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Yellow-browed warbler

January 30, 2023

The yellow-browed warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus) is a leaf warbler (family Phylloscopidae) which breeds in the east Palearctic. This warbler is strongly migratory and winters mainly in tropical South Asia and South-east Asia, but also in small numbers in western Europe. Like the rest of Phylloscopidae, it was formerly included in the Old World warbler assemblage.[2]

Yellow-browed warbler
Adult bird wintering in Hong Kong (China) shows the typical wing and upper head pattern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Phylloscopidae
Genus: Phylloscopus
Species:
P. inornatus
Binomial name
Phylloscopus inornatus
(Blyth, 1842)
Range of P. inornatus
  Breeding
  Passage
  Non-breeding
Synonyms

Regulus inornatus Blyth, 1842

Yellow-browed Warbler

It was formerly considered to comprise three subspecies, but P. i. humei and P. i. mandellii are now split as a separate species, Hume's leaf warbler P. humei, leaving P. inornatus monotypic. The two sister species differ slightly but consistently in morphology, bioacoustics, and molecular characters.[3][4] Before the species was split, the names yellow-browed willow warbler[5] and inornate warbler[6] were used by a few authors.

Taxonomy

The yellow-browed warbler was first described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1842 and given the binomial name Regulus inornatus.[7][8] The current genus name Phylloscopus is from Ancient Greek phullon, "leaf", and skopos, "seeker" (from skopeo, "to watch"). The specific inornatus is Latin for "plain".[9]

Description

This is one of the smaller Old World warblers, at 9.5–11 cm long and weighing 4–9 g distinctly smaller than a chiffchaff but slightly larger than Pallas's leaf warbler. Like many other leaf warblers, it has overall greenish upperparts and white underparts. It also has prominent double wing bars formed by yellowish-white tips to the wing covert feathers (a long bar on the greater coverts and a short bar on the median coverts), yellow-margined tertial feathers, and long yellow supercilium. Some individuals also have a faint paler green central crown stripe though many do not show this.[2][4][10]

It is not shy, but its arboreal life style makes it difficult to observe. It is almost constantly in motion. Its song is a high-pitched medley of whistles; the call is piercing, often disyllabic "tseeweest", strikingly loud for the bird's small size. The only real possibility of confusion is with the similar-looking Hume's leaf warbler (P. humei), which in the limited area of overlap has duller colours, a faint second wing bar and dark legs and lower mandible. Their songs and calls are clearly distinct, with Hume's having a more chirping "chwee" call. It can easily be distinguished from Pallas's warbler as it does not have the conspicuous yellow central crown stripe and rump patch shown by that species.[2][4]

Ecology and distribution

Like most warblers, it is insectivorous. The nest is built in dense vegetation often at the base of a tree or old stump; two to four (occasionally more) eggs are laid, hatching after 11–14 days, with the chicks fledging when 12–13 days old.[2]

This is an abundant bird of lowland and montane forests and woodlands; particularly in winter it may also be found in more open woods. Its breeding range extends from just west of the Ural Mountains eastwards to eastern Siberia, Mongolia and Northeast China. Its winter habitat is lowland broadleaf or coniferous forest, from West Bengal and Assam in northeastern India east through southern China to Taiwan, and through Bangladesh south to the Malay Peninsula. In summer, it occurs at altitudes of up to 2,440 m, and in winter, up to 1,525 m.[2]

The European breeding population west of the Urals has increased westwards in recent decades; in 1950 it was described as 'fairly scarce', but 'locally abundant' with 45,000–46,000 pairs in 1990.[10]

Small numbers, most likely from the western end of the breeding range, regularly winter in western Europe. These arrive in Great Britain in late September and October after a 3,000–3,500 km migration from the Urals, a markedly shorter distance than the 5,500–6,000 km they would need to fly to reach the normal wintering areas in southeastern Asia. Exact numbers in this population are unknown, but typically several hundred are found arriving in Great Britain each autumn; given their unobtrusive behaviour, this is probably only a fraction of the total. In the past widely considered to be vagrants, these birds are now thought to be undertaking a normal regular migration, able to take advantage of the mild oceanic climate winters on the western fringes of Europe for wintering.[11]

A common species in most of its wide range, the yellow-browed warbler is not considered threatened by the IUCN.[12]

Hume's leaf warbler overlaps its breeding range with yellow-browed warbler in the western Sayan Mountains, but the species apparently do not hybridise. Their lineages diverged roughly 2.5 million years ago.[13]

Footnotes

  1. ^ BirdLife International. (2019). "Phylloscopus inornatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22715310A146638886. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22715310A146638886.en. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Hoyo, J. del; et al., eds. (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 11. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 660. ISBN 84-96553-06-X.
  3. ^ Alström & Olsson (1988), Shirihai & Madge (1993), Irwin et al. (2001), Sangster et al. (2002)
  4. ^ a b c Svensson, L., Mullarney, K., & Zetterström, D. (2010). Collins Bird Guide, 2nd ed. HarperCollins ISBN 978-0-00-726814-6.
  5. ^ Cheng Tso-hsin (1987). A Synopsis of the Avifauna of China. Science Press, Beijing ISBN 3-490-12518-5.
  6. ^ e.g. King, B., Woodcock, M., & Dickinson, E. C. (1975). A Field Guide to the Birds of South-east Asia. Collins ISBN 0-00-219206-3.
  7. ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 240.
  8. ^ Blyth, Edward (1842). "Notes on various Indian and Malaysian birds". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 11 (1): 191.
  9. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 205, 305. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  10. ^ a b Snow, D. W.; Perrins, C. M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
  11. ^ Gilroy, J. J.; Lees, A. C. (2003). "Vagrancy theories: are autumn vagrants really reverse migrants?". British Birds. 96: 427–438.
  12. ^ BLI (2008)
  13. ^ Ernst (1996), Irwin et al. (2001)

References

  • Alström, Per; Olsson, U (1988). "Taxonomy of Yellow-browed Warblers". Br. Birds. 81: 656–657.
  • Ernst, S. (1996): Zweiter Beitrag zur Vogelwelt des Östlichen Altai ["Second contribution regarding the avifauna of the Sayan Mountains"]. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin 72, Suppl. Ann. Ornithol. 20: 123–180 [In German].
  • Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim & Sherub (2000): The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan. Forktail 14: 147–162.
  • Irwin, D.E.; Alström, Per; Olsson, U.; Benowitz-Fredericks, Z.M. (2001). "Cryptic species in the genus Phylloscopus (Old World leaf warblers)" (PDF). Ibis. 143 (2): 233–247. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04479.x.
  • Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds". Ibis. 144 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x.
  • Shirihai, H.; Madge, S. (1993). "Identification of Hume's Yellow-browed Warbler". Birding World. 6: 439–443.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phylloscopus inornatus.

January 30, 2023
yellow, browed, warbler, yellow, browed, warbler, phylloscopus, inornatus, leaf, warbler, family, phylloscopidae, which, breeds, east, palearctic, this, warbler, strongly, migratory, winters, mainly, tropical, south, asia, south, east, asia, also, small, numbe. The yellow browed warbler Phylloscopus inornatus is a leaf warbler family Phylloscopidae which breeds in the east Palearctic This warbler is strongly migratory and winters mainly in tropical South Asia and South east Asia but also in small numbers in western Europe Like the rest of Phylloscopidae it was formerly included in the Old World warbler assemblage 2 Yellow browed warblerAdult bird wintering in Hong Kong China shows the typical wing and upper head patternConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily PhylloscopidaeGenus PhylloscopusSpecies P inornatusBinomial namePhylloscopus inornatus Blyth 1842 Range of P inornatus Breeding Passage Non breedingSynonymsRegulus inornatus Blyth 1842Yellow browed Warbler It was formerly considered to comprise three subspecies but P i humei and P i mandellii are now split as a separate species Hume s leaf warbler P humei leaving P inornatus monotypic The two sister species differ slightly but consistently in morphology bioacoustics and molecular characters 3 4 Before the species was split the names yellow browed willow warbler 5 and inornate warbler 6 were used by a few authors Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Ecology and distribution 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomy EditThe yellow browed warbler was first described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1842 and given the binomial name Regulus inornatus 7 8 The current genus name Phylloscopus is from Ancient Greek phullon leaf and skopos seeker from skopeo to watch The specific inornatus is Latin for plain 9 Description EditThis is one of the smaller Old World warblers at 9 5 11 cm long and weighing 4 9 g distinctly smaller than a chiffchaff but slightly larger than Pallas s leaf warbler Like many other leaf warblers it has overall greenish upperparts and white underparts It also has prominent double wing bars formed by yellowish white tips to the wing covert feathers a long bar on the greater coverts and a short bar on the median coverts yellow margined tertial feathers and long yellow supercilium Some individuals also have a faint paler green central crown stripe though many do not show this 2 4 10 It is not shy but its arboreal life style makes it difficult to observe It is almost constantly in motion Its song is a high pitched medley of whistles the call is piercing often disyllabic tseeweest strikingly loud for the bird s small size The only real possibility of confusion is with the similar looking Hume s leaf warbler P humei which in the limited area of overlap has duller colours a faint second wing bar and dark legs and lower mandible Their songs and calls are clearly distinct with Hume s having a more chirping chwee call It can easily be distinguished from Pallas s warbler as it does not have the conspicuous yellow central crown stripe and rump patch shown by that species 2 4 Ecology and distribution EditLike most warblers it is insectivorous The nest is built in dense vegetation often at the base of a tree or old stump two to four occasionally more eggs are laid hatching after 11 14 days with the chicks fledging when 12 13 days old 2 This is an abundant bird of lowland and montane forests and woodlands particularly in winter it may also be found in more open woods Its breeding range extends from just west of the Ural Mountains eastwards to eastern Siberia Mongolia and Northeast China Its winter habitat is lowland broadleaf or coniferous forest from West Bengal and Assam in northeastern India east through southern China to Taiwan and through Bangladesh south to the Malay Peninsula In summer it occurs at altitudes of up to 2 440 m and in winter up to 1 525 m 2 The European breeding population west of the Urals has increased westwards in recent decades in 1950 it was described as fairly scarce but locally abundant with 45 000 46 000 pairs in 1990 10 Small numbers most likely from the western end of the breeding range regularly winter in western Europe These arrive in Great Britain in late September and October after a 3 000 3 500 km migration from the Urals a markedly shorter distance than the 5 500 6 000 km they would need to fly to reach the normal wintering areas in southeastern Asia Exact numbers in this population are unknown but typically several hundred are found arriving in Great Britain each autumn given their unobtrusive behaviour this is probably only a fraction of the total In the past widely considered to be vagrants these birds are now thought to be undertaking a normal regular migration able to take advantage of the mild oceanic climate winters on the western fringes of Europe for wintering 11 A common species in most of its wide range the yellow browed warbler is not considered threatened by the IUCN 12 Hume s leaf warbler overlaps its breeding range with yellow browed warbler in the western Sayan Mountains but the species apparently do not hybridise Their lineages diverged roughly 2 5 million years ago 13 Footnotes Edit BirdLife International 2019 Phylloscopus inornatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T22715310A146638886 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T22715310A146638886 en Retrieved 7 October 2021 a b c d e Hoyo J del et al eds 2006 Handbook of the Birds of the World vol 11 Barcelona Lynx Edicions p 660 ISBN 84 96553 06 X Alstrom amp Olsson 1988 Shirihai amp Madge 1993 Irwin et al 2001 Sangster et al 2002 a b c Svensson L Mullarney K amp Zetterstrom D 2010 Collins Bird Guide 2nd ed HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 00 726814 6 Cheng Tso hsin 1987 A Synopsis of the Avifauna of China Science Press Beijing ISBN 3 490 12518 5 e g King B Woodcock M amp Dickinson E C 1975 A Field Guide to the Birds of South east Asia Collins ISBN 0 00 219206 3 Mayr Ernst Cottrell G William eds 1986 Check list of Birds of the World Volume 11 Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 240 Blyth Edward 1842 Notes on various Indian and Malaysian birds Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 11 1 191 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm pp 205 305 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 a b Snow D W Perrins C M 1998 The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 854099 X Gilroy J J Lees A C 2003 Vagrancy theories are autumn vagrants really reverse migrants British Birds 96 427 438 BLI 2008 Ernst 1996 Irwin et al 2001 References EditAlstrom Per Olsson U 1988 Taxonomy of Yellow browed Warblers Br Birds 81 656 657 Ernst S 1996 Zweiter Beitrag zur Vogelwelt des Ostlichen Altai Second contribution regarding the avifauna of the Sayan Mountains Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin 72 Suppl Ann Ornithol 20 123 180 In German Inskipp Carol Inskipp Tim amp Sherub 2000 The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park Bhutan Forktail 14 147 162 Irwin D E Alstrom Per Olsson U Benowitz Fredericks Z M 2001 Cryptic species in the genus Phylloscopus Old World leaf warblers PDF Ibis 143 2 233 247 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 2001 tb04479 x Sangster George Knox Alan G Helbig Andreas J Parkin David T 2002 Taxonomic recommendations for European birds Ibis 144 1 153 159 doi 10 1046 j 0019 1019 2001 00026 x Shirihai H Madge S 1993 Identification of Hume s Yellow browed Warbler Birding World 6 439 443 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phylloscopus inornatus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yellow browed warbler amp oldid 1127167595, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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