General (Switzerland)
The General (German: Der General, French: le général, Italian: il generale, Romansh: il general) is an office and rank in the armed forces of Switzerland. It is held by the commander-in-chief of the Army in time of war only. Under the Swiss Constitution, he must be elected by the Federal Assembly, assembled as the United Federal Assembly, specifically for the purpose of taking on the war-time responsibilities.
| General German: General French: Général Italian: Generale Romansh: Generale | |
|---|---|
Dress uniform shoulder strap with the rank of General | |
Battledress rank insignia of General | |
Kepi of General | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Service branch | Swiss Army |
| Abbreviation | GEN |
| Rank group | General officer |
| Rank | Four-star |
| Non-NATO rank | OF-9 |
| Formation | 1512 as Old Swiss Confederacy 1849 as Switzerland |
| Next lower rank | Lieutenant general |
Role
Outside of wartime, the rank of "General" is not used in the Swiss military. Indeed, none of the ranks of general officer contain the word "general". In peacetime, the Chief of the Swiss Armed Forces is granted the rank of Korpskommandant/Commandant de corps/Comandante di corpo (equivalent to Lieutenant-General).[1]
The general is elected by a joint session of the Federal Assembly, known as the United Federal Assembly, wherein both the 200-seat National Council and 46-seat Council of States join together on a "one member, one vote" basis. The Federal Assembly retains the sole power to dismiss the General, but the General remains subordinate to the Federal Council by the Council's ability to demobilise and hence making the position of General redundant.[2]
Swiss law does not establish the precise conditions when a General is to be elected, merely that the Federal Assembly may do so "as soon as an important number of troops are to be mobilised."[2] The General is, however, permitted to adapt the internal structure of the Armed Forces in response to the strategic imperatives.[2]
History
Prior to the establishment of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848, Guillaume Henri Dufour was nominated by the Swiss Diet to serve as general in response to the invasion of Ticino during the Sonderbund War.[3] As a consequence of that civil war, the structure of the Swiss Confederation was revised and a new constitution was promulgated in 1848, creating the modern Swiss government.[4]
During the 1850s, Dufour was called upon three more times to serve as General on behalf of the entire federal government: in 1849 to prevent possible incursions into Swiss territory during the Baden Revolution; in 1856, to pre-empt Prussian military intervention in the Neuchâtel Crisis; and finally in 1859, to keep belligerents in the Franco-Austrian War from entering Switzerland. No other individual has held the position of general of the Swiss Armed Forces more often.[3]
The Sonderbund War marked the last time that a General was nominated for Switzerland to assume command of forces directly involved in armed conflict. Since then, the Swiss Armed Forces have been mobilised to safeguard the integrity of Swiss territory in times of European conflict or crisis. Such was also the case for the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War and the Second World War. The mobilisation of the armed forces was a demonstration of the principle of "Armed Neutrality".
Nowadays, the general staff of the armed forces comprises officers with the ranks of Brigadier, Divisionär (Major General), Korpskommandant (Lieutenant General) and, although not currently held, General. The Chief of the Swiss Armed Forces is given the rank of Korpskommandant, which may be held by other senior officers as well.
A common misconception would hold that a Swiss "general" serves as the head of the Swiss delegation to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission at the DMZ on the Korean Peninsula. Although the head is addressed as Major General for the duration of his mandate, this is a courtesy translation of the rank designation of Divisionär, used within the Swiss Armed Forces.[5]
List of generals
The following Swiss officers have held the rank of General as the leaders of the Army in time of war:[1]
| Portrait | Name | Election | War | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guillaume Henri Dufour (1787–1875) | 21 October 1847[a] | Sonderbund War | [6] | |
| August 1849 | Baden Revolution | [7][8] | ||
| 27 December 1856 | Neuchâtel Crisis | [9] | ||
| 1859 | Franco-Austrian War | [10] | ||
| Hans Herzog (1819–1894) | 19 July 1870 | Franco-Prussian War | ||
| Ulrich Wille (1848–1925) | 8 August 1914 | First World War | ||
| Henri Guisan (1874–1960) | 30 August 1939 | Second World War |
Notes
- ^ Prior to the establishment of Switzerland as a federal state
References
- ^ a b McPhee, John (31 October 1983). "La Place de la Concorde Suisse-I". The New Yorker. p. 50. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
- ^ a b c "RS 510.10 Loi fédérale du 3 février 1995 sur l'armée et l'administration militaire (Loi sur l'armée, LAAM)" [RS 510.10 Federal Act of 3 February 1995 on the army and military administration (Army Act, LAAM)]. www.admin.ch (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Guillaume Henri Dufour (1787 – 1875)". Swiss Armed Forces. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "Parliamentary History, Tuesday, 12 September 1848, Federal Constitution". www.parlament.ch. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "Die Schweiz seit 60 Jahren im koreanischen Niemandsland" [Switzerland for 60 years at the korean No man's land]. srf.ch (in German). 27 July 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
Für den in Panmunjom stationierten Delegationschef des NNSC, Generalmajor Urs Gerber, ...
[For the head of the NNSC delegation stationed in Panmunjom, Major General Urs Gerber, ...] - ^ Langendorf, Jean-Jacques (7 November 2005). "Dufour, Guillaume-Henri". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in German). from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
- ^ "Wyrsch-Ineichen, Paul: Die Schwyzer Truppen im Büsinger-Handel 1849 von 1985 in Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins des Kantons Schwyz" [Wyrsch-Ineichen, Paul: The Schwyzer troops in Büsinger trade 1849 from 1985 in communications from the historical association of the Canton of Schwyz] (in German). from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
- ^ Hans Senn: Aktivdienst in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ Rapport sur l'armement et la campagne de 1857. Revue militaire Suisse 1857
- ^ Toast à la Patrie. Revue militaire Suisse 1860