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Apusozoa

January 01, 1970

For the monophyletic counterpart, see Obazoa.

The Apusozoa are a paraphyletic phylum[1] of flagellate eukaryotes. They are usually around 5–20 μm in size, and occur in soils and aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacteria. They are grouped together based on the presence of an organic shell or theca under the dorsal surface of the cell.

Apusozoa
Apusomonas sp.
Scientific classification
(obsolete)
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Amorphea
Clade: Obazoa
Phylum: Apusozoa
Cavalier-Smith 1997 emend. 2013
Groups included
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa

The name derives from the Ancient Greek words for footless (ἄπους) and animal (ζῷον).[2][3]

This phylum is currently defined as containing the Breviata and the Apusomonadida.[4][5] However, it currently usually is viewed as paraphyletic, with the Breviata as more basal. The opisthokonts appear to have emerged as sister of the apusomonadida. It has been suggested that the Mantamonadida be classified in Apusozoa.[6][7]

The ancyromonadida appear to be Varisulca, Planomonadida, shifting them possibly more basal than the Amoebozoa,[8][9][10] or less basal.[11] While some classification systems have placed Hemimastigida in Apusozoa,[12] 2018 research indicated that hemimastigotes (Hemimastix kukwesjijk [de]/Hemimastix/Spironemidae) are their own supra-kingdom.[13]

Characteristics edit

The apusomonads have two flagella inserted at right angles, near the anterior of the cell. They move by gliding, with one flagellum trailing along the side and one directed to the anterior.

The form of the mitochondria varies between the different orders. Among the apusomonads they have tubular cristae, the ancyromonads flat cristae, and the hemimastigids ambiguous or sacculate cristae. This characteristic was originally considered a good indicator of relationships, but is now known to vary even among close relatives.

Evolution edit

As currently defined, Apusozoa is a paraphyletic grade that includes two classes: Thecomonadea (the apusomonad flagellates) and Breviatea (the breviate amoebae),[14] each of them monophyletic and sister groups to the Opisthokonta supergroup. Together, these three clades are part of the larger clade Obazoa, which in turn is the sister group to the Amoebozoa supergroup.[15][16]

References edit

  1. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S (October 2008). "Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov". Protist. 159 (4): 535–62. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.06.002. PMID 18723395.
  2. ^ ἄπους. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  3. ^ ζῷον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  4. ^ Eme, Laura; Sharpe, Susan C.; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J. (2014-08-01). "On the Age of Eukaryotes: Evaluating Evidence from Fossils and Molecular Clocks". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (8): a016139. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016139. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 4107988. PMID 25085908.
  5. ^ Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015-06-11). "Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0130114. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030114R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130114. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5159126. PMID 26068874.
  6. ^ Glücksman E, Snell EA, Berney C, Chao EE, Bass D, Cavalier-Smith T (September 2010). "The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas (Mantamonadida ord. n.: Apusozoa)". Protist. 162 (2): 207–221. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.06.004. PMID 20884290.
  7. ^ Orr, Russell J. S.; Zhao, Sen; Klaveness, Dag; Yabuki, Akinori; Ikeda, Keiji; Makoto, Watanabe M.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran (2017-10-08). "Enigmatic Diphyllatea eukaryotes: Culturing and targeted PacBio RS amplicon sequencing reveals a higher order taxonomic diversity and global distribution". bioRxiv 10.1101/199125.
  8. ^ Speijer, Dave; Lukeš, Julius; Eliáš, Marek (2015-07-21). "Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (29): 8827–8834. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8827S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1501725112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4517231. PMID 26195746.
  9. ^ Torruella, Guifré; Mendoza, Alex de; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; Campo, Javier del; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology. 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. PMID 26365255.
  10. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Snell, Elizabeth A.; Berney, Cédric; Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria; Lewis, Rhodri (2014). "Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 81: 71–85. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012. PMID 25152275.
  11. ^ Paps, Jordi; Medina-Chacón, Luis A.; Marshall, Wyth; Suga, Hiroshi; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2013). "Molecular Phylogeny of Unikonts: New Insights into the Position of Apusomonads and Ancyromonads and the Internal Relationships of Opisthokonts". Protist. 164 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.09.002. PMC 4342546. PMID 23083534.
  12. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003-01-01). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 39 (4): 338–348. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00002. ISSN 0932-4739.
  13. ^ Chung, Emily (November 16, 2018). "Rare microbes lead scientists to discover new branch on the tree of life". CBC news. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  14. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (December 2021). "Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi". Protoplasma. 259: 487–593. doi:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7. PMC 9010356.
  15. ^ Derelle R, Torruella G, Klimeš V, Brinkmann H, Kim E, Vlček Č, Lang BF, Eliáš M (2015), "Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112 (7): E693–699, Bibcode:2015PNAS..112E.693D, doi:10.1073/pnas.1420657112, PMC 4343179, PMID 25646484
  16. ^ Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/jeu.12691. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Apusozoa.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apusozoa.
 

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January 01, 1970
apusozoa, monophyletic, counterpart, obazoa, paraphyletic, phylum, flagellate, eukaryotes, they, usually, around, size, occur, soils, aquatic, habitats, where, they, feed, bacteria, they, grouped, together, based, presence, organic, shell, theca, under, dorsal. For the monophyletic counterpart see Obazoa The Apusozoa are a paraphyletic phylum 1 of flagellate eukaryotes They are usually around 5 20 mm in size and occur in soils and aquatic habitats where they feed on bacteria They are grouped together based on the presence of an organic shell or theca under the dorsal surface of the cell Apusozoa Apusomonas sp Scientific classification obsolete Domain Eukaryota Clade Amorphea Clade Obazoa Phylum ApusozoaCavalier Smith 1997 emend 2013 Groups included Thecomonadea Breviatea Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Opisthokonta The name derives from the Ancient Greek words for footless ἄpoys and animal zῷon 2 3 This phylum is currently defined as containing the Breviata and the Apusomonadida 4 5 However it currently usually is viewed as paraphyletic with the Breviata as more basal The opisthokonts appear to have emerged as sister of the apusomonadida It has been suggested that the Mantamonadida be classified in Apusozoa 6 7 The ancyromonadida appear to be Varisulca Planomonadida shifting them possibly more basal than the Amoebozoa 8 9 10 or less basal 11 While some classification systems have placed Hemimastigida in Apusozoa 12 2018 research indicated that hemimastigotes Hemimastix kukwesjijk de Hemimastix Spironemidae are their own supra kingdom 13 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Evolution 3 References 4 External linksCharacteristics editThe apusomonads have two flagella inserted at right angles near the anterior of the cell They move by gliding with one flagellum trailing along the side and one directed to the anterior The form of the mitochondria varies between the different orders Among the apusomonads they have tubular cristae the ancyromonads flat cristae and the hemimastigids ambiguous or sacculate cristae This characteristic was originally considered a good indicator of relationships but is now known to vary even among close relatives Evolution editAs currently defined Apusozoa is a paraphyletic grade that includes two classes Thecomonadea the apusomonad flagellates and Breviatea the breviate amoebae 14 each of them monophyletic and sister groups to the Opisthokonta supergroup Together these three clades are part of the larger clade Obazoa which in turn is the sister group to the Amoebozoa supergroup 15 16 Podiata CRuMs nbsp Amorphea Amoebozoa nbsp Obazoa Breviatea Thecomonadea nbsp Opisthokonta Holozoa includes animals nbsp Holomycota includes fungi nbsp ApusozoaReferences edit Cavalier Smith T Chao EE Stechmann A Oates B Nikolaev S October 2008 Planomonadida ord nov Apusozoa ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen nov Protist 159 4 535 62 doi 10 1016 j protis 2008 06 002 PMID 18723395 ἄpoys Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project zῷon Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Eme Laura Sharpe Susan C Brown Matthew W Roger Andrew J 2014 08 01 On the Age of Eukaryotes Evaluating Evidence from Fossils and Molecular Clocks Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 6 8 a016139 doi 10 1101 cshperspect a016139 ISSN 1943 0264 PMC 4107988 PMID 25085908 Ruggiero Michael A Gordon Dennis P Orrell Thomas M Bailly Nicolas Bourgoin Thierry Brusca Richard C Cavalier Smith Thomas Guiry Michael D Kirk Paul M 2015 06 11 Correction A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms PLOS ONE 10 6 e0130114 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1030114R doi 10 1371 journal pone 0130114 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5159126 PMID 26068874 Glucksman E Snell EA Berney C Chao EE Bass D Cavalier Smith T September 2010 The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas Mantamonadida ord n Apusozoa Protist 162 2 207 221 doi 10 1016 j protis 2010 06 004 PMID 20884290 Orr Russell J S Zhao Sen Klaveness Dag Yabuki Akinori Ikeda Keiji Makoto Watanabe M Shalchian Tabrizi Kamran 2017 10 08 Enigmatic Diphyllatea eukaryotes Culturing and targeted PacBio RS amplicon sequencing reveals a higher order taxonomic diversity and global distribution bioRxiv 10 1101 199125 Speijer Dave Lukes Julius Elias Marek 2015 07 21 Sex is a ubiquitous ancient and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 29 8827 8834 Bibcode 2015PNAS 112 8827S doi 10 1073 pnas 1501725112 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 4517231 PMID 26195746 Torruella Guifre Mendoza Alex de Grau Bove Xavier Anto Meritxell Chaplin Mark A Campo Javier del Eme Laura Perez Cordon Gregorio Whipps Christopher M 2015 Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi Current Biology 25 18 2404 2410 doi 10 1016 j cub 2015 07 053 PMID 26365255 Cavalier Smith Thomas Chao Ema E Snell Elizabeth A Berney Cedric Fiore Donno Anna Maria Lewis Rhodri 2014 Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts animals fungi choanozoans and Amoebozoa Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81 71 85 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2014 08 012 PMID 25152275 Paps Jordi Medina Chacon Luis A Marshall Wyth Suga Hiroshi Ruiz Trillo Inaki 2013 Molecular Phylogeny of Unikonts New Insights into the Position of Apusomonads and Ancyromonads and the Internal Relationships of Opisthokonts Protist 164 1 2 12 doi 10 1016 j protis 2012 09 002 PMC 4342546 PMID 23083534 Cavalier Smith Thomas 2003 01 01 Protist phylogeny and the high level classification of Protozoa European Journal of Protistology 39 4 338 348 doi 10 1078 0932 4739 00002 ISSN 0932 4739 Chung Emily November 16 2018 Rare microbes lead scientists to discover new branch on the tree of life CBC news Retrieved 16 November 2018 Cavalier Smith T December 2021 Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa Plantae and Fungi Protoplasma 259 487 593 doi 10 1007 s00709 021 01665 7 PMC 9010356 Derelle R Torruella G Klimes V Brinkmann H Kim E Vlcek C Lang BF Elias M 2015 Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112 7 E693 699 Bibcode 2015PNAS 112E 693D doi 10 1073 pnas 1420657112 PMC 4343179 PMID 25646484 Adl SM Bass D Lane CE Lukes J Schoch CL Smirnov A Agatha S Berney C Brown MW Burki F Cardenas P Cepicka I Chistyakova L del Campo J Dunthorn M Edvardsen B Eglit Y Guillou L Hampl V Heiss AA Hoppenrath M James TY Karnkowska A Karpov S Kim E Kolisko M Kudryavtsev A Lahr DJG Lara E Le Gall L Lynn DH Mann DG Massana R Mitchell EAD Morrow C Park JS Pawlowski JW Powell MJ Richter DJ Rueckert S Shadwick L Shimano S Spiegel FW Torruella G Youssef N Zlatogursky V Zhang Q 2019 Revisions to the Classification Nomenclature and Diversity of Eukaryotes Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66 1 4 119 doi 10 1111 jeu 12691 PMC 6492006 PMID 30257078 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Apusozoa nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apusozoa nbsp This Amorphea Unikonts related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Apusozoa amp oldid 1173163367, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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