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Henneguya zschokkei

March 14, 2023

Henneguya zschokkei or Henneguya salminicola is a species of a myxosporean endoparasite. It afflicts several salmon in the genus Oncorhynchus.[2][3] It causes milky flesh or tapioca disease.[1] H. zschokkei is notable for its absence of mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, aerobic respiration and its reliance on an as of yet undiscovered energy metabolism.[4]

Henneguya zschokkei
Henneguya zschokkei in salmon
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Myxosporea
Order: Bivalvulida
Family: Myxobolidae
Genus: Henneguya
Species:
H. zschokkei
Binomial name
Henneguya zschokkei
(Gurley, 1894)
Synonyms[1]
  • Henneguya salminicola Ward, 1919

Description

Henneguya salminicola is found in fish as an ovoid spore with two anterior polar capsules and two long caudal appendages.[5] Individuals are very small (about 10 micrometers in diameter),[6] but are found aggregated into cysts 3–6 mm in diameter at any place in the muscle mass.[7]

Unknown metabolism

Henneguya salminicola is the only known multicellular animal that does not rely on the aerobic respiration of oxygen. It lacks a mitochondrial genome and therefore mitochondria, making it one of the only known members of the eukaryotic animal kingdom to shun oxygen as the foundation of its metabolism. The means by which H. zschokkei utilizes chemical energy for the sustenance of its life is not yet known.[8][7]

H. zschokkei is ultimately a highly derived cnidarian. This obligate internal parasite so little resembles other multicellular animals that it, along with many other species in class Myxosporea, were initially categorized as protozoa. It is nevertheless most closely related to jellyfish. This species, like most myxosporeans, lacks many of the diagnostic criteria that identify cnidarians. It is without nervous, epithelial, gut or muscle cells of any kind.[9]

This parasite has not only lost its mitochondria and the mitochondrial DNA residing in them, but also the nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial reproduction. What genetic instructions for these functions remain are in the form of useless pseudogenes.[4]

Origins

The origin and cause of its highly reduced genome are not yet known. While eukaryotes are known for aerobic respiration, a few unicellular lineages native to hypoxic environments have lost this capacity. In the absence of oxygen these single-celled organisms have lost portions of their genome governing aerobic respiration. Such eukaryotes have developed mitochondria-related organelles (MROs), which fulfill many of the functions of conventional mitochondria. However there is no evidence for such adaptation in the multicellular H. zschokkei.[4]

One theory explaining the highly unusual habit of H. zschokkei and its fellow myxosporeans invokes the cancers of cnidarians. On this explanation, animals such as H. zschokkei were originally cancerous growths in free-swimming jellyfish that escaped their parent organism and thereafter became a separate species parasitizing other animals. Such an origin is referred to as a SCANDAL (an acronym derived from the phrase "speciated by cancer development in animals").[10]

Hosts

Known hosts of Henneguya zschokkei include:[11]

See also

Taxa
Structures

References

  1. ^ a b "Henneguya salminicola". fishpathogens.net. Oregon State University. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  2. ^ Ward, Henry B. (1919). "Notes on North American Myxosporidia". The Journal of Parasitology. 6 (2): 49–64. doi:10.2307/3270895. JSTOR 3270895. S2CID 88435361.
  3. ^ Greenwood, Veronique (28 February 2020). "This Parasite Doesn't Need Oxygen to Survive - But that's not the weirdest thing about this jellyfish cousin that turns up in the muscles of salmon". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  4. ^ a b c Yahalomi, Dayana; Atkinson, Stephen; Neuhof, Moran; Chang, E. Sally; Phillipe, Hervé; Cartwright, Paulyn; Bartholomew, Jerri; Hutchon, Dorothée (2020). "A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (10): 5358–5363. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909907117. PMC 7071853. PMID 32094163.
  5. ^ Meyers, T. R.; Burton, T.; Bentz, C.; Starkey, N. (July 2008). Common diseases of wild and cultured fishes in Alaska (PDF). Fish Pathology Laboratories. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. ^ "Spores of H. salminicola from a human stool specimen" – via ResearchGate.
  7. ^ a b Brandon Specktor (24 February 2020). "Scientists discover first known animal that doesn't breathe". Live Science.
  8. ^ Yahalomi, Dayana; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Neuhof, Moran; Chang, E. Sally; Philippe, Hervé; Cartwright, Paulyn; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Huchon, Dorothée (19 February 2020). "A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (10): 5358–5363. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909907117. PMC 7071853. PMID 32094163.; Lay summary: "Unique non-oxygen breathing animal discovered: The tiny relative of the jellyfish is parasitic and dwells in salmon tissue". ScienceDaily.
  9. ^ Panchin, A. Y.; Aleoshin, V. V.; Panchin, Y. V. (2019-01-23). "From tumors to species: a SCANDAL hypothesis". Biology Direct. 14 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13062-019-0233-1. ISSN 1745-6150. PMC 6343361. PMID 30674330.
  10. ^ Panchin, A. Y.; Aleoshin, V. V.; Panchin, Y. V. (2019-01-23). "From tumors to species: a SCANDAL hypothesis". Biology Direct. 14 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13062-019-0233-1. ISSN 1745-6150. PMC 6343361. PMID 30674330.
  11. ^ Buchtová, H.; Dyková, I.; Vršková, D.; Krkoška, L. (2004). "Záchyt lososa masivně infikovaného myxosporidií Henneguya zschokkei" [Myxosporidia Henneguya zschokkei massive infection in a salmon]. Veterinářství (in Czech). 54: 47–48.

Further reading

  • Lebbad, Marianne; Willcox, Michael (June 1998). "Spores of Henneguya salminicola in Human Stool Specimens". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 36 (6): 1820. doi:10.1128/JCM.36.6.1820-1820.1998. PMC 104934. PMID 9620434.
  • Fish, Frederic F. (1939). "Observations on Henneguya salminicola Ward, a Myxosporidian Parasitic in Pacific Salmon". The Journal of Parasitology. 25 (2): 169–172. doi:10.2307/3272359. JSTOR 3272359.
  • Clouthier, Sharon C; Gunning, Derek J; Olafson, Robert W; Kay, William W (December 1997). "Antigenic characterization of Henneguya salminicola". Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 90 (2): 543–548. doi:10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00200-4. PMID 9476801.
  • Stojanovski, Stojmir; Spirkoski, Zoran; Hristovski, Miso; Hristovski, Nikola; Blazhekovikj - Dimovska, Dijana (2012). "First finding of parasitic lesions caused by Henneguya zschokkei (Myxosporidia: Myxobolidae) in frozen market salmon in Macedonia". Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design. 1: 139–141.

External links

  • "Knutsjuka hos laxfisk" [Knuckle disease in salmonids]. SVA (in Swedish).
  • GBIF: Henneguya salminicola Ward, 1919. Id:6881057, source: World Register of Marine Species
  • GBIF: Henneguya zschokkei Ward, 1919. Id:6881028, source: Artsnavnebasen

March 14, 2023
henneguya, zschokkei, henneguya, salminicola, species, myxosporean, endoparasite, afflicts, several, salmon, genus, oncorhynchus, causes, milky, flesh, tapioca, disease, zschokkei, notable, absence, mitochondria, mitochondrial, aerobic, respiration, reliance, . Henneguya zschokkei or Henneguya salminicola is a species of a myxosporean endoparasite It afflicts several salmon in the genus Oncorhynchus 2 3 It causes milky flesh or tapioca disease 1 H zschokkei is notable for its absence of mitochondria mitochondrial DNA aerobic respiration and its reliance on an as of yet undiscovered energy metabolism 4 Henneguya zschokkeiHenneguya zschokkei in salmonScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum CnidariaClass MyxosporeaOrder BivalvulidaFamily MyxobolidaeGenus HenneguyaSpecies H zschokkeiBinomial nameHenneguya zschokkei Gurley 1894 Synonyms 1 Henneguya salminicola Ward 1919 Contents 1 Description 2 Unknown metabolism 3 Origins 4 Hosts 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDescription EditHenneguya salminicola is found in fish as an ovoid spore with two anterior polar capsules and two long caudal appendages 5 Individuals are very small about 10 micrometers in diameter 6 but are found aggregated into cysts 3 6 mm in diameter at any place in the muscle mass 7 Unknown metabolism EditHenneguya salminicola is the only known multicellular animal that does not rely on the aerobic respiration of oxygen It lacks a mitochondrial genome and therefore mitochondria making it one of the only known members of the eukaryotic animal kingdom to shun oxygen as the foundation of its metabolism The means by which H zschokkei utilizes chemical energy for the sustenance of its life is not yet known 8 7 H zschokkei is ultimately a highly derived cnidarian This obligate internal parasite so little resembles other multicellular animals that it along with many other species in class Myxosporea were initially categorized as protozoa It is nevertheless most closely related to jellyfish This species like most myxosporeans lacks many of the diagnostic criteria that identify cnidarians It is without nervous epithelial gut or muscle cells of any kind 9 This parasite has not only lost its mitochondria and the mitochondrial DNA residing in them but also the nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial reproduction What genetic instructions for these functions remain are in the form of useless pseudogenes 4 Origins EditThe origin and cause of its highly reduced genome are not yet known While eukaryotes are known for aerobic respiration a few unicellular lineages native to hypoxic environments have lost this capacity In the absence of oxygen these single celled organisms have lost portions of their genome governing aerobic respiration Such eukaryotes have developed mitochondria related organelles MROs which fulfill many of the functions of conventional mitochondria However there is no evidence for such adaptation in the multicellular H zschokkei 4 One theory explaining the highly unusual habit of H zschokkei and its fellow myxosporeans invokes the cancers of cnidarians On this explanation animals such as H zschokkei were originally cancerous growths in free swimming jellyfish that escaped their parent organism and thereafter became a separate species parasitizing other animals Such an origin is referred to as a SCANDAL an acronym derived from the phrase speciated by cancer development in animals 10 Hosts EditKnown hosts of Henneguya zschokkei include 11 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Pink salmon Oncorhynchus keta Chum salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Coho salmon Oncorhynchus nerka Sockeye salmon Anadromous forms of Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Chinook salmon Salmo salar Atlantic Salmon See also EditTaxaCryptosporidium parvum a protist Apicomplexa without genes in its mitochondria Mastigamoeba an anaerobic protist Amoebozoa without mitochondria Monocercomonoides a protist Metamonad without mitochondria Loricifera other metazoans some species don t require oxygen and may also lack mitochondriaStructureshydrogenosome an organelle of some anaerobic taxaReferences Edit a b Henneguya salminicola fishpathogens net Oregon State University Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Retrieved 2020 02 28 Ward Henry B 1919 Notes on North American Myxosporidia The Journal of Parasitology 6 2 49 64 doi 10 2307 3270895 JSTOR 3270895 S2CID 88435361 Greenwood Veronique 28 February 2020 This Parasite Doesn t Need Oxygen to Survive But that s not the weirdest thing about this jellyfish cousin that turns up in the muscles of salmon The New York Times Retrieved 5 March 2020 a b c Yahalomi Dayana Atkinson Stephen Neuhof Moran Chang E Sally Phillipe Herve Cartwright Paulyn Bartholomew Jerri Hutchon Dorothee 2020 A cnidarian parasite of salmon Myxozoa Henneguya lacks a mitochondrial genome Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 10 5358 5363 doi 10 1073 pnas 1909907117 PMC 7071853 PMID 32094163 Meyers T R Burton T Bentz C Starkey N July 2008 Common diseases of wild and cultured fishes in Alaska PDF Fish Pathology Laboratories Alaska Department of Fish and Game Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Spores of H salminicola from a human stool specimen via ResearchGate a b Brandon Specktor 24 February 2020 Scientists discover first known animal that doesn t breathe Live Science Yahalomi Dayana Atkinson Stephen D Neuhof Moran Chang E Sally Philippe Herve Cartwright Paulyn Bartholomew Jerri L Huchon Dorothee 19 February 2020 A cnidarian parasite of salmon Myxozoa Henneguya lacks a mitochondrial genome Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 10 5358 5363 doi 10 1073 pnas 1909907117 PMC 7071853 PMID 32094163 Lay summary Unique non oxygen breathing animal discovered The tiny relative of the jellyfish is parasitic and dwells in salmon tissue ScienceDaily Panchin A Y Aleoshin V V Panchin Y V 2019 01 23 From tumors to species a SCANDAL hypothesis Biology Direct 14 1 3 doi 10 1186 s13062 019 0233 1 ISSN 1745 6150 PMC 6343361 PMID 30674330 Panchin A Y Aleoshin V V Panchin Y V 2019 01 23 From tumors to species a SCANDAL hypothesis Biology Direct 14 1 3 doi 10 1186 s13062 019 0233 1 ISSN 1745 6150 PMC 6343361 PMID 30674330 Buchtova H Dykova I Vrskova D Krkoska L 2004 Zachyt lososa masivne infikovaneho myxosporidii Henneguya zschokkei Myxosporidia Henneguya zschokkei massive infection in a salmon Veterinarstvi in Czech 54 47 48 Further reading EditLebbad Marianne Willcox Michael June 1998 Spores of Henneguya salminicola in Human Stool Specimens Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36 6 1820 doi 10 1128 JCM 36 6 1820 1820 1998 PMC 104934 PMID 9620434 Fish Frederic F 1939 Observations on Henneguya salminicola Ward a Myxosporidian Parasitic in Pacific Salmon The Journal of Parasitology 25 2 169 172 doi 10 2307 3272359 JSTOR 3272359 Clouthier Sharon C Gunning Derek J Olafson Robert W Kay William W December 1997 Antigenic characterization of Henneguya salminicola Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 90 2 543 548 doi 10 1016 s0166 6851 97 00200 4 PMID 9476801 Stojanovski Stojmir Spirkoski Zoran Hristovski Miso Hristovski Nikola Blazhekovikj Dimovska Dijana 2012 First finding of parasitic lesions caused by Henneguya zschokkei Myxosporidia Myxobolidae in frozen market salmon in Macedonia Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design 1 139 141 External links Edit Knutsjuka hos laxfisk Knuckle disease in salmonids SVA in Swedish GBIF Henneguya salminicola Ward 1919 Id 6881057 source World Register of Marine Species GBIF Henneguya zschokkei Ward 1919 Id 6881028 source Artsnavnebasen Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Henneguya zschokkei amp oldid 1142888831, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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