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Cardamine hirsuta

March 06, 2023

Cardamine hirsuta, commonly called hairy bittercress, is an annual or biennial species of plant in the family Brassicaceae, and is edible[2] as a salad green. It is common in moist areas around the world.

Hairy bittercress
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Cardamine
Species:
C. hirsuta
Binomial name
Cardamine hirsuta
Synonyms[1]
  • Cardamine multicaulis Hoppe ex Schur
  • Cardamine scutata var. formosana (Hayata) T.S. Liu & S.S. Ying
  • Cardamine umbrosa Andrz. ex DC.

Description

 
Cardamine hirsuta flowers
 
Flowers and leaves

Depending on the climate C. hirsuta may complete two generations in a year, one in the spring and one in the fall; also depending on the climate, the seeds may germinate in the fall and the plants may remain green throughout the winter before flowering in the spring. It often grows a rosette of leaves at the base of the stem, while there may be leaves on the upright stem, most of the leaves will be part of the basal rosette. The leaves in this rosette are pinnately divided into 8–15 leaflets which have short stems connecting them to the petiole. These basal leaves are often 3.5–15 cm long. The leaflets are round to ovate in shape and may have smooth or dentate edges. The leaflet at the tip of the leaf (terminal leaflet) will be larger than the other leaflets and round to reniform in shape. The cauline (attached to the upright stem) leaves are also pinnately divided, with fewer leaflets, and generally smaller than the basal leaves; these leaves will be borne on a petiole and are 1.2–5.5 cm long. The stems, petioles, and upper surfaces of the cauline leaves are sparsely hairy.

 
Fruits

Plants of this species are usually erect and grow to no more than about 30 centimetres (12 in) from a stem which is either unbranched or branched near the base.[3][4] The small white flowers are borne in a raceme without any bracts,[4] soon followed by the seeds and often continuing to flower as the first seeds ripen. The flowers have (4) white petals (which may be lacking but are mostly present)[5] which are 1.5–4.5 mm long and spatulate shaped. The flowers also have (4) stamens of equal height instead of the 6 which are found in most closely related plants. Pollens are elongated, approximately 32 microns in length.

 
Seeds

Below the flowers there are 4 sepals which are oblong shaped and 1.5–2.5 mm long and .3–.7 mm wide. The seeds are borne in upright pointing siliquae which are straight and 1.5–2.5 cm long and 1–1.4mm in diameter. When the fruit is ripe the valves on the siliquae will coil tightly from the bottom to the top after being touched and burst explosively, sending the seeds flying far from the parent plant.[6] This seed dispersal strategy is referred to as ballochory and is a type of rapid plant movement.

 
Pollen

Hairy bittercress is very similar to Cardamine flexuosa. Some differences are that C. hirsuta stems are hairless and the leaves do not clasp the stems, as in C.flexuosa. It has only 4 stamens, while C. flexuosa has 6 stamens, and the fruits of C. hirsuta overtop the flowers whereas in C. flexuosa the fruits do not overtop the younger flowers. The fruits grow in a thin pod arranged as a single row.[7][8]

Habitat and distribution

It is commonly found in damp, recently disturbed soil, open ground, turf and wasteplaces[6][9]: 401  and native to Europe as far east as the Caucasus, and to North Africa.[10] These conditions are prevalent in nursery or garden centre plants, and hairy bittercress seeds may be introduced with those plants. Once established, it is difficult to eradicate. The tiny flowers are attractive to a few early butterflies, including (in the United States) spring azure (Celastrina ladon) and falcate orange-tip (Anthocharis midea).

It is native to Eurasia but has been introduced in many countries across the world. Its range includes but is not limited to: Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Gabon, Great Britain, India, Japan, Laos, Madagascar, Mexico, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkmenistan, United States, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[11][4][12]

The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia' records that it was also called "Lady's Smock" and that "This and other species afford excellent pot-herbs when luxuriant and flaccid. The present one is a common weed almost throughout the world."[13]

Etymology and naming

  • Binomial etymology
  • Common names
    • Other common or country names include lamb's cress, land cress, hoary bitter cress, spring cress, flick weed, and shot weed (or lambscress, landcress, hoary bittercress, springcress, flickweed, and shotweed). Some of these common names may be shared with other plants in the family Brassicaceae and are therefore of limited usefulness since they may be shared. As Old English stune, the plant is cited as one of the herbs invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century.

Uses

The leaves are edible raw and other tender parts of the plant can be cooked.[15]

References

  1. ^ "Tropicos | Name – !Cardamine hirsuta L." www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  2. ^ Dennis Horn; David Duhl; Thomas Ellsworth Hemmerly; Tavia Cathcart (2005). Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians: the official field guide of the Tennessee Native Plant Society. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishers. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-55105-428-5.
  3. ^ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge. University Press. ISBN 0521046564
  4. ^ a b c "Taxon Page". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  5. ^ "Taxon Page". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  6. ^ a b Rhoads, Ann; Block, Timothy (5 September 2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania (2 ed.). Philadelphia Pa: University of Pennsylvania press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4003-0.
  7. ^ Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. Dundalgan Press Ltd. ISBN 0852211317
  8. ^ Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press. ISBN 978-185918-4783
  9. ^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
  10. ^ "Den virtuella floran – stängd för ombyggnad".
  11. ^ "Plants Profile for Cardamine hirsuta (hairy bittercress)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  12. ^ "Tropicos | Name – !Cardamine hirsuta L." www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  13. ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  14. ^ a b Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 91, 201
  15. ^ Nyerges, Christopher (2017). Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides. ISBN 978-1-4930-2534-3. OCLC 965922681.

External links

March 06, 2023
cardamine, hirsuta, commonly, called, hairy, bittercress, annual, biennial, species, plant, family, brassicaceae, edible, salad, green, common, moist, areas, around, world, hairy, bittercressscientific, classificationkingdom, plantaeclade, tracheophytesclade, . Cardamine hirsuta commonly called hairy bittercress is an annual or biennial species of plant in the family Brassicaceae and is edible 2 as a salad green It is common in moist areas around the world Hairy bittercressScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder BrassicalesFamily BrassicaceaeGenus CardamineSpecies C hirsutaBinomial nameCardamine hirsutaL Synonyms 1 Cardamine multicaulis Hoppe ex SchurCardamine scutata var formosana Hayata T S Liu amp S S YingCardamine umbrosa Andrz ex DC Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat and distribution 3 Etymology and naming 4 Uses 5 References 6 External linksDescription Edit Cardamine hirsuta flowers Flowers and leaves Depending on the climate C hirsuta may complete two generations in a year one in the spring and one in the fall also depending on the climate the seeds may germinate in the fall and the plants may remain green throughout the winter before flowering in the spring It often grows a rosette of leaves at the base of the stem while there may be leaves on the upright stem most of the leaves will be part of the basal rosette The leaves in this rosette are pinnately divided into 8 15 leaflets which have short stems connecting them to the petiole These basal leaves are often 3 5 15 cm long The leaflets are round to ovate in shape and may have smooth or dentate edges The leaflet at the tip of the leaf terminal leaflet will be larger than the other leaflets and round to reniform in shape The cauline attached to the upright stem leaves are also pinnately divided with fewer leaflets and generally smaller than the basal leaves these leaves will be borne on a petiole and are 1 2 5 5 cm long The stems petioles and upper surfaces of the cauline leaves are sparsely hairy FruitsPlants of this species are usually erect and grow to no more than about 30 centimetres 12 in from a stem which is either unbranched or branched near the base 3 4 The small white flowers are borne in a raceme without any bracts 4 soon followed by the seeds and often continuing to flower as the first seeds ripen The flowers have 4 white petals which may be lacking but are mostly present 5 which are 1 5 4 5 mm long and spatulate shaped The flowers also have 4 stamens of equal height instead of the 6 which are found in most closely related plants Pollens are elongated approximately 32 microns in length SeedsBelow the flowers there are 4 sepals which are oblong shaped and 1 5 2 5 mm long and 3 7 mm wide The seeds are borne in upright pointing siliquae which are straight and 1 5 2 5 cm long and 1 1 4mm in diameter When the fruit is ripe the valves on the siliquae will coil tightly from the bottom to the top after being touched and burst explosively sending the seeds flying far from the parent plant 6 This seed dispersal strategy is referred to as ballochory and is a type of rapid plant movement PollenHairy bittercress is very similar to Cardamine flexuosa Some differences are that C hirsuta stems are hairless and the leaves do not clasp the stems as in C flexuosa It has only 4 stamens while C flexuosa has 6 stamens and the fruits of C hirsuta overtop the flowers whereas in C flexuosa the fruits do not overtop the younger flowers The fruits grow in a thin pod arranged as a single row 7 8 Habitat and distribution EditIt is commonly found in damp recently disturbed soil open ground turf and wasteplaces 6 9 401 and native to Europe as far east as the Caucasus and to North Africa 10 These conditions are prevalent in nursery or garden centre plants and hairy bittercress seeds may be introduced with those plants Once established it is difficult to eradicate The tiny flowers are attractive to a few early butterflies including in the United States spring azure Celastrina ladon and falcate orange tip Anthocharis midea It is native to Eurasia but has been introduced in many countries across the world Its range includes but is not limited to Argentina Australia Canada China Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador Gabon Great Britain India Japan Laos Madagascar Mexico Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines South Africa Sri Lanka Thailand Turkmenistan United States Venezuela and Vietnam 11 4 12 The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that it was also called Lady s Smock and that This and other species afford excellent pot herbs when luxuriant and flaccid The present one is a common weed almost throughout the world 13 Etymology and naming EditBinomial etymology Cardamine is Dioscorides name for cress It is derived from Greek 14 Hirsuta means hairy or hirsute 14 Common names Other common or country names include lamb s cress land cress hoary bitter cress spring cress flick weed and shot weed or lambscress landcress hoary bittercress springcress flickweed and shotweed Some of these common names may be shared with other plants in the family Brassicaceae and are therefore of limited usefulness since they may be shared As Old English stune the plant is cited as one of the herbs invoked in the pagan Anglo Saxon Nine Herbs Charm recorded in the 10th century Uses EditThe leaves are edible raw and other tender parts of the plant can be cooked 15 References Edit Tropicos Name Cardamine hirsuta L www tropicos org Retrieved 23 June 2016 Dennis Horn David Duhl Thomas Ellsworth Hemmerly Tavia Cathcart 2005 Wildflowers of Tennessee the Ohio Valley and the Southern Appalachians the official field guide of the Tennessee Native Plant Society Edmonton Lone Pine Publishers p 112 ISBN 978 1 55105 428 5 Clapham A R Tutin T G and Warburg E F 1968 Excursion Flora of the British Isles Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521046564 a b c Taxon Page www efloras org Retrieved 23 June 2016 Taxon Page www efloras org Retrieved 23 June 2016 a b Rhoads Ann Block Timothy 5 September 2007 The Plants of Pennsylvania 2 ed Philadelphia Pa University of Pennsylvania press ISBN 978 0 8122 4003 0 Webb D A Parnell J and Doogue D 1996 Dundalgan Press Ltd ISBN 0852211317 Parnell J and Curtis T 2012 Webb s An Irish Flora Cork University Press ISBN 978 185918 4783 Stace C A 2010 New Flora of the British Isles Third ed Cambridge U K Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521707725 Den virtuella floran stangd for ombyggnad Plants Profile for Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress plants usda gov Retrieved 23 June 2016 Tropicos Name Cardamine hirsuta L www tropicos org Retrieved 23 June 2016 J H Maiden 1889 The useful native plants of Australia Including Tasmania Turner and Henderson Sydney a b Gledhill David 2008 The Names of Plants Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521866453 hardback ISBN 9780521685535 paperback pp 91 201 Nyerges Christopher 2017 Foraging Washington Finding Identifying and Preparing Edible Wild Foods Guilford CT Falcon Guides ISBN 978 1 4930 2534 3 OCLC 965922681 External links Edit Media related to Cardamine hirsuta at Wikimedia Commons http biology burke washington edu herbarium imagecollection php Genus Cardamine amp Species hirsuta Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cardamine hirsuta amp oldid 1139780061, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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