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Henri Guisan

April 07, 2024

Henri Guisan (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi ɡizɑ̃]; 21 October 1874 – 7 April 1960) was a Swiss military officer who held the office of General of the Swiss Armed Forces during the Second World War. He was the fourth and the most recent person to be appointed to the rarely used Swiss rank of general, and was possibly Switzerland's most famous soldier. He is best remembered for effectively mobilizing the Swiss military and population in order to prepare resistance against a possible invasion by Nazi Germany in 1940. Guisan was voted the fourth-greatest Swiss figure of all time in 2010.[1]

Henri Guisan
Guisan in Visp, 1942
Born(1874-10-21)21 October 1874
Mézières, Vaud, Switzerland
Died7 April 1960(1960-04-07) (aged 85)
Pully, Vaud, Switzerland
Allegiance Switzerland
Years of service1894–1945
Rank General
Commands heldSwiss Armed Forces

Early life edit

Henri Guisan was born on 21 October 1874 in Mézières, in the canton of Vaud, a Protestant part of French-speaking Switzerland.[2] He was the son of Louise-Jeanne (née Bérengier) and Charles Ernest Guisan, a doctor from Avenches.[2] He attended school in Lausanne, graduating in 1893, and later studied at the agricultural schools of Écully, France, and Hohenheim, Germany.[2] Upon completing his studies, in 1897, he moved to and became a gentleman farmer in the Broye Valley. That same year, Guisan married Mary Doelker,[2] with whom he had two children, Henry and Myriam. In 1903 he moved to Verte-Rive in Pully, on Lake Geneva.[3]

Early military career edit

Upon entering the Swiss military in 1894, Guisan was assigned to the field artillery as a lieutenant.[2] He was promoted to captain in 1904 and became captain of the General Staff in 1908.[2] In 1911, Guisan was promoted to major and was transferred to the infantry on the order of the Chief of the General Staff, Theophil Sprecher von Bernegg.[2] In 1916, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the General Staff in the "Operations" section in Bern, and in 1919 was simultaneously made chief of staff of the 2nd Division and commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment.[2]

Guisan reached the ranks of brigadier in 1921, divisional commander in 1927, and was made corps commander in 1932, the highest Swiss rank achievable during peacetime.[4][5] His appointment as corps commander was supported by Federal Councillor Rudolf Minger, head of the Federal Military Department.[2] Guisan was first at the head of the Field Army Corps 2 then of the Field Army Corps 1.[2]

General edit

See also: Switzerland during the World Wars § World War II, National Redoubt (Switzerland) § Guisan plan, and Operation Tannenbaum
 
Henri Guisan being sworn in as general before the Federal Assembly, in the chamber of the National Council at the Federal Palace, in Bern, 30 August 1939
 
Guisan inspecting troops in Brunnen, Schwyz

On 28 August 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, the Swiss Federal Assembly called a United Federal Assembly to elect a general, a unique rank used only in time of war or national emergency. On 30 August 1939, Guisan was elected general by 204 votes out of 231 members of the Assembly, against 21 votes for divisional commander Jules Borel, who was mostly supported by the socialists.[2][6] He was given the directive to safeguard the independence of the country and to maintain the integrity of Swiss territory. During the Interwar period, Guisan had belonged to the conservative, federalist and anti-socialist political tendency,[2] and was a member of the right-wing Swiss Patriotic Federation.[7][8] Nevertheless, he maintained good relations with the Socialist Party for the entire duration of World War II.[2]

In 1939 the Swiss military were able to muster 430,000 men, approximately 20% of the work force. At one point, up to 850,000 Swiss soldiers were mobilized.[9] However, Swiss military equipment was not on a par with that of the German military.[10] Guisan's command was dominated by conflict with the government.[11] Whereas the government preferred an understated and politically riskless neutrality, Guisan, charged with actually preventing invasion, opted to call for determined resistance. In May 1940 he ordered an investigation against 124 army officers suspected of Nazi sympathies.[2] After the Battle of France, Germany found documents in La Charité-sur-Loire proving that Guisan had been secretly making military preparations with France, despite Swiss neutrality.[2][12] The Swiss military would have been remiss in not pursuing contacts with the French based on their perception of a German threat.[11] Nonetheless, this was politically very risky, and represented a very typical example to be seized upon by Germany to justify aggression, such as occurred prior to the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II.[citation needed]

 
In 1940, Guisan delivered an address to the entire Swiss Officer Corps at this field in Rütli, calling for the Swiss to defend themselves to the death against invasion

On 25 July 1940, Guisan delivered a historic address to the entire Swiss Officer Corps assembled on the Rütli, a location charged with symbolism in Swiss Romantic nationalism by virtue of being identified as the site of the legendary Rütli Oath. He made it very clear that Switzerland would resist any Nazi invasion. If they ran out of bullets they were to resort to the bayonet. He said that Switzerland would defend itself against any invader and would never surrender.[11] Guisan became a symbol of resistance to Nazism that was widespread amongst the Swiss public.[12] At a time when military commanders remained distant, he rejected formalities and maintained contact with civilians and soldiers.[2]

 
Guisan during a visit to Liestal, Basel-Landschaft

In summer 1940, after the Battle of France, Guisan developed his famous National Redoubt concept, according to which the Swiss Army would have retreated into the Alps relatively soon if attacked, but would have kept up resistance based on some sort of guerrilla and stay-behind tactics from there. The Swiss paramilitary organization Aktion Nationaler Widerstand (Resistant National Action), formed from contacts between selected army figures and conservative civilian circles, had the explicit task of persuading the civilian population to resist invaders.[13][14]

However, Guisan's and Switzerland's main strategy was deterrence rather than fighting, and Germany never risked invasion. Its 1940 planned invasion of Switzerland, codenamed Operation Tannenbaum, was soon abandoned as the Battle of Britain and later Operation Barbarossa became priorities.[15] On 20 August 1945,[16] Guisan left his command, considering his mission to be fulfilled.

Later life edit

 
Crowds at Lausanne's Place de la Riponne during Guisan's funeral procession, 12 April 1960

Having become a national hero by successfully avoiding war,[17] Guisan died in Pully on 7 April 1960, aged 85.[2] He was buried on 12 April in Pully, with 300,000 participating in his funeral procession through Lausanne, the biggest attendance at a funeral in Swiss history.[18] His grave is a work by Edouard-Marcel Sandoz.

Public image edit

In his life, Guisan heavily propagandized his public image, banning 5,600 images of himself from being printed from 1939 to 1945. Unlike General Ulrich Wille during the First World War,[2] Guisan was an extremely popular figure in Switzerland.[19] He has been criticized for admiring Benito Mussolini and Philippe Pétain as well as having a meeting with Walter Schellenberg in March 1943.[20]

Memorials edit

Guisan's former home Verte Rive in Pully is now used as Centre Général Guisan.[21] His office, living room and dining room are preserved as a museum.[22]

 
Memorial on Allmend, Zollikon
 
Memorial in Schlossgarten, Interlaken

Memorials are at:

  • Lausanne-Ouchy: equestrian statue by Otto Bänninger, financed following a public fundraising in 1960,[23] inaugurated on 27 May 1967 in the presence of 70,000 people
  • Avenches: a bust, inaugurated in 1969
  • On the main deck of the steamship Stadt Luzern: a memorial plaque with his relief by Franco Annoni commemorating his speech on Rütli in 1940, inaugurated by Georges-André Chevallaz in 1980, 40 years afterwards[24]
  • Library am Guisanplatz, Bern: equestrian sculpture by Laurent Boillat, created in 1949[25] and installed in September 2008
  • Powązki Cemetery, Warsaw, Plaque: plaque inaugurated in 2010[26][27]
  • Schlossgarten, Interlaken: monumental sculpture
  • Allmend, Zollikon: memorial with a relief
  • Lägern above Regensberg: memorial plaque[28]
  • Dentenbergstrasse, Gümligen/Muri bei Bern: Memorial
  • Victoria-Jungfrau, Interlaken: plaque in the hotel
  • General-Guisan Quai, Lucerne: plaque on the lakeshore[29]

Numerous cities and towns in Switzerland have streets named for him: General Guisan-Strasse in Aarau, Arlesheim, Basel, Forch, Nussbaumen, Obersiggenthal, Reinach, Seltisberg, Winterthur, Zofingen, Zug; General Guisanstrasse in Interlaken, Jegenstorf, Leuggern; Guisanstrasse in Burgdorf, St. Gallen, Weinfelden; avenue Général-Guisan in Avenches, Fribourg, Pully, Rolle, Sierre, Vevey, Yverdon-les-Bains; rue du Général Guisan in Courroux, Mézières, Montana; Promenade Général Guisan in Morges; General Guisan-Promenade in Basel; via Henri Guisan in Bellinzona; via Generale Guisan in Balerna, Biasca, Riva San Vitale, Vacallo, Lugano; via Generale Henri Guisan in Chiasso; via Guisan in Massagno, Paradiso; Via Enrico Guisan in Mendrisio.

Town squares and open spaces are named after him: Guisanplatz in Arosa, Berne, Grenchen and Thun; Guisanplatz/Place Guisan in Biel/Bienne; place Général-Guisan in Payerne and Pleigne; place du Général Henri-Guisan in Lausanne.

There is a quai du Général-Guisan on Lake Geneva in Geneva, General-Guisan-Quai on Lake Lucerne in Lucerne and Stansstad, on Lake Zurich in Zurich.[17]

A military march titled "General-Guisan-Marsch" was composed in 1939 by Stephan Jaeggi.

Asteroid 1960 Guisan has been named in Guisan's honour.[30]

The manga Alpen Rose by Michiyo Akaishi gives Guisan an important role in the story.

Bibliography edit

  • Bonjour, Edgar (1978). "Swiss Neutrality During Two World Wars". In Luck, James Murray; Burckhardt, Lukas F.; Haug, Hans (eds.). Modern Switzerland. The Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship Inc. pp. 419–438. ISBN 0-930664-01-9.

References edit

  1. ^ "General Guisan – Did he save Switzerland in the war?" (PDF). The Swiss Review. 3: 5. August 2010. Albert Einstein was voted the most outstanding Swiss citizen in history. In second place came Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross, third was Heinrich Pestalozzi, and General Henri Guisan, whose service as commander-in-chief of the Swiss army in the Second World War has never been forgotten, finished in fourth position. In order of votes, they were followed by Le Corbusier, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Alberto Giacometti.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hervé de Weck: Henri Guisan in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 10 February 2020.
  3. ^ "General Guisan – Did he save Switzerland in the war?" (PDF) . The Swiss Review. 3: 8. August 2010.
  4. ^ Dacey, Olivier Pauchard, Jessica. "Swiss national hero seen in a new light". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 21 October 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (6 September 2016). World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851099696.
  6. ^ "Resultate der Wahlen des Bundesrats, der Bundeskanzler und des Generals" (PDF). Federal Assembly of Switzerland. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  7. ^ Schom, Alan (1998). A Survey of Nazi and Pro-Nazi Groups in Switzerland: 1930-1945. Simon Wiesenthal Center.
  8. ^ "Guisan 1918, 1934, 1940: les constantes d'une mission – A l'encontre".
  9. ^ Bonjour 1978, p. 431.
  10. ^ Edgar Bonjour, Neutralität, Bd. IV, 1970, p. 379 quoted after Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland – World War II, final report, German edition, p. 92.
  11. ^ a b c Willi Gautschi, General Henri Guisan: Commander-In-Chief of the Swiss Army in World War II
  12. ^ a b Haltiner, Karl W. (2002). "The Swiss Security Sector: Structure, Control, Reforms" (PDF). Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland 30 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Daniele Ganser, in Intelligence and National Security, Vol.20, n°4, December 2005, pp.553-580
  14. ^ Ganser, p.559
  15. ^ Walter Wolf: Adolf Hitler in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 12 February 2008.
  16. ^ Pauchard, Olivier; Dacey, Jessica (7 April 2010). "Swiss National Hero Seen in a New Light". Swissinfo. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  17. ^ a b McPhee, John (31 October 1983). "La Place de la Concorde Suisse-I". The New Yorker. p. 50. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  18. ^ Dacey, Olivier Pauchard, Jessica. "Swiss national hero seen in a new light". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 17 March 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ SFA, Swiss Federal Archives. "Memories of active service and réduit". bar.admin.ch. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  20. ^ Haver, Gianni; Middleton, Robert (15 April 2015). Swissness in a Nutshell. Schwabe AG. ISBN 9783905252644.
  21. ^ "Centre Général Guisan – accueil". Generalguisan.ch. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  22. ^ "Centre Général Guisan – Official site of the City of Lausanne". Lausanne.ch. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  23. ^ "Aufruf An Das Schweizervolk" (PDF). Stiftungschweizerjugend.ch. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  24. ^ Christoph, Hurni (28 September 2012). "Rütlirapport Gedenktafel während dem Aktivdienst im zweite…". Secure.flickr.com. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  25. ^ "Il generale Guisan torna alla Guisanplatz di Berna". News.admin.ch. 23 September 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  26. ^ [Polish tribute to Guisan]. Tribune de Genève [Geneva Tribune] (in French). Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  27. ^ (in German). Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  28. ^ "Photo of General Guisan Gedenkstein, Lägern oberhalb Regensberg". Panoramio.com. 24 April 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  29. ^ "General Henri Guisan Historical Marker". Hmdb.org. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  30. ^ Schmadel, Lutz (5 August 2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 158. ISBN 9783540002383.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henri Guisan.

April 07, 2024
henri, guisan, french, pronunciation, ɡizɑ, october, 1874, april, 1960, swiss, military, officer, held, office, general, swiss, armed, forces, during, second, world, fourth, most, recent, person, appointed, rarely, used, swiss, rank, general, possibly, switzer. Henri Guisan French pronunciation ɑ ʁi ɡizɑ 21 October 1874 7 April 1960 was a Swiss military officer who held the office of General of the Swiss Armed Forces during the Second World War He was the fourth and the most recent person to be appointed to the rarely used Swiss rank of general and was possibly Switzerland s most famous soldier He is best remembered for effectively mobilizing the Swiss military and population in order to prepare resistance against a possible invasion by Nazi Germany in 1940 Guisan was voted the fourth greatest Swiss figure of all time in 2010 1 Henri GuisanGuisan in Visp 1942Born 1874 10 21 21 October 1874Mezieres Vaud SwitzerlandDied7 April 1960 1960 04 07 aged 85 Pully Vaud SwitzerlandAllegiance SwitzerlandYears of service1894 1945RankGeneralCommands heldSwiss Armed Forces Contents 1 Early life 2 Early military career 3 General 4 Later life 5 Public image 6 Memorials 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External linksEarly life editHenri Guisan was born on 21 October 1874 in Mezieres in the canton of Vaud a Protestant part of French speaking Switzerland 2 He was the son of Louise Jeanne nee Berengier and Charles Ernest Guisan a doctor from Avenches 2 He attended school in Lausanne graduating in 1893 and later studied at the agricultural schools of Ecully France and Hohenheim Germany 2 Upon completing his studies in 1897 he moved to and became a gentleman farmer in the Broye Valley That same year Guisan married Mary Doelker 2 with whom he had two children Henry and Myriam In 1903 he moved to Verte Rive in Pully on Lake Geneva 3 Early military career editUpon entering the Swiss military in 1894 Guisan was assigned to the field artillery as a lieutenant 2 He was promoted to captain in 1904 and became captain of the General Staff in 1908 2 In 1911 Guisan was promoted to major and was transferred to the infantry on the order of the Chief of the General Staff Theophil Sprecher von Bernegg 2 In 1916 he was made lieutenant colonel of the General Staff in the Operations section in Bern and in 1919 was simultaneously made chief of staff of the 2nd Division and commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment 2 Guisan reached the ranks of brigadier in 1921 divisional commander in 1927 and was made corps commander in 1932 the highest Swiss rank achievable during peacetime 4 5 His appointment as corps commander was supported by Federal Councillor Rudolf Minger head of the Federal Military Department 2 Guisan was first at the head of the Field Army Corps 2 then of the Field Army Corps 1 2 General editSee also Switzerland during the World Wars World War II National Redoubt Switzerland Guisan plan and Operation Tannenbaum nbsp Henri Guisan being sworn in as general before the Federal Assembly in the chamber of the National Council at the Federal Palace in Bern 30 August 1939 nbsp Guisan inspecting troops in Brunnen SchwyzOn 28 August 1939 shortly before the outbreak of World War II the Swiss Federal Assembly called a United Federal Assembly to elect a general a unique rank used only in time of war or national emergency On 30 August 1939 Guisan was elected general by 204 votes out of 231 members of the Assembly against 21 votes for divisional commander Jules Borel who was mostly supported by the socialists 2 6 He was given the directive to safeguard the independence of the country and to maintain the integrity of Swiss territory During the Interwar period Guisan had belonged to the conservative federalist and anti socialist political tendency 2 and was a member of the right wing Swiss Patriotic Federation 7 8 Nevertheless he maintained good relations with the Socialist Party for the entire duration of World War II 2 In 1939 the Swiss military were able to muster 430 000 men approximately 20 of the work force At one point up to 850 000 Swiss soldiers were mobilized 9 However Swiss military equipment was not on a par with that of the German military 10 Guisan s command was dominated by conflict with the government 11 Whereas the government preferred an understated and politically riskless neutrality Guisan charged with actually preventing invasion opted to call for determined resistance In May 1940 he ordered an investigation against 124 army officers suspected of Nazi sympathies 2 After the Battle of France Germany found documents in La Charite sur Loire proving that Guisan had been secretly making military preparations with France despite Swiss neutrality 2 12 The Swiss military would have been remiss in not pursuing contacts with the French based on their perception of a German threat 11 Nonetheless this was politically very risky and represented a very typical example to be seized upon by Germany to justify aggression such as occurred prior to the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II citation needed nbsp In 1940 Guisan delivered an address to the entire Swiss Officer Corps at this field in Rutli calling for the Swiss to defend themselves to the death against invasionOn 25 July 1940 Guisan delivered a historic address to the entire Swiss Officer Corps assembled on the Rutli a location charged with symbolism in Swiss Romantic nationalism by virtue of being identified as the site of the legendary Rutli Oath He made it very clear that Switzerland would resist any Nazi invasion If they ran out of bullets they were to resort to the bayonet He said that Switzerland would defend itself against any invader and would never surrender 11 Guisan became a symbol of resistance to Nazism that was widespread amongst the Swiss public 12 At a time when military commanders remained distant he rejected formalities and maintained contact with civilians and soldiers 2 nbsp Guisan during a visit to Liestal Basel LandschaftIn summer 1940 after the Battle of France Guisan developed his famous National Redoubt concept according to which the Swiss Army would have retreated into the Alps relatively soon if attacked but would have kept up resistance based on some sort of guerrilla and stay behind tactics from there The Swiss paramilitary organization Aktion Nationaler Widerstand Resistant National Action formed from contacts between selected army figures and conservative civilian circles had the explicit task of persuading the civilian population to resist invaders 13 14 However Guisan s and Switzerland s main strategy was deterrence rather than fighting and Germany never risked invasion Its 1940 planned invasion of Switzerland codenamed Operation Tannenbaum was soon abandoned as the Battle of Britain and later Operation Barbarossa became priorities 15 On 20 August 1945 16 Guisan left his command considering his mission to be fulfilled Later life edit nbsp Crowds at Lausanne s Place de la Riponne during Guisan s funeral procession 12 April 1960Having become a national hero by successfully avoiding war 17 Guisan died in Pully on 7 April 1960 aged 85 2 He was buried on 12 April in Pully with 300 000 participating in his funeral procession through Lausanne the biggest attendance at a funeral in Swiss history 18 His grave is a work by Edouard Marcel Sandoz Public image editIn his life Guisan heavily propagandized his public image banning 5 600 images of himself from being printed from 1939 to 1945 Unlike General Ulrich Wille during the First World War 2 Guisan was an extremely popular figure in Switzerland 19 He has been criticized for admiring Benito Mussolini and Philippe Petain as well as having a meeting with Walter Schellenberg in March 1943 20 Memorials editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Henri Guisan news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Guisan s former home Verte Rive in Pully is now used as Centre General Guisan 21 His office living room and dining room are preserved as a museum 22 nbsp Memorial on Allmend Zollikon nbsp Memorial in Schlossgarten InterlakenMemorials are at Lausanne Ouchy equestrian statue by Otto Banninger financed following a public fundraising in 1960 23 inaugurated on 27 May 1967 in the presence of 70 000 people Avenches a bust inaugurated in 1969 On the main deck of the steamship Stadt Luzern a memorial plaque with his relief by Franco Annoni commemorating his speech on Rutli in 1940 inaugurated by Georges Andre Chevallaz in 1980 40 years afterwards 24 Library am Guisanplatz Bern equestrian sculpture by Laurent Boillat created in 1949 25 and installed in September 2008 Powazki Cemetery Warsaw Plaque plaque inaugurated in 2010 26 27 Schlossgarten Interlaken monumental sculpture Allmend Zollikon memorial with a relief Lagern above Regensberg memorial plaque 28 Dentenbergstrasse Gumligen Muri bei Bern Memorial Victoria Jungfrau Interlaken plaque in the hotel General Guisan Quai Lucerne plaque on the lakeshore 29 Numerous cities and towns in Switzerland have streets named for him General Guisan Strasse in Aarau Arlesheim Basel Forch Nussbaumen Obersiggenthal Reinach Seltisberg Winterthur Zofingen Zug General Guisanstrasse in Interlaken Jegenstorf Leuggern Guisanstrasse in Burgdorf St Gallen Weinfelden avenue General Guisan in Avenches Fribourg Pully Rolle Sierre Vevey Yverdon les Bains rue du General Guisan in Courroux Mezieres Montana Promenade General Guisan in Morges General Guisan Promenade in Basel via Henri Guisan in Bellinzona via Generale Guisan in Balerna Biasca Riva San Vitale Vacallo Lugano via Generale Henri Guisan in Chiasso via Guisan in Massagno Paradiso Via Enrico Guisan in Mendrisio Town squares and open spaces are named after him Guisanplatz in Arosa Berne Grenchen and Thun Guisanplatz Place Guisan in Biel Bienne place General Guisan in Payerne and Pleigne place du General Henri Guisan in Lausanne There is a quai du General Guisan on Lake Geneva in Geneva General Guisan Quai on Lake Lucerne in Lucerne and Stansstad on Lake Zurich in Zurich 17 A military march titled General Guisan Marsch was composed in 1939 by Stephan Jaeggi Asteroid 1960 Guisan has been named in Guisan s honour 30 The manga Alpen Rose by Michiyo Akaishi gives Guisan an important role in the story Bibliography editBonjour Edgar 1978 Swiss Neutrality During Two World Wars In Luck James Murray Burckhardt Lukas F Haug Hans eds Modern Switzerland The Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship Inc pp 419 438 ISBN 0 930664 01 9 References edit General Guisan Did he save Switzerland in the war PDF The Swiss Review 3 5 August 2010 Albert Einstein was voted the most outstanding Swiss citizen in history In second place came Henri Dunant the founder of the Red Cross third was Heinrich Pestalozzi and General Henri Guisan whose service as commander in chief of the Swiss army in the Second World War has never been forgotten finished in fourth position In order of votes they were followed by Le Corbusier Jean Jacques Rousseau and Alberto Giacometti a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Herve de Weck Henri Guisan in German French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 10 February 2020 General Guisan Did he save Switzerland in the war PDF The Swiss Review 3 8 August 2010 Dacey Olivier Pauchard Jessica Swiss national hero seen in a new light SWI swissinfo ch Retrieved 21 October 2017 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Tucker Spencer C 6 September 2016 World War II The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection 5 volumes The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection ABC CLIO ISBN 9781851099696 Resultate der Wahlen des Bundesrats der Bundeskanzler und des Generals PDF Federal Assembly of Switzerland Retrieved 4 April 2010 Schom Alan 1998 A Survey of Nazi and Pro Nazi Groups in Switzerland 1930 1945 Simon Wiesenthal Center Guisan 1918 1934 1940 les constantes d une mission A l encontre Bonjour 1978 p 431 Edgar Bonjour Neutralitat Bd IV 1970 p 379 quoted after Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland World War II final report German edition p 92 a b c Willi Gautschi General Henri Guisan Commander In Chief of the Swiss Army in World War II a b Haltiner Karl W 2002 The Swiss Security Sector Structure Control Reforms PDF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help permanent dead link The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland Archived 30 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine Daniele Ganser in Intelligence and National Security Vol 20 n 4 December 2005 pp 553 580 Ganser p 559 Walter Wolf Adolf Hitler in German French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 12 February 2008 Pauchard Olivier Dacey Jessica 7 April 2010 Swiss National Hero Seen in a New Light Swissinfo Retrieved 15 February 2017 a b McPhee John 31 October 1983 La Place de la Concorde Suisse I The New Yorker p 50 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Dacey Olivier Pauchard Jessica Swiss national hero seen in a new light SWI swissinfo ch Retrieved 17 March 2018 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link SFA Swiss Federal Archives Memories of active service and reduit bar admin ch Retrieved 21 October 2017 Haver Gianni Middleton Robert 15 April 2015 Swissness in a Nutshell Schwabe AG ISBN 9783905252644 Centre General Guisan accueil Generalguisan ch Retrieved 12 January 2017 Centre General Guisan Official site of the City of Lausanne Lausanne ch Retrieved 12 January 2017 Aufruf An Das Schweizervolk PDF Stiftungschweizerjugend ch Retrieved 12 January 2017 Christoph Hurni 28 September 2012 Rutlirapport Gedenktafel wahrend dem Aktivdienst im zweite Secure flickr com Retrieved 12 January 2017 Il generale Guisan torna alla Guisanplatz di Berna News admin ch 23 September 2008 Retrieved 12 January 2017 Hommage polonais a Guisan Polish tribute to Guisan Tribune de Geneve Geneva Tribune in French Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 Retrieved 20 October 2013 Ehrung General Henri Guisan und General Bronislaw Prugar Ketling in Warschau in German Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 Retrieved 20 October 2013 Photo of General Guisan Gedenkstein Lagern oberhalb Regensberg Panoramio com 24 April 2010 Retrieved 12 January 2017 General Henri Guisan Historical Marker Hmdb org Retrieved 12 January 2017 Schmadel Lutz 5 August 2003 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names Springer Science amp Business Media p 158 ISBN 9783540002383 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henri Guisan Henri Guisan in the Dodis database of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland Centre General Guisan Biography and bibliography in French and German Herve de Weck Henri Guisan in German French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 11 January 2005 Complete genealogy of the General Guisan on the Geneva Genealogy Society website Henri Guisan 1874 1960 Swiss Armed Forces website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Henri Guisan amp oldid 1180829304, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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