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Halberstadt

November 27, 2023

For other uses, see Halberstadt (disambiguation).

Halberstadt (Eastphalian: Halverstidde) is a town in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, the capital of Harz district. Located north of the Harz mountain range, it is known for its old town center, which was largely destroyed by Allied bombings in the late stages of World War II after local Nazi leaders refused to surrender. The town was rebuilt in the following decades.

Halberstadt
Town
Aerial view of Halberstadt
Coat of arms
Location of Halberstadt within Harz district
BallenstedtBlankenburg (Harz)DitfurtFalkensteinGroß QuenstedtHalberstadtHarslebenHarzgerodeHederslebenHuyIlsenburgNordharzOberharz am BrockenOsterwieckQuedlinburgSchwanebeckSelke-AueThaleWegelebenWernigerode
Halberstadt
Halberstadt
Coordinates: 51°53′45″N 11°2′48″E / 51.89583°N 11.04667°E / 51.89583; 11.04667
CountryGermany
StateSaxony-Anhalt
DistrictHarz
Subdivisions7 Ortschaften
Government
 • Mayor (2020–27) Daniel Szarata[1] (CDU)
Area
 • Total142.97 km2 (55.20 sq mi)
Elevation
119 m (390 ft)
Population
 (2021-12-31)[2]
 • Total38,682
 • Density270/km2 (700/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
38820
Dialling codes03941
Vehicle registrationHZ, HBS, QLB, WR
Websitewww.halberstadt.de

In World War I Halberstadt was the site of a German military airbase and aircraft-manufacturing facilities. In World War II Halberstadt was a regional production center for Junkers aircraft, which also housed an SS forced labor camp. Halberstadt now includes the area where the Langenstein-Zwieberge concentration camp was situated.

Geography

 
Cathedral square

Halberstadt is situated between the Harz in the south and the Huy hills in the north on the Holtemme and Goldbach rivers, both left tributaries of the Bode. Halberstadt is the base of the Department of Public Management of the Hochschule Harz University of Applied Studies and Research.

The town center retains many important historic buildings and much of its ancient townscape. Notable places in Halberstadt include Halberstadt Cathedral, the Church of Our Lady (Liebfrauenkirche) and St Martin's, churches built in the 12th and 13th centuries. Halberstadt is the site of the first documented large, permanent pipe organ installation in 1361.[3] The cathedral is notable among those in northern European towns in having retained its medieval treasury in virtually complete condition. Among its treasures are the oldest surviving tapestries in Europe, dating from the 12th century.[4][5] The town is also a stop on the scenic German Timber-Frame Road.

Divisions

The town of Halberstadt consists of Halberstadt proper and the following Ortschaften or municipal divisions:[6]

These are all formerly independent municipalities: Emersleben was absorbed into Halberstadt in 1995, Klein Quenstedt in 1996 and Aspenstedt, Athenstedt, Langenstein, Sargstedt and Schachdorf Ströbeck in 2010.[6]

History

 
Liebfrauenkirche

In 814 the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious made the Christian mission in the German stem duchy of Saxony the episcopal see of the Diocese of Halberstadt. It was grantedmarket rights by King Otto III in 989. The town became the administrative centre of the Saxon Harzgau and an important trading location. The Halberstadt bishops had the Church of Our Lady erected from about 1005 onwards. In his fierce conflict with Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, the forces of the Saxon duke Henry the Lion devastated the town in 1179.[citation needed]

On Henry's downfall, the Halberstadt diocese was elevated to a prince-bishopric about 1180. Its cathedral was rebuilt from 1236 and consecrated in 1491. Halberstadt, Quedlinburg and Aschersleben joined a league of towns (Halberstädter Dreistädtebund) in 1326; from 1387 the city was also a member of the Hanse.[citation needed]

From 1479 the diocese was administered by the Archbishops of Magdeburg. While the Halberstadt citizens turned Protestant around 1540, the cathedral chapter elected Prince Henry Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel first Lutheran bishop in 1566. During the Thirty Years' War the town was occupied by the troops of Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1629 and temporarily re-Catholicized according to the imperial Edict of Restitution. According to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia the prince-bishopric was finally secularized to the Principality of Halberstadt held by Brandenburg-Prussia. The first secular governor was Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal.[citation needed]

Halberstadt became part of the newly established Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. From 1747 Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim worked here as a government official and made his home an intellectual centre of the Enlightenment (Aufklärung) movement. Under the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit the town became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia, a Napoleonic client-state and administrative seat of the Westphalian Department of Saale. On 29 July 1809 a Westphalian regiment was defeated by the Black Brunswickers under Prince Frederick William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in the Battle of Halberstadt.[7]

After the defeat of Napoleon the town was restored to Prussia and subsequently administered within the Province of Saxony. From 1815 Halberstadt was home to the Prussian 7th (Magdeburg) Cuirassiers "von Seydlitz" regiment, with Otto von Bismarck in the rank of an officer à la suite from 1868. The town's economy was decisively promoted by the opening of the Magdeburg–Halberstadt Railway in 1843. The tramway was inaugurated in 1903.[citation needed]

 
Junkers Ju 88 wing production

In 1912 the Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke aircraft manufacturer was founded followed by the opening of a military airbase, providing the German Luftstreitkräfte in World War I. After the war it had to close down in accordance with the regulations of the Treaty of Versailles, until in the course of the German re-armament, it opened again in 1935 as a branch of the Junkers company in Dessau. The aircraft factory was the site of an SS forced labor camp, one of several subcamps of Buchenwald; the production facilities and the nearby Luftwaffe airbase were targets of Allied bombing during the 'Big Week' in February 1944.[8]

In the last days of World War II, in April 1945, US forces approached Halberstadt as they attacked remaining Nazi troops in the short-lived Harz pocket. They dropped leaflets instructing Halberstadt's Nazi ruler to fly a white flag on the town hall as a token of surrender.[9] He refused, no white flag was raised and on 8 April 1945, 218 Flying Fortresses of the 8th Air Force, accompanied by 239 escort fighters, dropped 595 tons of bombs on the center of Halberstadt. This killed about 2,500 people and converted most of the old town into some 1.5 million cubic meters of rubble, which American troops briefly occupied three days later.[10] By June 1945, the town and its garrison was handed over to the 3rd Shock Army of the Soviet Red Army forces.

Halberstadt was part of newly established Saxony-Anhalt from 1945–1952, after which it was within Bezirk Magdeburg in East Germany. During the Peaceful Revolution in Autumn 1989 St Martin's Church was a centre of the Swords to ploughshares movement. After the reunification of Germany Halberstadt became part of the restored state of Saxony-Anhalt.[citation needed]

 
Interior of Halberstadt Synagogue in 1930 (watercolor painting by Käthe Lipke)

Jewish culture

Halberstadt's Jewish community is mentioned in records from the 13th century and the town had a synagogue in 1464.[11] In the early 18th century, Halberstadt had one of the largest Jewish communities in central Europe and was known as a center of theology and learning after Berend Lehmann (1661–1730) founded a beth midrash there in 1703. The building, called the"Klaus", included a library and living quarters for scholars to study the Talmud.[12] Lehmann also financed an impressive Baroque synagogue that was completed in 1712.[11]

Halberstadt's synagogue was ransacked and burned in the 9 November 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom.[13] The synagogue's Torah scrolls were removed and burned in the street. On 18 November 1938, the local building authority ordered the demolition of the synagogue and required the Jewish community to pay the cost of the work.[14]

Today the Moses Mendelssohn Academy is based in the "Klaus", providing exhibitions, presentations, and information about Jewish culture.

One of the world's slowest, longest "concerts"

 
Sankt-Burchardi-Church

A performance of John Cage's organ piece As Slow As Possible began in the Burchardikirche in Halberstadt in September 2001; the performance is scheduled to take 639 years. The concert began on 5 September 2001 with a rest lasting 17 months. On the dates of the sound changes the church is usually well visited.[citation needed]

Education

 
Department of Public Management of the Harz University of Applied Studies

Halberstadt is site of the Harz University of Applied Studies.

Transport

The town can be reached via the Bundesstraße 6n (since 2019 called Bundesautobahn 36), 79, 81, and 245 federal highways. Halberstadt station is an important railway hub on the Magdeburg–Thale and Halle–Vienenburg lines, mainly served by Transdev Sachsen-Anhalt.

Halberstädter Verkehrs-GmbH [de] operates the city's public transport system, comprising the Halberstadt tramway network of two lines, and six city bus lines.

Sport

Germania Halberstadt is a football club that plays in Halberstadt.

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Halberstadt is twinned with:[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse, Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt, accessed 8 July 2021.
  2. ^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden – Stand: 31. Dezember 2021" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt. June 2022.
  3. ^ Kennedy, Michael (Ed.) (2002). "Organ". In The Oxford Dictionary of Music, p. 644. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ Hourihane, Colum (2012). The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-19-539536-5.
  5. ^ N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Cavallo, Adolph S. (1993). Medieval Tapestries in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-87099-644-3.
  6. ^ a b Hauptsatzung der Stadt Halberstadt, March 2020.
  7. ^ *Gill, John H (2010), With Eagles to Glory: Napoleon and His German Allies in the 1809 Campaign, Frontline Books, ISBN 978-1848325821 (p. 450)
  8. ^ LIFE. Time Inc. 1944-04-10. p. 94.
  9. ^ Simon Winder. Germania : in wayward pursuit of the Germans and their history. page 435. Picador 2010. ISBN 9781135963422.
  10. ^ Roger A. Freeman: Mighty Eighth War Diary. JANE´S. London, New York, Sydney 1981. ISBN 0 7106 00 38 0. page 483
  11. ^ a b "Communities - Saxony - Anhalt - Halberstadt – Saxony-Anhalt (English)". synagogues-eastgermany.anumuseum.org.il. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  12. ^ Vashem, Yad (2001). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: A-J. NYU Press. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-8147-9376-3.
  13. ^ Weiner Holocaust Library. "List of synagogues burned down in Berlin, Cologne and Halberstadt". -, Anonymous person(s): List of synagogues burned down in Berlin, Cologne and Halberstadt, -: - -. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  14. ^ "The Baroque Synagogue Of Halberstadt - Moses Mendelssohn Academy Halberstadt". www.moses-mendelssohn-akademie.de. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
  15. ^ "Partnerstädte". halberstadt.de (in German). Halberstadt. Retrieved 2021-02-12.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halberstadt.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Halberstadt.

November 27, 2023
halberstadt, other, uses, disambiguation, eastphalian, halverstidde, town, german, state, saxony, anhalt, capital, harz, district, located, north, harz, mountain, range, known, town, center, which, largely, destroyed, allied, bombings, late, stages, world, aft. For other uses see Halberstadt disambiguation Halberstadt Eastphalian Halverstidde is a town in the German state of Saxony Anhalt the capital of Harz district Located north of the Harz mountain range it is known for its old town center which was largely destroyed by Allied bombings in the late stages of World War II after local Nazi leaders refused to surrender The town was rebuilt in the following decades HalberstadtTownAerial view of HalberstadtCoat of armsLocation of Halberstadt within Harz districtHalberstadtShow map of GermanyHalberstadtShow map of Saxony AnhaltCoordinates 51 53 45 N 11 2 48 E 51 89583 N 11 04667 E 51 89583 11 04667CountryGermanyStateSaxony AnhaltDistrictHarzSubdivisions7 OrtschaftenGovernment Mayor 2020 27 Daniel Szarata 1 CDU Area Total142 97 km2 55 20 sq mi Elevation119 m 390 ft Population 2021 12 31 2 Total38 682 Density270 km2 700 sq mi Time zoneUTC 01 00 CET Summer DST UTC 02 00 CEST Postal codes38820Dialling codes03941Vehicle registrationHZ HBS QLB WRWebsitewww halberstadt deIn World War I Halberstadt was the site of a German military airbase and aircraft manufacturing facilities In World War II Halberstadt was a regional production center for Junkers aircraft which also housed an SS forced labor camp Halberstadt now includes the area where the Langenstein Zwieberge concentration camp was situated Contents 1 Geography 1 1 Divisions 2 History 2 1 Jewish culture 2 2 One of the world s slowest longest concerts 3 Education 4 Transport 5 Sport 6 Notable people 7 Twin towns sister cities 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksGeography nbsp Cathedral squareHalberstadt is situated between the Harz in the south and the Huy hills in the north on the Holtemme and Goldbach rivers both left tributaries of the Bode Halberstadt is the base of the Department of Public Management of the Hochschule Harz University of Applied Studies and Research The town center retains many important historic buildings and much of its ancient townscape Notable places in Halberstadt include Halberstadt Cathedral the Church of Our Lady Liebfrauenkirche and St Martin s churches built in the 12th and 13th centuries Halberstadt is the site of the first documented large permanent pipe organ installation in 1361 3 The cathedral is notable among those in northern European towns in having retained its medieval treasury in virtually complete condition Among its treasures are the oldest surviving tapestries in Europe dating from the 12th century 4 5 The town is also a stop on the scenic German Timber Frame Road Divisions The town of Halberstadt consists of Halberstadt proper and the following Ortschaften or municipal divisions 6 Aspenstedt Athenstedt Emersleben de Klein Quenstedt de Langenstein Sargstedt Schachdorf StrobeckThese are all formerly independent municipalities Emersleben was absorbed into Halberstadt in 1995 Klein Quenstedt in 1996 and Aspenstedt Athenstedt Langenstein Sargstedt and Schachdorf Strobeck in 2010 6 History nbsp LiebfrauenkircheIn 814 the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious made the Christian mission in the German stem duchy of Saxony the episcopal see of the Diocese of Halberstadt It was grantedmarket rights by King Otto III in 989 The town became the administrative centre of the Saxon Harzgau and an important trading location The Halberstadt bishops had the Church of Our Lady erected from about 1005 onwards In his fierce conflict with Emperor Frederick Barbarossa the forces of the Saxon duke Henry the Lion devastated the town in 1179 citation needed On Henry s downfall the Halberstadt diocese was elevated to a prince bishopric about 1180 Its cathedral was rebuilt from 1236 and consecrated in 1491 Halberstadt Quedlinburg and Aschersleben joined a league of towns Halberstadter Dreistadtebund in 1326 from 1387 the city was also a member of the Hanse citation needed From 1479 the diocese was administered by the Archbishops of Magdeburg While the Halberstadt citizens turned Protestant around 1540 the cathedral chapter elected Prince Henry Julius of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel first Lutheran bishop in 1566 During the Thirty Years War the town was occupied by the troops of Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1629 and temporarily re Catholicized according to the imperial Edict of Restitution According to the 1648 Peace of Westphalia the prince bishopric was finally secularized to the Principality of Halberstadt held by Brandenburg Prussia The first secular governor was Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal citation needed Halberstadt became part of the newly established Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 From 1747 Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim worked here as a government official and made his home an intellectual centre of the Enlightenment Aufklarung movement Under the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit the town became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia a Napoleonic client state and administrative seat of the Westphalian Department of Saale On 29 July 1809 a Westphalian regiment was defeated by the Black Brunswickers under Prince Frederick William of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel in the Battle of Halberstadt 7 After the defeat of Napoleon the town was restored to Prussia and subsequently administered within the Province of Saxony From 1815 Halberstadt was home to the Prussian 7th Magdeburg Cuirassiers von Seydlitz regiment with Otto von Bismarck in the rank of an officer a la suite from 1868 The town s economy was decisively promoted by the opening of the Magdeburg Halberstadt Railway in 1843 The tramway was inaugurated in 1903 citation needed nbsp Junkers Ju 88 wing productionIn 1912 the Halberstadter Flugzeugwerke aircraft manufacturer was founded followed by the opening of a military airbase providing the German Luftstreitkrafte in World War I After the war it had to close down in accordance with the regulations of the Treaty of Versailles until in the course of the German re armament it opened again in 1935 as a branch of the Junkers company in Dessau The aircraft factory was the site of an SS forced labor camp one of several subcamps of Buchenwald the production facilities and the nearby Luftwaffe airbase were targets of Allied bombing during the Big Week in February 1944 8 In the last days of World War II in April 1945 US forces approached Halberstadt as they attacked remaining Nazi troops in the short lived Harz pocket They dropped leaflets instructing Halberstadt s Nazi ruler to fly a white flag on the town hall as a token of surrender 9 He refused no white flag was raised and on 8 April 1945 218 Flying Fortresses of the 8th Air Force accompanied by 239 escort fighters dropped 595 tons of bombs on the center of Halberstadt This killed about 2 500 people and converted most of the old town into some 1 5 million cubic meters of rubble which American troops briefly occupied three days later 10 By June 1945 the town and its garrison was handed over to the 3rd Shock Army of the Soviet Red Army forces Halberstadt was part of newly established Saxony Anhalt from 1945 1952 after which it was within Bezirk Magdeburg in East Germany During the Peaceful Revolution in Autumn 1989 St Martin s Church was a centre of the Swords to ploughshares movement After the reunification of Germany Halberstadt became part of the restored state of Saxony Anhalt citation needed nbsp Interior of Halberstadt Synagogue in 1930 watercolor painting by Kathe Lipke Jewish culture Halberstadt s Jewish community is mentioned in records from the 13th century and the town had a synagogue in 1464 11 In the early 18th century Halberstadt had one of the largest Jewish communities in central Europe and was known as a center of theology and learning after Berend Lehmann 1661 1730 founded a beth midrash there in 1703 The building called the Klaus included a library and living quarters for scholars to study the Talmud 12 Lehmann also financed an impressive Baroque synagogue that was completed in 1712 11 Halberstadt s synagogue was ransacked and burned in the 9 November 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom 13 The synagogue s Torah scrolls were removed and burned in the street On 18 November 1938 the local building authority ordered the demolition of the synagogue and required the Jewish community to pay the cost of the work 14 Today the Moses Mendelssohn Academy is based in the Klaus providing exhibitions presentations and information about Jewish culture One of the world s slowest longest concerts nbsp Sankt Burchardi ChurchA performance of John Cage s organ piece As Slow As Possible began in the Burchardikirche in Halberstadt in September 2001 the performance is scheduled to take 639 years The concert began on 5 September 2001 with a rest lasting 17 months On the dates of the sound changes the church is usually well visited citation needed Education nbsp Department of Public Management of the Harz University of Applied StudiesHalberstadt is site of the Harz University of Applied Studies TransportThe town can be reached via the Bundesstrasse 6n since 2019 called Bundesautobahn 36 79 81 and 245 federal highways Halberstadt station is an important railway hub on the Magdeburg Thale and Halle Vienenburg lines mainly served by Transdev Sachsen Anhalt Halberstadter Verkehrs GmbH de operates the city s public transport system comprising the Halberstadt tramway network of two lines and six city bus lines SportGermania Halberstadt is a football club that plays in Halberstadt Notable peopleCaspar Abel theologian historian and poet Albert of Saxony philosopher logician physicist and Bishop of Halberstadt from 1366 1399 Gabriel Bach 1927 2022 a German born Israeli jurist who was a judge of the Supreme Court of Israel and deputy prosecutor in the prosecution of Adolf Eichmann Johann Christian Josef Abs teacher and school administrator August Binkebank Trompeter der Halberstadter Kurassiere Freiligraths Trompeter von Mars la Tour Lily Braun feminist writer Wibke Bruhns journalist and author author of My Father s Country Gottfried August Burger poet Oscar Carre nl Circus director founder of the Carre Theatre Karl Friedrich von Dacheroden lawyer Johann Augustus Eberhard theologian and philosopher Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim poet Adalbert of Hamburg Archbishop of Hamburg Bremen Ferdinand Heine ornithologist Azriel Hildesheimer rabbi Gustav Eduard von Hindersin general Johann Georg Jacobi poet Israel Jacobson philanthropist and father of Reform Judaism Alexander Kluge film director and author Issachar Berend Lehmann banker merchant diplomatic agent and army contractor Paul Laurentius theologian George Muller Christian evangelist and administrator of orphanages Emil D Munch American politician Adolf Reubke organ builder Eberhard Graf von Schmettow general Jurgen Sparwasser footballer and manager Adolf Stoecker theologian and politician Friederike Vohs 1777 1860 operatic soprano Helmut Weidling general Andreas Werckmeister organist and music theorist from 1696 to 1706 Walter Wislicenus astronomer Carl Zillier American politician Martin Bormann private secretary to Adolf Hitler one of the fiercest criminals and anti Semites of the 1900sTwin towns sister citiesSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany Halberstadt is twinned with 15 nbsp Banska Bystrica Slovakia nbsp Nachod Czech Republic nbsp Villars France nbsp Wolfsburg GermanySee alsoBishopric of Halberstadt a Roman Catholic diocese and state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Westphalia Principality of Halberstadt the secularized successor to the Bishopric of Halberstadt after the Peace of WestphaliaReferences Burgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden Endgultige Ergebnisse Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen Anhalt accessed 8 July 2021 Bevolkerung der Gemeinden Stand 31 Dezember 2021 PDF in German Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen Anhalt June 2022 Kennedy Michael Ed 2002 Organ In The Oxford Dictionary of Music p 644 Oxford Oxford University Press Hourihane Colum 2012 The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture Oxford University Press p 274 ISBN 978 0 19 539536 5 N Y Metropolitan Museum of Art New York Cavallo Adolph S 1993 Medieval Tapestries in the Metropolitan Museum of Art Metropolitan Museum of Art p 73 ISBN 978 0 87099 644 3 a b Hauptsatzung der Stadt Halberstadt March 2020 Gill John H 2010 With Eagles to Glory Napoleon and His German Allies in the 1809 Campaign Frontline Books ISBN 978 1848325821 p 450 LIFE Time Inc 1944 04 10 p 94 Simon Winder Germania in wayward pursuit of the Germans and their history page 435 Picador 2010 ISBN 9781135963422 Roger A Freeman Mighty Eighth War Diary JANE S London New York Sydney 1981 ISBN 0 7106 00 38 0 page 483 a b Communities Saxony Anhalt Halberstadt Saxony Anhalt English synagogues eastgermany anumuseum org il Retrieved 2021 09 06 Vashem Yad 2001 The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust A J NYU Press p 483 ISBN 978 0 8147 9376 3 Weiner Holocaust Library List of synagogues burned down in Berlin Cologne and Halberstadt Anonymous person s List of synagogues burned down in Berlin Cologne and Halberstadt Retrieved 2021 09 06 The Baroque Synagogue Of Halberstadt Moses Mendelssohn Academy Halberstadt www moses mendelssohn akademie de Retrieved 2021 09 06 Partnerstadte halberstadt de in German Halberstadt Retrieved 2021 02 12 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halberstadt nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Halberstadt Official Webpage Moses Mendelssohn Akademie Halberstadt The American Cyclopaedia 1879 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Halberstadt amp oldid 1177472206, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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