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Hag

April 21, 2023

For other uses, see Hag (disambiguation).

A hag is a wizened old woman, or a kind of fairy or goddess having the appearance of such a woman, often found in folklore and children's tales such as "Hansel and Gretel".[1] Hags are often seen as malevolent, but may also be one of the chosen forms of shapeshifting deities, such as The Morrígan or Badb, who are seen as neither wholly benevolent nor malevolent.[2][3]

1920 Arthur Rackham illustration for the Irish fairytale The Hag of the Mill. "Now the Hag of the Mill was a bony, thin pole of a hag with odd feet."

Etymology

The term appears in Middle English, and was a shortening of hægtesse, an Old English term for 'witch'; similarly the Dutch heks and German Hexe are also shortenings, of the Middle Dutch haghetisse and Old High German hagzusa, respectively.[4] All of these words are derived from the Proto-Germanic **hagatusjon-[4] which is of unknown origin; the first element may be related to the word hedge.[4][5]

As a stock character in fairy or folk tale, the hag shares characteristics with the crone, and the two words are sometimes used as if interchangeable.[citation needed]

Using the word hag to translate terms found in non-English (or non-modern English) is contentious, since use of the word is sometimes associated with misogyny.[6][7][clarification needed]

In folklore

A hag, or "the Old Hag", was a nightmare spirit in English and anglophone North American folklore. This variety of hag is essentially identical to the Old English mæra—a being with roots in ancient Germanic superstition, and closely related to the Scandinavian mara. According to folklore, the Old Hag sat on a sleeper's chest and sent nightmares to him or her. When the subject awoke, he or she would be unable to breathe or even move for a short period of time. In the Swedish film Marianne (2011), the main character suffers from such nightmares. This state is now called sleep paralysis, but in the old belief, the subject was considered "hagridden".[8] It is still frequently discussed as if it were a paranormal state.[9]

Many stories about hags seem to have been used to frighten children into being good. In Northern England, for example, Peg Powler was a river hag who lived in the River Tees and had skin the colour of green pond scum.[10][11][12] Parents who wanted to keep their children away from the river's edge told them that if they got too close to the water, she would pull them in with her long arms, drown them, and sometimes eat them. This type of nixie or neck has other regional names, such as Grindylow[13] (a name connected to Grendel),[13][14] Jenny Greenteeth from Yorkshire, and Nelly Longarms from several English counties.[15]

Many tales about hags do not describe them well enough to distinguish between an old woman who knows magic, or a witch or supernatural being.[16]

In Slavic folklore, Baba Yaga was a hag who lived in the woods in a house on chickens legs. She would often ride through the forest on a mortar, sweeping away her tracks with a broom.[17] Though she is usually a single being, in some folktales three Baba Yagas are depicted as helping the hero in his quest, either by giving advice or by giving gifts.[18]

In Irish and Scottish mythology, the cailleach is a hag goddess concerned with creation, harvest, the weather, and sovereignty.[3][19] In partnership with the goddess Bríd, she is a seasonal goddess, seen as ruling the winter months while Bríd rules the summer.[19] In Scotland, a group of hags, known as The Cailleachan (The Storm Hags) are seen as personifications of the elemental powers of nature, especially in a destructive aspect. They are said to be particularly active in raising the windstorms of spring, during the period known as A Chailleach.[19][20]

Hags as sovereignty figures abound in Irish mythology. The most common pattern is that the hag represents the barren land, who the hero of the tale must approach without fear, and come to love on her own terms. When the hero displays this courage, love, and acceptance of her hideous side, the sovereignty hag then reveals that she is also a young and beautiful goddess.[3]

In ancient Greek religion, the Three Fates (particularly Atropos) are often depicted as hags.

Hags are similar to Lilith of the Torah and the Old Testament.[citation needed]

In Western literature

In mediaeval and later literature, the term hag, and its relatives in European languages, came to stand for an unattractive, older woman. Building on the mediaeval tradition of such women as portrayed in comic and burlesque literature, specifically in the Italian Renaissance, the hag represented the opposite of the lovely lady familiar from the poetry of Petrarch.[21]

The hag as a fantastic creature has also been used in some fantasy novels, such as the contemporary Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling. Hags are depicted as a species of ugly, child-eating women with numerous warts.

In The Heroes or Greek Fairy Tales For My Children, Charles Kingsley characterized Scylla as "Scylla the sea hag".[22] The term Sea Hag was later popularized in the 20th-century United States as the name for a Popeye comic strip character.

In Prince Caspian by C. S. Lewis a hag tries to resurrect the White Witch.

See also

References

  1. ^ Briggs, Katharine. (1976) An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Boogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, "Hags", p.216. ISBN 0-394-73467-X
  2. ^ Lysaght, Patricia. (1986) The Banshee: The Irish Death Messenger. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. ISBN 1-57098-138-8. p.54
  3. ^ a b c Clark, Rosalind. (1991) The Great Queens: Irish Goddesses from the Morrígan to Cathleen Ní Houlihan (Irish Literary Studies, Book 34) Savage, Maryland, Barnes and Noble (reprint) pp.5, 8, 17, 25
  4. ^ a b c "Hag | Origin and meaning of hag by Online Etymology Dictionary".
  5. ^ hag1 28 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000)
  6. ^ Rich, Adrienne (4 February 1979). "That Women Be Themselves; Women". The New York Times. pp. BR.3.
  7. ^ "Feminist storyteller reprises 'These Are My Sisters'". Star Tribune. 7 July 1996.
  8. ^ Ernsting, Michele (2004) "" Radio Netherlands
  9. ^ The "Old Hag" Syndrome from About: Paranormal Phenomena
  10. ^ Ghosts, Helpful and Harmful by Elliott O'Donnell
  11. ^ Introduction to Folklore by Marian Roalfe Cox
  12. ^ The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Darlington, in the Bishoprick by William Hylton Dyer Longstaffe, 1854
  13. ^ a b The Nineteenth century and after, Volume 68, Leonard Scott Pub. Co., 1910. Page. 556
  14. ^ A Grammar of the Dialect of Oldham by Karl Georg Schilling, 1906. Page. 17.
  15. ^ Froud, Brian and Lee, Alan. (1978) Faeries. New York, Peacock Press ISBN 0-553-01159-6
  16. ^ K. M. Briggs, The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature, p 66-7 University of Chicago Press, London, 1967
  17. ^ Russian Folk-Tales W. R. S. Ralston, Forgotten Books, ISBN 1-4400-7972-2, ISBN 978-1-4400-7972-6. p.170
  18. ^ W. R. S. Ralston. Songs of the Russian People Section III.--Storyland Beings.
  19. ^ a b c McNeill, F. Marian (1959). The Silver Bough, Vol.2: A Calendar of Scottish National Festivals, Candlemas to Harvest Home. Glasgow: William MacLellan. pp. 20–1. ISBN 978-0-85335-162-7.
  20. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1959). The Silver Bough, Vol.1: Scottish Folklore and Folk-Belief. Glasgow: William MacLellan. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-85335-161-0.
  21. ^ Bettella, Patrizia (2005). The ugly woman: transgressive aesthetic models in Italian poetry from the Middle Ages to the Baroque. U of Toronto P. pp. 117–20. ISBN 978-0-8020-3926-2.
  22. ^ Kingsley, Charles (1917). The Heroes or Greek Fairy Tales For my Children. Ginn and Company. pp. 148.

Further reading

  • Sagan, Carl (1997) The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark.
  • Kettlewell, N; Lipscomb, S; Evans, E. (1993) Differences in neuropsychological correlates between normals and those experiencing "Old Hag Attacks". Percept Mot Skills 1993 Jun;76 (3 Pt 1):839-45; discussion 846. PMID 8321596

External links

  • Henry Fuseli's painting of a hag, from the Met collection

April 21, 2023
other, uses, disambiguation, wizened, woman, kind, fairy, goddess, having, appearance, such, woman, often, found, folklore, children, tales, such, hansel, gretel, often, seen, malevolent, also, chosen, forms, shapeshifting, deities, such, morrígan, badb, seen,. For other uses see Hag disambiguation A hag is a wizened old woman or a kind of fairy or goddess having the appearance of such a woman often found in folklore and children s tales such as Hansel and Gretel 1 Hags are often seen as malevolent but may also be one of the chosen forms of shapeshifting deities such as The Morrigan or Badb who are seen as neither wholly benevolent nor malevolent 2 3 1920 Arthur Rackham illustration for the Irish fairytale The Hag of the Mill Now the Hag of the Mill was a bony thin pole of a hag with odd feet Contents 1 Etymology 2 In folklore 3 In Western literature 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymologyThe term appears in Middle English and was a shortening of haegtesse an Old English term for witch similarly the Dutch heks and German Hexe are also shortenings of the Middle Dutch haghetisse and Old High German hagzusa respectively 4 All of these words are derived from the Proto Germanic hagatusjon 4 which is of unknown origin the first element may be related to the word hedge 4 5 As a stock character in fairy or folk tale the hag shares characteristics with the crone and the two words are sometimes used as if interchangeable citation needed Using the word hag to translate terms found in non English or non modern English is contentious since use of the word is sometimes associated with misogyny 6 7 clarification needed In folkloreA hag or the Old Hag was a nightmare spirit in English and anglophone North American folklore This variety of hag is essentially identical to the Old English maera a being with roots in ancient Germanic superstition and closely related to the Scandinavian mara According to folklore the Old Hag sat on a sleeper s chest and sent nightmares to him or her When the subject awoke he or she would be unable to breathe or even move for a short period of time In the Swedish film Marianne 2011 the main character suffers from such nightmares This state is now called sleep paralysis but in the old belief the subject was considered hagridden 8 It is still frequently discussed as if it were a paranormal state 9 Many stories about hags seem to have been used to frighten children into being good In Northern England for example Peg Powler was a river hag who lived in the River Tees and had skin the colour of green pond scum 10 11 12 Parents who wanted to keep their children away from the river s edge told them that if they got too close to the water she would pull them in with her long arms drown them and sometimes eat them This type of nixie or neck has other regional names such as Grindylow 13 a name connected to Grendel 13 14 Jenny Greenteeth from Yorkshire and Nelly Longarms from several English counties 15 Many tales about hags do not describe them well enough to distinguish between an old woman who knows magic or a witch or supernatural being 16 In Slavic folklore Baba Yaga was a hag who lived in the woods in a house on chickens legs She would often ride through the forest on a mortar sweeping away her tracks with a broom 17 Though she is usually a single being in some folktales three Baba Yagas are depicted as helping the hero in his quest either by giving advice or by giving gifts 18 In Irish and Scottish mythology the cailleach is a hag goddess concerned with creation harvest the weather and sovereignty 3 19 In partnership with the goddess Brid she is a seasonal goddess seen as ruling the winter months while Brid rules the summer 19 In Scotland a group of hags known as The Cailleachan The Storm Hags are seen as personifications of the elemental powers of nature especially in a destructive aspect They are said to be particularly active in raising the windstorms of spring during the period known as A Chailleach 19 20 Hags as sovereignty figures abound in Irish mythology The most common pattern is that the hag represents the barren land who the hero of the tale must approach without fear and come to love on her own terms When the hero displays this courage love and acceptance of her hideous side the sovereignty hag then reveals that she is also a young and beautiful goddess 3 In ancient Greek religion the Three Fates particularly Atropos are often depicted as hags Hags are similar to Lilith of the Torah and the Old Testament citation needed In Western literatureThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2009 In mediaeval and later literature the term hag and its relatives in European languages came to stand for an unattractive older woman Building on the mediaeval tradition of such women as portrayed in comic and burlesque literature specifically in the Italian Renaissance the hag represented the opposite of the lovely lady familiar from the poetry of Petrarch 21 The hag as a fantastic creature has also been used in some fantasy novels such as the contemporary Harry Potter series by J K Rowling Hags are depicted as a species of ugly child eating women with numerous warts In The Heroes or Greek Fairy Tales For My Children Charles Kingsley characterized Scylla as Scylla the sea hag 22 The term Sea Hag was later popularized in the 20th century United States as the name for a Popeye comic strip character In Prince Caspian by C S Lewis a hag tries to resurrect the White Witch See alsoBaba Yaga Banshee Batibat Black Annis Boo hag Cailleach Crone Freddy Krueger Goblin Hag Dungeons amp Dragons Imp Kikimora Muma Pădurii Queen Snow White Sea Hag Sheela na Gig The Witch fairy tale Wicca Wicked fairy godmother Witch WitchcraftReferences Briggs Katharine 1976 An Encyclopedia of Fairies Hobgoblins Brownies Boogies and Other Supernatural Creatures Hags p 216 ISBN 0 394 73467 X Lysaght Patricia 1986 The Banshee The Irish Death Messenger Roberts Rinehart Publishers ISBN 1 57098 138 8 p 54 a b c Clark Rosalind 1991 The Great Queens Irish Goddesses from the Morrigan to Cathleen Ni Houlihan Irish Literary Studies Book 34 Savage Maryland Barnes and Noble reprint pp 5 8 17 25 a b c Hag Origin and meaning of hag by Online Etymology Dictionary hag1 Archived 28 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition 2000 Rich Adrienne 4 February 1979 That Women Be Themselves Women The New York Times pp BR 3 Feminist storyteller reprises These Are My Sisters Star Tribune 7 July 1996 Ernsting Michele 2004 Hags and nightmares sleep paralysis and the midnight terrors Radio Netherlands The Old Hag Syndrome from About Paranormal Phenomena Ghosts Helpful and Harmful by Elliott O Donnell Introduction to Folklore by Marian Roalfe Cox The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Darlington in the Bishoprick by William Hylton Dyer Longstaffe 1854 a b The Nineteenth century and after Volume 68 Leonard Scott Pub Co 1910 Page 556 A Grammar of the Dialect of Oldham by Karl Georg Schilling 1906 Page 17 Froud Brian and Lee Alan 1978 Faeries New York Peacock Press ISBN 0 553 01159 6 K M Briggs The Fairies in English Tradition and Literature p 66 7 University of Chicago Press London 1967 Russian Folk Tales W R S Ralston Forgotten Books ISBN 1 4400 7972 2 ISBN 978 1 4400 7972 6 p 170 W R S Ralston Songs of the Russian People Section III Storyland Beings a b c McNeill F Marian 1959 The Silver Bough Vol 2 A Calendar of Scottish National Festivals Candlemas to Harvest Home Glasgow William MacLellan pp 20 1 ISBN 978 0 85335 162 7 McNeill F Marian 1959 The Silver Bough Vol 1 Scottish Folklore and Folk Belief Glasgow William MacLellan p 119 ISBN 978 0 85335 161 0 Bettella Patrizia 2005 The ugly woman transgressive aesthetic models in Italian poetry from the Middle Ages to the Baroque U of Toronto P pp 117 20 ISBN 978 0 8020 3926 2 Kingsley Charles 1917 The Heroes or Greek Fairy Tales For my Children Ginn and Company pp 148 Further readingSagan Carl 1997 The Demon Haunted World Science as a Candle in the Dark Kettlewell N Lipscomb S Evans E 1993 Differences in neuropsychological correlates between normals and those experiencing Old Hag Attacks Percept Mot Skills 1993 Jun 76 3 Pt 1 839 45 discussion 846 PMID 8321596External linksHenry Fuseli s painting of a hag from the Met collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hag amp oldid 1148378042, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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