls tied to APB's (a) L21 antiphase boundaries by <111> dark-field imaging - the remaining micrographs are in bright-field so that the APB's are not in contrast (b) magnetic domains by Foucault (displaced aperture) imaging, and (c) magnetic domain walls by Fresnel (defocus) imaging.

Styles of writing chemical formula

Depending on the field of literature being surveyed, one might encounter the same compound referred to with different chemical formulas. An example of the most common difference is X2YZ versus XY2Z, where the reference to the two transition metals X and Y in the compound are swapped. The traditional convention X2YZ [2] arises from the interpretation of Heuslers as intermetallics and used predominantly in literature studying magnetic applications of Heuslers compounds. The XY2Z convention on the other hand is used mostly in thermoelectric materials[3] and transparent conducting applications [4] literature where semiconducting Heuslers (most half-Heuslers are semiconductors) are used. This convention, in which the left-most element on the periodic table comes first, uses the Zintl interpretation[5] of semiconducting compounds where the chemical formula XY2Z is written in order of increasing electronegativity. In well-known compounds such as Fe2VAl which were historically thought of as metallic (semi-metallic) but were more recently shown to be small-gap semiconductors[6] one might find both styles being used. In the present article semiconducting compounds might sometimes be mentioned in the XY2Z style.

"Off-Stoichiometric" Heuslers

Although traditionally thought to form at compositions XYZ and X2YZ, studies published after 2015 are discovering and reliably predicting Heusler compounds at atypical compositions such as XY0.8Z and X1.5YZ.[7][8] Besides these ternary compositions, quaternary Heusler compositions called the double Half-Heusler X2YY'Z2 [9] (e.g. Ti2FeNiSb2) and triple Half-Heusler X2X'Y3Z3 [10] (for e.g. Mg2VNi3Sb3) have also been discovered. These `off-stoichiometric' (the off-stoichiometry here refers to their deviation from the well-known XYZ and X2YZ compositions. Although, in principle, these are compounds with new stoichiometries) Heuslers are mostly semiconductors in the low temperature T = 0 K limit.[11] The stable compositions and corresponding electrical properties for these compounds can be quite sensitive to temperature[12] and their order-disorder transition temperatures often occur below room-temperatures.[9] Large amounts of defects at the atomic scale in off-stoichiometric Heuslers helps them achieve very low thermal conductivities and make them favorable for thermoelectric applications.[13][14] X1.5YZ semiconducting composition is stabilized by the transition metal X playing a dual role (electron donor as well as acceptor) in the structure.[15]

Magnetic properties

The early studies Full-Heusler compound Cu2MnAl has the following properties. Its magnetism varies considerably with heat treatment and composition.[16] It has a room-temperature saturation induction of around 8,000 gauss, which exceeds that of the element nickel (around 6100 gauss) but is smaller than that of iron (around 21500 gauss). For early studies see.[1][17][18] In 1934, Bradley and Rogers showed that the room-temperature ferromagnetic phase was a fully ordered structure of the L21 Strukturbericht type.[19] This has a primitive cubic lattice of copper atoms with alternate cells body-centered by manganese and aluminium. The lattice parameter is 5.95 Å. The molten alloy has a solidus temperature of about 910 °C. As it is cooled below this temperature, it transforms into disordered, solid, body-centered cubic beta-phase. Below 750 °C, a B2 ordered lattice forms with a primitive cubic copper lattice, which is body-centered by a disordered manganese-aluminium sublattice.[16][20] Cooling below 610 °C causes further ordering of the manganese and aluminium sub-lattice to the L21 form.[16][21] In non-stoichiometric alloys, the temperatures of ordering decrease, and the range of anealing temperatures, where the alloy does not form microprecipitates, becomes smaller than for the stoichiometric material.[22][23][16]

Oxley found a value of 357 °C for the Curie temperature, below which the compound becomes ferromagnetic.[24] Neutron diffraction and other techniques have shown that a magnetic moment of around 3.7 Bohr magnetons resides almost solely on the manganese atoms.[16][25] As these atoms are 4.2 Å apart, the exchange interaction, which aligns the spins, is likely indirect and is mediated through conduction electrons or the aluminium and copper atoms.[24][26]

Electron microscopy studies demonstrated that thermal antiphase boundaries (APBs) form during cooling through the ordering temperatures, as ordered domains nucleate at different centers within the crystal lattice and are often out of step with each other where they meet.[16][20] The anti-phase domains grow as the alloy is annealed. There are two types of APBs corresponding to the B2 and L21 types of ordering. APBs also form between dislocations if the alloy is deformed. At the APB the manganese atoms will be closer than in the bulk of the alloy and, for non-stoichiometric alloys with an excess of copper (e.g. Cu2.2MnAl0.8), an antiferromagnetic layer forms on every thermal APB.[27] These antiferromagnetic layers completely supersede the normal magnetic domain structure and stay with the APBs if they are grown by annealing the alloy. This significantly modifies the magnetic properties of the non-stoichiometric alloy relative to the stoichiometric alloy which has a normal domain structure. Presumably this phenomenon is related to the fact that pure manganese is an antiferromagnet although it is not clear why the effect is not observed in the stoichiometric alloy. Similar effects occur at APBs in the ferromagnetic alloy MnAl at its stoichiometric composition.[citation needed]

Some Heusler compounds also exhibit properties of materials known as ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys. These are generally composed of nickel, manganese and gallium and can change their length by up to 10% in a magnetic field.[28]

Mechanical properties

Understanding the mechanical properties of Heusler compounds is paramount for temperature-sensitive applications (e.g. thermoelectrics) for which some sub-classes of Heusler compounds are used. However, experimental studies are rarely encountered in literature.[29] In fact, the commercialization of these compounds is limited by the material’s ability to undergo intense, repetitive thermal cycling and resist cracking from vibrations. An appropriate measure for crack resistance is the material’s toughness, which typically scales inversely with another important mechanical property: the mechanical strength. In this section, we highlight existing experimental and computational studies on the mechanical properties of Heusler alloys. Note that the mechanical properties of such a compositionally-diverse class of materials is expectedly dependent on the chemical composition of the alloys themselves, and therefore trends in mechanical properties are difficult to identify without a case-by-case study.

The elastic modulus values of half-Heusler alloys range from 83 to 207 GPa, whereas the bulk modulus spans a tighter range from 100 GPa in HfNiSn to 130 GPa in TiCoSb.[29] A collection of various density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that half-Heusler compounds are predicted to have a lower elastic, shear, and bulk modulus than in quaternary-, full-, and inverse-Hausler alloys.[29] DFT also predicts a decrease in elastic modulus with temperature in Ni2XAl (X=Sc, Ti, V), as well as an increase in stiffness with pressure.[30] The decrease in modulus with respect to temperature is also observed in TiNiSn, ZrNiSn, and HfNiSn, where ZrNiSn has the highest modulus and Hf has the lowest.[31] This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the elastic modulus decreases with increasing interatomic separation: as temperature increases, the atomic vibrations also increase, resulting in a larger equilibrium interatomic separation.

The mechanical strength is also rarely studied in Heusler compounds. One study has shown that, in off-stoichiometric Ni2MnIn, the material reaches a peak strength of 475 MPa at 773 K, which drastically reduces to below 200 MPa at 973 K.[32] In another study, a polycrystalline Heusler alloy composed of the Ni-Mn-Sn ternary composition space was found to possess a peak compressive strength of about 2000 MPa with plastic deformation up to 5%.[33] However, the addition of Indium to the Ni-Mn-Sn ternary alloy not only increases the porosity of the samples, but it also reduces the compressive strength to 500 MPa. It is unclear from the study what percentage of the porosity increase from the Indium addition reduces the strength. Note that this is opposite to the outcome expected from solid solution strengthening, where adding Indium to the ternary system slows dislocation movement through dislocation-solute interaction and subsequently increases the material's strength.

The fracture toughness can also be tuned with composition modifications. For example, the average toughness of Ti1−x(Zr, Hf)xNiSn ranges from 1.86 MPa m1/2 to 2.16 MPa m1/2, increasing with Zr/Hf content.[31] The preparation of samples may affect the measured fracture toughness however, as elaborated by O’Connor et al.[34] In their study, samples of Ti0.5Hf0.5Co0.5Ir0.5Sb1−xSnx were prepared using three different methods: a high-temperature solid state reaction, high-energy ball milling, and a combination of both. The study found higher fracture toughness in samples prepared without a high-energy ball milling step of 2.7 MPa m1/2 to 4.1 MPa m1/2, as opposed to samples that were prepared with ball milling of 2.2 MPa m1/2 to 3.0 MPa m1/2.[31][34] Fracture toughness is sensitive to inclusions and existing cracks in the material, so it is as expected dependent the sample preparation.

Half-Heusler Thermoelectrics

 
A schematic of a HH thermoelectric. X & Z has larger electronegativity difference and form NaCl-type ionic sublattice while Y & Z form ZnS-type covalent sublattice

The half-Heusler compounds have distinctive properties and high tunability which makes the class very promising as thermoelectric materials. A study has predicted that there can be as many as 481 stable half-Heusler compounds using high-throughput ab initio calculation combine with machine learning techniques.[35] The particular half-Heusler compounds of interest as thermoelectric materials (space group ) are the semiconducting ternary compounds with a general formula XYZ where X is a more electropositive transition metal (such as Ti or Zr), Y is a less electropositive transition metal (such Ni or Co), and Z is heavy main group element (such as Sn or Sb).[36][37] This flexible range of element selection allows many different combinations to form a half-Heusler phase and enables a diverse range of material properties.

Half-Heusler thermoelectric materials have distinct advantages over many other thermoelectric materials; low toxicity, inexpensive element, robust mechanical properties, and high thermal stability make half-Heusler thermoelectrics an excellent option for mid-high temperature application.[36][38] However, the high thermal conductivity, which is intrinsic to highly symmetric HH structure, has made HH thermoelectric generally less efficient than other classes of TE materials. Many studies have focused on improving HH thermoelectric by reducing the lattice thermal conductivity and zT > 1 has been repeatedly recorded.[38]

List of common half-Heusler compounds[39]
p-type n-type
MFeSb (M = V, Nb, Ta) MCoSb (M = Ti, Zr, Hf)
ZrCoBi MNiSn (M = Ti, Zr, Hf)
MCoSb (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) M0.8CoSb (M = V, Nb, Ta)

Half-Metallic Ferromagnetic Heusler

Half-metallic ferromagnets exhibit a metallic behavior in one spin channel and an insulating behavior in the other spin channel. The first example of Heusler Half-metallic ferromagnets was first investigated by de Groot et al.,[40] with the case of NiMnSb. Half-metallicity leads to the full polarization of the conducting electrons. Half metallic ferromagnets are therefore promising for Spintronics applications.[41]

List of notable Heusler compounds

  • Cu2MnAl, Cu2MnIn, Cu2MnSn
  • Ni2MnAl, Ni2MnIn, Ni2MnSn, Ni2MnSb, Ni2MnGa
  • Co2MnAl, Co2MnSi, Co2MnGa, Co2MnGe, Co2NiGa
  • Pd2MnAl, Pd2MnIn, Pd2MnSn, Pd2MnSb
  • Co2FeSi, Co2FeAl[42]
  • Fe2VAl
  • Mn2VGa, Co2FeGe[43]
  • Co2CrxFe1−xX(X=Al, Si)[44]
  • YbBiPt[45]

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Further reading

  • G. Sauthoff: Intermetallics, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1995, S. 83 u. 90.
  • Block, T; Carey, M. J; Gurney, B. A; Jepsen, O (2004). "Band-structure calculations of the half-metallic ferromagnetism and structural stability of full- and half-Heusler phases". Physical Review B. 70 (20): 205114. Bibcode:2004PhRvB..70t5114B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.70.205114.
  • Webster, Peter J (1969). "Heusler alloys". Contemporary Physics. 10 (6): 559–577. Bibcode:1969ConPh..10..559W. doi:10.1080/00107516908204800.

External links

    April 24, 2023
    heusler, compound, magnetic, intermetallics, with, face, centered, cubic, crystal, structure, composition, half, heuslers, x2yz, full, heuslers, where, transition, metals, block, term, derives, from, name, german, mining, engineer, chemist, friedrich, heusler,. Heusler compounds are magnetic intermetallics with face centered cubic crystal structure and a composition of XYZ half Heuslers or X2YZ full Heuslers where X and Y are transition metals and Z is in the p block The term derives from the name of German mining engineer and chemist Friedrich Heusler who studied such a compound Cu2MnAl in 1903 1 Many of these compounds exhibit properties relevant to spintronics such as magnetoresistance variations of the Hall effect ferro antiferro and ferrimagnetism half and semimetallicity semiconductivity with spin filter ability superconductivity topological band structure and are actively studied as Thermoelectric materials Their magnetism results from a double exchange mechanism between neighboring magnetic ions Manganese which sits at the body centers of the cubic structure was the magnetic ion in the first Heusler compound discovered See the Bethe Slater curve for details of why this happens In the case of the full Heusler compounds with formula X2YZ e g Co2MnSi two of them are occupied by X atoms L21 structure for the half Heusler compounds XYZ one fcc sublattice remains unoccupied C1b structure Electron microscope images of Cu Mn Al Heusler compound showing magnetic domain walls tied to APB s a L21 antiphase boundaries by lt 111 gt dark field imaging the remaining micrographs are in bright field so that the APB s are not in contrast b magnetic domains by Foucault displaced aperture imaging and c magnetic domain walls by Fresnel defocus imaging Contents 1 Styles of writing chemical formula 2 Off Stoichiometric Heuslers 3 Magnetic properties 4 Mechanical properties 5 Half Heusler Thermoelectrics 6 Half Metallic Ferromagnetic Heusler 7 List of notable Heusler compounds 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksStyles of writing chemical formula EditDepending on the field of literature being surveyed one might encounter the same compound referred to with different chemical formulas An example of the most common difference is X2YZ versus XY2Z where the reference to the two transition metals X and Y in the compound are swapped The traditional convention X2YZ 2 arises from the interpretation of Heuslers as intermetallics and used predominantly in literature studying magnetic applications of Heuslers compounds The XY2Z convention on the other hand is used mostly in thermoelectric materials 3 and transparent conducting applications 4 literature where semiconducting Heuslers most half Heuslers are semiconductors are used This convention in which the left most element on the periodic table comes first uses the Zintl interpretation 5 of semiconducting compounds where the chemical formula XY2Z is written in order of increasing electronegativity In well known compounds such as Fe2VAl which were historically thought of as metallic semi metallic but were more recently shown to be small gap semiconductors 6 one might find both styles being used In the present article semiconducting compounds might sometimes be mentioned in the XY2Z style Off Stoichiometric Heuslers EditAlthough traditionally thought to form at compositions XYZ and X2YZ studies published after 2015 are discovering and reliably predicting Heusler compounds at atypical compositions such as XY0 8Z and X1 5YZ 7 8 Besides these ternary compositions quaternary Heusler compositions called the double Half Heusler X2YY Z2 9 e g Ti2FeNiSb2 and triple Half Heusler X2X Y3Z3 10 for e g Mg2VNi3Sb3 have also been discovered These off stoichiometric the off stoichiometry here refers to their deviation from the well known XYZ and X2YZ compositions Although in principle these are compounds with new stoichiometries Heuslers are mostly semiconductors in the low temperature T 0 K limit 11 The stable compositions and corresponding electrical properties for these compounds can be quite sensitive to temperature 12 and their order disorder transition temperatures often occur below room temperatures 9 Large amounts of defects at the atomic scale in off stoichiometric Heuslers helps them achieve very low thermal conductivities and make them favorable for thermoelectric applications 13 14 X1 5YZ semiconducting composition is stabilized by the transition metal X playing a dual role electron donor as well as acceptor in the structure 15 Magnetic properties EditThe early studies Full Heusler compound Cu2MnAl has the following properties Its magnetism varies considerably with heat treatment and composition 16 It has a room temperature saturation induction of around 8 000 gauss which exceeds that of the element nickel around 6100 gauss but is smaller than that of iron around 21500 gauss For early studies see 1 17 18 In 1934 Bradley and Rogers showed that the room temperature ferromagnetic phase was a fully ordered structure of the L21 Strukturbericht type 19 This has a primitive cubic lattice of copper atoms with alternate cells body centered by manganese and aluminium The lattice parameter is 5 95 A The molten alloy has a solidus temperature of about 910 C As it is cooled below this temperature it transforms into disordered solid body centered cubic beta phase Below 750 C a B2 ordered lattice forms with a primitive cubic copper lattice which is body centered by a disordered manganese aluminium sublattice 16 20 Cooling below 610 C causes further ordering of the manganese and aluminium sub lattice to the L21 form 16 21 In non stoichiometric alloys the temperatures of ordering decrease and the range of anealing temperatures where the alloy does not form microprecipitates becomes smaller than for the stoichiometric material 22 23 16 Oxley found a value of 357 C for the Curie temperature below which the compound becomes ferromagnetic 24 Neutron diffraction and other techniques have shown that a magnetic moment of around 3 7 Bohr magnetons resides almost solely on the manganese atoms 16 25 As these atoms are 4 2 A apart the exchange interaction which aligns the spins is likely indirect and is mediated through conduction electrons or the aluminium and copper atoms 24 26 Electron microscopy studies demonstrated that thermal antiphase boundaries APBs form during cooling through the ordering temperatures as ordered domains nucleate at different centers within the crystal lattice and are often out of step with each other where they meet 16 20 The anti phase domains grow as the alloy is annealed There are two types of APBs corresponding to the B2 and L21 types of ordering APBs also form between dislocations if the alloy is deformed At the APB the manganese atoms will be closer than in the bulk of the alloy and for non stoichiometric alloys with an excess of copper e g Cu2 2MnAl0 8 an antiferromagnetic layer forms on every thermal APB 27 These antiferromagnetic layers completely supersede the normal magnetic domain structure and stay with the APBs if they are grown by annealing the alloy This significantly modifies the magnetic properties of the non stoichiometric alloy relative to the stoichiometric alloy which has a normal domain structure Presumably this phenomenon is related to the fact that pure manganese is an antiferromagnet although it is not clear why the effect is not observed in the stoichiometric alloy Similar effects occur at APBs in the ferromagnetic alloy MnAl at its stoichiometric composition citation needed Some Heusler compounds also exhibit properties of materials known as ferromagnetic shape memory alloys These are generally composed of nickel manganese and gallium and can change their length by up to 10 in a magnetic field 28 Mechanical properties EditUnderstanding the mechanical properties of Heusler compounds is paramount for temperature sensitive applications e g thermoelectrics for which some sub classes of Heusler compounds are used However experimental studies are rarely encountered in literature 29 In fact the commercialization of these compounds is limited by the material s ability to undergo intense repetitive thermal cycling and resist cracking from vibrations An appropriate measure for crack resistance is the material s toughness which typically scales inversely with another important mechanical property the mechanical strength In this section we highlight existing experimental and computational studies on the mechanical properties of Heusler alloys Note that the mechanical properties of such a compositionally diverse class of materials is expectedly dependent on the chemical composition of the alloys themselves and therefore trends in mechanical properties are difficult to identify without a case by case study The elastic modulus values of half Heusler alloys range from 83 to 207 GPa whereas the bulk modulus spans a tighter range from 100 GPa in HfNiSn to 130 GPa in TiCoSb 29 A collection of various density functional theory DFT calculations show that half Heusler compounds are predicted to have a lower elastic shear and bulk modulus than in quaternary full and inverse Hausler alloys 29 DFT also predicts a decrease in elastic modulus with temperature in Ni2XAl X Sc Ti V as well as an increase in stiffness with pressure 30 The decrease in modulus with respect to temperature is also observed in TiNiSn ZrNiSn and HfNiSn where ZrNiSn has the highest modulus and Hf has the lowest 31 This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the elastic modulus decreases with increasing interatomic separation as temperature increases the atomic vibrations also increase resulting in a larger equilibrium interatomic separation The mechanical strength is also rarely studied in Heusler compounds One study has shown that in off stoichiometric Ni2MnIn the material reaches a peak strength of 475 MPa at 773 K which drastically reduces to below 200 MPa at 973 K 32 In another study a polycrystalline Heusler alloy composed of the Ni Mn Sn ternary composition space was found to possess a peak compressive strength of about 2000 MPa with plastic deformation up to 5 33 However the addition of Indium to the Ni Mn Sn ternary alloy not only increases the porosity of the samples but it also reduces the compressive strength to 500 MPa It is unclear from the study what percentage of the porosity increase from the Indium addition reduces the strength Note that this is opposite to the outcome expected from solid solution strengthening where adding Indium to the ternary system slows dislocation movement through dislocation solute interaction and subsequently increases the material s strength The fracture toughness can also be tuned with composition modifications For example the average toughness of Ti1 x Zr Hf xNiSn ranges from 1 86 MPa m1 2 to 2 16 MPa m1 2 increasing with Zr Hf content 31 The preparation of samples may affect the measured fracture toughness however as elaborated by O Connor et al 34 In their study samples of Ti0 5Hf0 5Co0 5Ir0 5Sb1 xSnx were prepared using three different methods a high temperature solid state reaction high energy ball milling and a combination of both The study found higher fracture toughness in samples prepared without a high energy ball milling step of 2 7 MPa m1 2 to 4 1 MPa m1 2 as opposed to samples that were prepared with ball milling of 2 2 MPa m1 2 to 3 0 MPa m1 2 31 34 Fracture toughness is sensitive to inclusions and existing cracks in the material so it is as expected dependent the sample preparation Half Heusler Thermoelectrics Edit A schematic of a HH thermoelectric X amp Z has larger electronegativity difference and form NaCl type ionic sublattice while Y amp Z form ZnS type covalent sublattice The half Heusler compounds have distinctive properties and high tunability which makes the class very promising as thermoelectric materials A study has predicted that there can be as many as 481 stable half Heusler compounds using high throughput ab initio calculation combine with machine learning techniques 35 The particular half Heusler compounds of interest as thermoelectric materials space group are the semiconducting ternary compounds with a general formula XYZ where X is a more electropositive transition metal such as Ti or Zr Y is a less electropositive transition metal such Ni or Co and Z is heavy main group element such as Sn or Sb 36 37 This flexible range of element selection allows many different combinations to form a half Heusler phase and enables a diverse range of material properties Half Heusler thermoelectric materials have distinct advantages over many other thermoelectric materials low toxicity inexpensive element robust mechanical properties and high thermal stability make half Heusler thermoelectrics an excellent option for mid high temperature application 36 38 However the high thermal conductivity which is intrinsic to highly symmetric HH structure has made HH thermoelectric generally less efficient than other classes of TE materials Many studies have focused on improving HH thermoelectric by reducing the lattice thermal conductivity and zT gt 1 has been repeatedly recorded 38 List of common half Heusler compounds 39 p type n typeMFeSb M V Nb Ta MCoSb M Ti Zr Hf ZrCoBi MNiSn M Ti Zr Hf MCoSb M Ti Zr Hf M0 8CoSb M V Nb Ta Half Metallic Ferromagnetic Heusler EditHalf metallic ferromagnets exhibit a metallic behavior in one spin channel and an insulating behavior in the other spin channel The first example of Heusler Half metallic ferromagnets was first investigated by de Groot et al 40 with the case of NiMnSb Half metallicity leads to the full polarization of the conducting electrons Half metallic ferromagnets are therefore promising for Spintronics applications 41 List of notable Heusler compounds EditCu2MnAl Cu2MnIn Cu2MnSn Ni2MnAl Ni2MnIn Ni2MnSn Ni2MnSb Ni2MnGa Co2MnAl Co2MnSi Co2MnGa Co2MnGe Co2NiGa Pd2MnAl Pd2MnIn Pd2MnSn Pd2MnSb Co2FeSi Co2FeAl 42 Fe2VAl Mn2VGa Co2FeGe 43 Co2CrxFe1 xX X Al Si 44 YbBiPt 45 References Edit a b Heusler F 1903 Uber magnetische Manganlegierungen Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft in German 12 219 Graf Tanja Felser Claudia Parkin Stuart 2011 Simple rules for the understanding of Heusler compounds Progress in Solid State Chemistry 39 1 1 50 doi 10 1016 j progsolidstchem 2011 02 001 Fu Chenguang Bai Shengqiang Liu Yintu Tang Yunshan Chen Lidong Zhao Xinbing Zhu Tiejun 2015 Realizing high figure of merit in heavy band p type half Heusler thermoelectric materials Nature Communications 6 8144 Bibcode 2015NatCo 6 8144F doi 10 1038 ncomms9144 PMC 4569725 PMID 26330371 S2CID 9626544 Yan Feng Zhang Xiuwen Yu Yonggang Yu Liping Nagaraja Arpun Mason Thomas Zunger Alex 2015 Design and discovery of a novel half Heusler transparent hole conductor made of all metallic heavy elements Nature Communications 6 7308 arXiv 1406 0872 Bibcode 2015NatCo 6 7308Y doi 10 1038 ncomms8308 PMID 26106063 S2CID 5443063 Zeier Wolfgang Schmitt Jennifer Hautier Geoffroy Aydemir Umut Gibbs Zachary Felser Claudia Snyder Jeff 2016 Engineering half Heusler thermoelectric materials using Zintl chemistry Nature Reviews Materials 1 6 16032 Bibcode 2016NatRM 116032Z doi 10 1038 natrevmats 2016 32 Anand Shashwat Gurunathan Ramya Soldi Thomas Borgsmiller Leah Orenstein Rachel Snyder Jeff 2020 Thermoelectric transport of semiconductor full Heusler VFe2Al Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8 30 10174 10184 doi 10 1039 D0TC02659J S2CID 225448662 Zeier Wolfgang Anand Shashwat Huang Lihong He Ran Zhang Hao Ren Zhifeng Wolverton Chris Snyder Jeff 2017 Using the 18 Electron Rule To Understand the Nominal 19 Electron Half Heusler NbCoSb with Nb Vacancies Chemistry of Materials 29 3 1210 1217 doi 10 1021 acs chemmater 6b04583 OSTI 1388395 Naghibolashrafi N Keshavarz S Hegde Vinay Gupta A Butler W Romero J Munira K LeClair P Mazumdar D Ma J Ghosh A Wolverton Chris 2016 Synthesis and characterization of Fe Ti Sb intermetallic compounds Discovery of a new Slater Pauling phase Physical Review B 93 104424 1 11 Bibcode 2016PhRvB 93j4424N doi 10 1103 PhysRevB 93 104424 a b Anand Shashwat Wood Max Xia Yi Wolverton Chris Snyder Jeff 2019 Double Half Heuslers Joule 3 5 1226 1238 doi 10 1016 j joule 2019 04 003 S2CID 146680763 Imasato Kazuki Sauerschnig Philipp Anand Shashwat Ishida Takao Yamamoto Atsushi Ohta Michihiro 2022 Discovery of triple half Heusler Mg2VNi3Sb3 with low thermal conductivity Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10 36 18737 18744 doi 10 1039 D2TA04593A S2CID 251456801 Anand Shashwat Xia Kaiyang Hegde Vinay Aydemir Umut Kocevski Vancho Zhu Tiejun Wolverton Chris Snyder Jeff 2018 A valence balanced rule for discovery of 18 electron half Heuslers with defects Energy and Environmental Science 11 6 1480 1488 doi 10 1039 C8EE00306H OSTI 1775288 Anand Shashwat Xia Kaiyang Zhu Tiejun Wolverton Chris Snyder Jeff 2018 Temperature Dependent n Type Self Doping in Nominally 19 Electron Half Heusler Thermoelectric Materials Advanced Energy Materials 8 30 1 6 doi 10 1002 aenm 201801409 OSTI 1775289 S2CID 104920752 Xia Kaiyang Liu Yintu Anand Shashwat Snyder Jeff Xin Jiazhan Yu Junjie Zhao Xinbing Zhu Tiejun 2018 Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance in 18 Electron Nb0 8CoSb Half Heusler Compound with Intrinsic Nb Vacancies Advanced Functional Materials 28 9 doi 10 1002 adfm 201705845 OSTI 1470455 S2CID 102670058 Dong Zirui Luo Jun Wang Chenyang Jiang Ying Tan Shihua Zhang Yubo Grin Yuri Yu Zhiyang Guo Kai Zhang Jiye Zhang Wenqing 2022 Half Heusler like compounds with wide continuous compositions and tunable p to n type semiconducting thermoelectrics Nature Communications 13 1 35 Bibcode 2022NatCo 13 35D doi 10 1038 s41467 021 27795 3 PMC 8748599 PMID 35013264 Anand Shashwat Snyder Jeff 2022 Structural Understanding of the Slater Pauling Electron Count in Defective Heusler Thermoelectric TiFe1 5Sb as a Valence Balanced Semiconductor ACS Applied Electronic Materials 4 7 3392 3398 doi 10 1021 acsaelm 2c00577 S2CID 250011820 a b c d e f Bouchard M 1970 Electron metallography and magnetic properties Cu Mn Al heusler alloys Ph D Thesis Imperial College London Knowlton A A Clifford O C 1912 The Heusler alloys Transactions of the Faraday Society 8 195 doi 10 1039 TF9120800195 Bozorth Richard M 1993 Ferromagnetism Wiley VCH p 201 ISBN 978 0 7803 1032 2 Bradley A J Rodgers J W 1934 The Crystal Structure of the Heusler Alloys Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 144 852 340 59 Bibcode 1934RSPSA 144 340B doi 10 1098 rspa 1934 0053 a b Nesterenko E G Osipenko I A Firstov S A 1969 Structure of Cu Mn Al Ordered Alloys Physics of Metals and Metallography 27 1 135 40 Ohoyama T Webster P J Tebble R S 1968 The ordering temperature of Cu2MnAl Journal of Physics D Applied Physics 1 7 951 Bibcode 1968JPhD 1 951O doi 10 1088 0022 3727 1 7 421 S2CID 250818976 West D R F Lloyd Thomas D 1956 The constitution of copper rich alloys of the copper manganese aluminum system Journal of Industrial Metals 85 97 Johnston G B Hall E O 1968 Studies on the Heusler alloys I Cu2MnAl and associated structures Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 29 2 193 200 Bibcode 1968JPCS 29 193J doi 10 1016 0022 3697 68 90062 0 a b Oxley D P Tebble R S Williams K C 1963 Heusler Alloys Journal of Applied Physics 34 4 1362 Bibcode 1963JAP 34 1362O doi 10 1063 1 1729511 Endō Keizo Ohoyama Tetuo Kimura Ren iti 1964 On the Magnetic Moment of Mn in Aluminum Heusler Alloy Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 19 8 1494 Bibcode 1964JPSJ 19 1494E doi 10 1143 JPSJ 19 1494 Geldart D J W Ganguly P 1970 Hyperfine Fields and Curie Temperatures of the Heusler Alloys Cu2MnAl Cu2MnIn and Cu2MnSn Physical Review B 1 7 3101 8 Bibcode 1970PhRvB 1 3101G doi 10 1103 PhysRevB 1 3101 Lapworth A J Jakubovics J P 2006 Effect of antiphase boundaries on the magnetic properties of Cu Mn Al Heusler alloys Philosophical Magazine 29 2 253 Bibcode 1974PMag 29 253L doi 10 1080 14786437408213271 Sakon Takuo Otsuka Kohei Matsubayashi Junpei Watanabe Yuushi Nishihara Hironori Sasaki Kenta Yamashita Satoshi Umetsu Rie Nojiri Hiroyuki Kanomata Takeshi 2014 Magnetic Properties of the Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys Ni50 xMn27 xGa23 in Magnetic Fields Materials 7 5 3715 3734 Bibcode 2014Mate 7 3715S doi 10 3390 ma7053715 PMC 5453230 PMID 28788645 a b c Everhart Wesley Newkirk Joseph 2019 05 01 Mechanical properties of Heusler alloys Heliyon 5 5 e01578 doi 10 1016 j heliyon 2019 e01578 ISSN 2405 8440 PMC 6506478 PMID 31080903 Wen Zhiqin Zhao Yuhong Hou Hua Wang Bing Han Peide 2017 01 15 The mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Heusler compounds Ni2XAl X Sc Ti V under pressure and temperature A first principles study Materials amp Design 114 398 403 doi 10 1016 j matdes 2016 11 005 ISSN 0264 1275 a b c Rogl G Grytsiv A Gurth M Tavassoli A Ebner C Wunschek A Puchegger S Soprunyuk V Schranz W Bauer E Muller H 2016 04 01 Mechanical properties of half Heusler alloys Acta Materialia 107 178 195 Bibcode 2016AcMat 107 178R doi 10 1016 j actamat 2016 01 031 ISSN 1359 6454 Musabirov I I Safarov I M Nagimov M I Sharipov I Z Koledov V V Mashirov A V Rudskoi A I Mulyukov R R 2016 08 01 Fine grained structure and properties of a Ni2MnIn alloy after a settling plastic deformation Physics of the Solid State 58 8 1605 1610 Bibcode 2016PhSS 58 1605M doi 10 1134 S1063783416080217 ISSN 1090 6460 S2CID 126021631 Maziarz W Wojcik A Grzegorek J Zywczak A Czaja P Szczerba M J Dutkiewicz J Cesari E 2017 08 25 Microstructure magneto structural transformations and mechanical properties of Ni50Mn37 5Sn12 5 xInx x 0 2 4 6 at metamagnetic shape memory alloys sintered by vacuum hot pressing Journal of Alloys and Compounds 715 445 453 doi 10 1016 j jallcom 2017 04 280 ISSN 0925 8388 a b O Connor C J 2012 Nanostructured Composite Materials for High Temperature Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Final Technical Report DARPA Grant No HR0011 08 0084 Report via Advanced Materials Research Institute University of New Orleans Legrain Fleur Carrete Jesus van Roekeghem Ambroise Madsen Georg K H Mingo Natalio 2018 01 18 Materials Screening for the Discovery of New Half Heuslers Machine Learning versus ab Initio Methods The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 122 2 625 632 arXiv 1706 00192 doi 10 1021 acs jpcb 7b05296 ISSN 1520 6106 PMID 28742351 S2CID 19078928 a b Zeier Wolfgang G Schmitt Jennifer Hautier Geoffroy Aydemir Umut Gibbs Zachary M Felser Claudia Snyder G Jeffrey June 2016 Engineering half Heusler thermoelectric materials using Zintl chemistry Nature Reviews Materials 1 6 16032 Bibcode 2016NatRM 116032Z doi 10 1038 natrevmats 2016 32 ISSN 2058 8437 Zhu Tiejun Fu Chenguang Xie Hanhui Liu Yintu Zhao Xinbing October 2015 High Efficiency Half Heusler Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting Advanced Energy Materials 5 19 1500588 doi 10 1002 aenm 201500588 S2CID 97616491 a b Poon S Joseph 2019 12 04 Half Heusler compounds promising materials for mid to high temperature thermoelectric conversion Journal of Physics D Applied Physics 52 49 493001 arXiv 1905 03845 Bibcode 2019JPhD 52W3001P doi 10 1088 1361 6463 ab3d71 ISSN 0022 3727 S2CID 150373711 Quinn Robert J Bos Jan Willem G 2021 Advances in half Heusler alloys for thermoelectric power generation Materials Advances 2 19 6246 6266 doi 10 1039 D1MA00707F ISSN 2633 5409 S2CID 240534347 de Groot R A Mueller F M Engen P G van Buschow K H J 1983 06 20 New Class of Materials Half Metallic Ferromagnets Physical Review Letters 50 25 2024 2027 Bibcode 1983PhRvL 50 2024D doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 50 2024 Wollmann Lukas Nayak Ajaya K Parkin Stuart S P Felser Claudia 2017 07 03 Heusler 4 0 Tunable Materials Annual Review of Materials Research 47 1 247 270 arXiv 1612 05947 doi 10 1146 annurev matsci 070616 123928 ISSN 1531 7331 S2CID 119390317 Husain Sajid Akansel Serkan Kumar Ankit Svedlindh Peter Chaudhary Sujeet 2016 Growth of Co2FeAl Heusler alloy thin films on Si 100 having very small Gilbert damping by Ion beam sputtering Scientific Reports 6 28692 Bibcode 2016NatSR 628692H doi 10 1038 srep28692 PMC 4928049 PMID 27357004 Ramesh Kumar K Kamala Bharathi K Arout Chelvane J Venkatesh S Markandeyulu G Harishkumar N 2009 First Principles Calculation and Experimental Investigations on Full Heusler Alloy Co2FeGe IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 45 10 3997 9 Bibcode 2009ITM 45 3997K doi 10 1109 TMAG 2009 2022748 S2CID 33360474 Guezlane Mourad H Baaziz Z Charifi Y Djaballah 2016 Electronic magnetic and thermal properties of Co2CrxFe1 xX X Al Si Heusler alloys First principles calculations Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 414 219 226 Bibcode 2016NatSR 628692H doi 10 1016 j jmmm 2016 04 056 Chadov Stanislav Qi Xiaoliang Kubler Jurgen Fecher Gerhard H Felser Claudia Zhang Shou Cheng July 2010 Tunable multifunctional topological insulators in ternary Heusler compounds Nature Materials 9 7 541 545 arXiv 1003 0193 Bibcode 2010NatMa 9 541C doi 10 1038 nmat2770 PMID 20512154 S2CID 32178219 Further reading EditG Sauthoff Intermetallics Wiley VCH Weinheim 1995 S 83 u 90 Block T Carey M J Gurney B A Jepsen O 2004 Band structure calculations of the half metallic ferromagnetism and structural stability of full and half Heusler phases Physical Review B 70 20 205114 Bibcode 2004PhRvB 70t5114B doi 10 1103 PhysRevB 70 205114 Webster Peter J 1969 Heusler alloys Contemporary Physics 10 6 559 577 Bibcode 1969ConPh 10 559W doi 10 1080 00107516908204800 External links EditNational Pollutant Inventory Copper and compounds fact sheet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Heusler compound amp oldid 1146841856, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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