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Hai River

The Hai River (海河, lit. "Sea River"), also known as the Peiho, Pei Ho ("White River"), or Hai Ho, is a Chinese river connecting Beijing to Tianjin and the Bohai Sea.

Hai River
Hai He
Hai River in Tianjin
Hai River basin
Native name海河 (Chinese)
Location
CountryChina
StateTianjin, Hebei, Beijing, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shandong
Physical characteristics
SourceTaihang MountainsYan Mountains
MouthBohai Sea
Length1,329 km (826 mi)
Basin size318,200 km2 (122,900 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average717 m3/s (25,300 cu ft/s)
Hai River
Chinese海河
Literal meaningSea River
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHǎi Hé
Peiho
Chinese白河
Literal meaningWhite River
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBái Hé

The Hai River at Tianjin is formed by the confluence of five watercourses: the Southern Canal, Ziya River, Daqing River, Yongding River, and the Northern Canal. The southern and northern canals are parts of the Grand Canal. The Southern Canal is joined by the Wei River at Linqing. The Northern Canal joins with the Bai He (or Chaobai River) at Tongzhou. The Northern Canal (sharing a channel with Bai He) is also the only waterway from the sea to Beijing. Therefore, early Westerners also called the Hai He the Bai He.

At Tianjin, through the Grand Canal, the Hai connects with the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The construction of the Grand Canal greatly altered the rivers of the Hai He basin. Previously, the Wei, Ziya Yongding and Bai Rivers flowed separately to the sea. The Grand Canal cut through the lower reaches of these rivers and fused them into one outlet to the sea, in the form of the current Hai He.

The Hai River is 1,329 kilometers (826 mi) long measured from the longest tributary. However, the Hai River is only around 70 kilometers (43 mi) from Tianjin to its estuary. Its basin has an area of approximately 319,000 km2 (123,000 sq mi).

History

 
The Bund of the Hai River.

On 20 May 1858, the Pei-ho, as it was then known, was the scene of an invasion by Anglo-French forces during the Second Opium War whereby the Taku Forts were captured.[1]

In 1863 seagoing ships could reach the head of navigation at Tongzhou, but the crooked river was difficult for large vessels.[2] During the Boxer Rebellion, Imperial Chinese forces deployed a weapon called "electric mines" on June 15, at the Baihe river before the Battle of Taku Forts (1900), to prevent the western Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack. This was reported by American military intelligence in the United States. War Dept. by the United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division.[3][4][5][6]

Like the Yellow River, the Hai is exceedingly muddy because of the powdery soil through which it flows. The silt carried by the water deposits in the lower reaches, sometimes causing flooding. The waters from the five major tributaries only have one shallow outlet to the sea, which makes such floods stronger. Because China's capital (and second largest city), Beijing, and the third largest city, Tianjin, both lie in the Hai He Basin, Hai He floods cause a significant loss. To alleviate flooding, reservoirs have been built and artificial channels dug to divert excess water directly into the sea. For example, the Chaobai River is diverted to the Chaobai Xin River and no longer joins with the Northern Canal.

Due to industrial and urban development in the Hai He Basin, the volume of water flow has greatly decreased. Many smaller tributaries and some of the major tributaries are dry for most of the year. With reduced water flow, water pollution worsens. The water shortage in the Hai He basin is expected to be alleviated by the South-North Water Transfer Project.

See also

References

  1. ^ "List of Casualties". Bulletins and Other State Intelligence for the Year 1858. London: Harrison and Sons. Part 3: 2869–2874. 1860.
  2. ^ Alexander Michie,The Siberian Overland Route from Peking to Petersburg, 1864
  3. ^ United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division (1901). Publication, Issue 33. WASHINGTON: G.P.O. p. 533. Retrieved February 19, 2011.(Document (United States. War Dept.))(Original from Harvard University)
  4. ^ United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, Stephen L'H. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanga Chaffee (1901). Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. July, 1901. WASHINGTON: Govt. print. off. p. 533. Retrieved February 19, 2011. June 15, it was learned that the mouth of the river was protected by electric mines, that the forts at Taku were.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)(Issue 33 of Publication (United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division) Issue 143 of Document, United States War Dept Issue 33 of Publication, United States Adjutant-General's Office)
  5. ^ Monro MacCloskey (1969). Reilly's Battery: a story of the Boxer Rebellion. R. Rosen Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780823901456. Retrieved February 19, 2011.(Original from the University of Wisconsin - Madison)
  6. ^ Stephan L'H. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanza Chaffee, United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division (1901). Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. WASHINGTON: G.P.O. p. 533. Retrieved February 19, 2011. June 15, it was learned that the mouth of the river was protected by electric mines, that the forts at Taku were.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)(Issue 143 of Document (United States. War Dept.))(Original from the New York Public Library)

Bibliography

  •   This article incorporates text from Publication, Issue 33 Document (United States. War Dept.), by United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, a publication from 1901, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •   This article incorporates text from Reports on military operations in South Africa and China. July, 1901, by United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, Stephen L'H. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanga Chaffee, a publication from 1901, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •   This article incorporates text from Reports on military operations in South Africa and China, by Stephan L'H. Slocum, Carl Reichmann, Adna Romanza Chaffee, United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division, a publication from 1901, now in the public domain in the United States.

Further reading

  • Domagalski, J.L., et al. (2001). Comparative water-quality assessment of the Hai He River basin in the People's Republic of China and three similar basins in the United States [U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1647]. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.

External links

Coordinates: 38°57′N 117°43′E / 38.950°N 117.717°E / 38.950; 117.717

river, this, article, about, river, china, canal, iraq, shatt, hayy, 海河, river, also, known, peiho, white, river, chinese, river, connecting, beijing, tianjin, bohai, tianjin, basinnative, name海河, chinese, locationcountrychinastatetianjin, hebei, beijing, hena. This article is about the river in China For the canal in Iraq see Shatt al Hayy The Hai River 海河 lit Sea River also known as the Peiho Pei Ho White River or Hai Ho is a Chinese river connecting Beijing to Tianjin and the Bohai Sea Hai RiverHai HeHai River in TianjinHai River basinNative name海河 Chinese LocationCountryChinaStateTianjin Hebei Beijing Henan Inner Mongolia Shanxi ShandongPhysical characteristicsSourceTaihang Mountains Yan MountainsMouthBohai SeaLength1 329 km 826 mi Basin size318 200 km2 122 900 sq mi Discharge average717 m3 s 25 300 cu ft s Hai RiverChinese海河Literal meaningSea RiverTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHǎi HePeihoChinese白河Literal meaningWhite RiverTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinBai HeThe Hai River at Tianjin is formed by the confluence of five watercourses the Southern Canal Ziya River Daqing River Yongding River and the Northern Canal The southern and northern canals are parts of the Grand Canal The Southern Canal is joined by the Wei River at Linqing The Northern Canal joins with the Bai He or Chaobai River at Tongzhou The Northern Canal sharing a channel with Bai He is also the only waterway from the sea to Beijing Therefore early Westerners also called the Hai He the Bai He At Tianjin through the Grand Canal the Hai connects with the Yellow and Yangtze rivers The construction of the Grand Canal greatly altered the rivers of the Hai He basin Previously the Wei Ziya Yongding and Bai Rivers flowed separately to the sea The Grand Canal cut through the lower reaches of these rivers and fused them into one outlet to the sea in the form of the current Hai He The Hai River is 1 329 kilometers 826 mi long measured from the longest tributary However the Hai River is only around 70 kilometers 43 mi from Tianjin to its estuary Its basin has an area of approximately 319 000 km2 123 000 sq mi Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory Edit The Bund of the Hai River On 20 May 1858 the Pei ho as it was then known was the scene of an invasion by Anglo French forces during the Second Opium War whereby the Taku Forts were captured 1 In 1863 seagoing ships could reach the head of navigation at Tongzhou but the crooked river was difficult for large vessels 2 During the Boxer Rebellion Imperial Chinese forces deployed a weapon called electric mines on June 15 at the Baihe river before the Battle of Taku Forts 1900 to prevent the western Eight Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack This was reported by American military intelligence in the United States War Dept by the United States Adjutant General s Office Military Information Division 3 4 5 6 Like the Yellow River the Hai is exceedingly muddy because of the powdery soil through which it flows The silt carried by the water deposits in the lower reaches sometimes causing flooding The waters from the five major tributaries only have one shallow outlet to the sea which makes such floods stronger Because China s capital and second largest city Beijing and the third largest city Tianjin both lie in the Hai He Basin Hai He floods cause a significant loss To alleviate flooding reservoirs have been built and artificial channels dug to divert excess water directly into the sea For example the Chaobai River is diverted to the Chaobai Xin River and no longer joins with the Northern Canal Due to industrial and urban development in the Hai He Basin the volume of water flow has greatly decreased Many smaller tributaries and some of the major tributaries are dry for most of the year With reduced water flow water pollution worsens The water shortage in the Hai He basin is expected to be alleviated by the South North Water Transfer Project See also EditGeography of China Taku Peiho FortsReferences Edit List of Casualties Bulletins and Other State Intelligence for the Year 1858 London Harrison and Sons Part 3 2869 2874 1860 Alexander Michie The Siberian Overland Route from Peking to Petersburg 1864 United States Adjutant General s Office Military Information Division 1901 Publication Issue 33 WASHINGTON G P O p 533 Retrieved February 19 2011 Document United States War Dept Original from Harvard University United States Adjutant General s Office Military Information Division Stephen L H Slocum Carl Reichmann Adna Romanga Chaffee 1901 Reports on military operations in South Africa and China July 1901 WASHINGTON Govt print off p 533 Retrieved February 19 2011 June 15 it was learned that the mouth of the river was protected by electric mines that the forts at Taku were a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Issue 33 of Publication United States Adjutant General s Office Military Information Division Issue 143 of Document United States War Dept Issue 33 of Publication United States Adjutant General s Office Monro MacCloskey 1969 Reilly s Battery a story of the Boxer Rebellion R Rosen Press p 95 ISBN 9780823901456 Retrieved February 19 2011 Original from the University of Wisconsin Madison Stephan L H Slocum Carl Reichmann Adna Romanza Chaffee United States Adjutant General s Office Military Information Division 1901 Reports on military operations in South Africa and China WASHINGTON G P O p 533 Retrieved February 19 2011 June 15 it was learned that the mouth of the river was protected by electric mines that the forts at Taku were a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Issue 143 of Document United States War Dept Original from the New York Public Library Bibliography Edit This article incorporates text fromPublication Issue 33 Document United States War Dept by United States Adjutant General s Office Military Information Division a publication from 1901 now in the public domain in the United States This article incorporates text fromReports on military operations in South Africa and China July 1901 by United States Adjutant General s Office Military Information Division Stephen L H Slocum Carl Reichmann Adna Romanga Chaffee a publication from 1901 now in the public domain in the United States This article incorporates text fromReports on military operations in South Africa and China by Stephan L H Slocum Carl Reichmann Adna Romanza Chaffee United States Adjutant General s Office Military Information Division a publication from 1901 now in the public domain in the United States Further reading EditDomagalski J L et al 2001 Comparative water quality assessment of the Hai He River basin in the People s Republic of China and three similar basins in the United States U S Geological Survey Professional Paper 1647 Reston VA U S Department of the Interior U S Geological Survey External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hai He category Coordinates 38 57 N 117 43 E 38 950 N 117 717 E 38 950 117 717 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hai River amp oldid 1124520702, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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