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Gutta-percha

Gutta-percha is a tree of the genus Palaquium in the family Sapotaceae. The name also refers to the rigid, naturally biologically inert, resilient, electrically nonconductive, thermoplastic latex derived from the tree, particularly from Palaquium gutta; it is a polymer of isoprene which forms a rubber-like elastomer.

Palaquium gutta

The word "gutta-percha" comes from the plant's name in Malay: getah translates as "latex" and percha (perca) means "scrap" or "rag".

Description edit

 
Gutta-percha tree

P. gutta trees are 5–30 metres (20–100 ft) tall and up to 1 m (3 ft) in trunk diameter. The leaves are evergreen, alternate or spirally arranged, simple, entire, 8–25 cm (3–10 in) long, glossy green above, and often yellow or glaucous below. The flowers are produced in small clusters along the stems, each flower with a white corolla with four to seven (mostly six) acute lobes. The fruit is an ovoid 3–7 cm (1–3 in) berry, containing one to four seeds; in many species, the fruit is edible.

In Australia, gutta-percha is a common name specifically used for the euphorbiaceous tree Excoecaria parvifolia, which yields an aromatic, heavy, dark-brown timber.

Chemistry edit

 
Chemical structure of gutta-percha[1]

Chemically, gutta-percha is a polyterpene, a polymer of isoprene, or polyisoprene, specifically (trans-1,4-polyisoprene).[2] The cis structure of polyisoprene is the common latex elastomer.[2] While latex rubbers are amorphous in molecular structure, gutta-percha (the trans structure) crystallizes, leading to a more rigid material. It exists in alpha and beta forms, with the alpha form being brittle at room temperature.[3]

Uses edit

Historic edit

 
Cable manufacturing with gutta-percha at the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company in Greenwich, London, circa 1865
 
Members of a Kayan tribe in Borneo harvesting the sap of a gutta-percha tree c. 1910

Long before gutta-percha was introduced into the Western world, it was used in a less-processed form by the natives of the Malaysian archipelago for making knife handles, walking sticks, and other purposes. The first European to study this material was John Tradescant, who collected it in the far east in 1656. He named this material "Mazer wood". William Montgomerie, a medical officer in imperial service, introduced gutta-percha into practical use in the West. He was the first to appreciate the potential of this material in medicine, and he was awarded the gold medal by the Royal Society of Arts, London in 1843.[4]

Scientifically classified in 1843, it was found to be a useful natural thermoplastic. In 1851, 30,000 long cwt (1,500 t) of gutta-percha was imported into Britain.[5] During the second half of the 19th century, gutta-percha was used for many domestic and industrial purposes,[6] and it became a household word. Gutta-percha was particularly important for the manufacture of underwater telegraph cables.[5] Indeed, it made them possible. It does not degrade in seawater and is a good electrical insulator. These properties, along with its mouldability and flexibility made it ideal for the purpose. There was no other material to match it in the 19th century.[7] The use in electrical cables generated a huge demand which led to unsustainable harvesting and collapse of supply.[8]

Electrical edit

Gutta-percha latex is biologically inert, resilient, and is a good electrical insulator with a high dielectric strength.[9]

Michael Faraday discovered its value as an insulator soon after the introduction of the material to Britain in 1843.[10] Allowing this fluid to evaporate and coagulate in the sun produced a latex which could be made flexible again with hot water, but which did not become brittle, unlike rubber prior to the discovery of vulcanization.[citation needed]

By 1845, telegraph wires insulated with gutta-percha were being manufactured in the UK. It served as the insulating material for early undersea telegraph cables, including the first transatlantic telegraph cable.[11] The material was a major constituent of Chatterton's compound[12] used as an insulating sealant for telegraph and other electrical cables.[citation needed]

The dielectric constant of dried gutta-percha ranges from 2.56 to 3.01. Resistivity of dried gutta-percha ranges from 25×1014 to 370×1014 Ω⋅cm. [13]

Since about 1940, polyethylene has supplanted gutta-percha as an electrical insulator.[14]

Other edit

 
Lithograph depicting the caning of Charles Sumner with a cane made of gutta-percha
 
The gutta-percha cane used by Preston Brooks to attack Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate in 1856 (in the collection of the Old State House museum, Boston, Massachusetts)

In the mid-19th century, gutta-percha was used to make furniture, notably by the Gutta Percha Company, established in 1847.[5] Several of these ornate, revival-style pieces were shown at the 1851 Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, London. The company also made a range of utensils.[15]

The "guttie" golf ball (which had a solid gutta-percha core) revolutionized the game.[16] Gutta-percha was used to make "mourning" jewelry, because it was dark in color and could be easily molded into beads or other shapes.[17] Pistol hand grips and rifle shoulder pads were also made from gutta-percha, since it was hard and durable, though it fell into disuse when synthetic plastics such as Bakelite became available.

Gutta-percha was used in canes and walking sticks. In 1856, United States Representative Preston Brooks used a cane made of gutta-percha as a weapon in his attack on Senator Charles Sumner.[18]

In the 1860s, gutta-percha was used to reinforce the soles of football players' boots before it was banned by The Football Association in the first codified set of rules in 1863.[19]

The wood of many species is also valuable.[citation needed]

Today edit

Art edit

Gutta-percha is used as a resist in silk painting,[20][21] including some newer forms of batik.

Dentistry edit

 
Gutta-percha points used in dentistry

The same bioinertness that made it suitable for marine cables also means it does not readily react within the human body. It is used in a variety of surgical devices and during root canal therapy. It is the predominant material used to obturate, or fill, the empty space inside the root of a tooth after it has undergone endodontic therapy. Its physical and chemical properties, including its inertness and biocompatibility, melting point,[22] ductility, and malleability, make it important in endodontics,[4] e.g., as gutta-percha points. Zinc oxide is added to reduce brittleness and improve plasticity. Barium sulfate is added to provide radiopacity so that its presence and location can be verified in dental X-ray images.

Substitutes edit

Gutta-percha remained an industrial staple well into the 20th century, when it was gradually replaced with superior synthetic materials such as Bakelite, though a similar and cheaper natural material called balatá was often used in gutta-percha's place. The two materials are almost identical, and balatá is often called gutta-balatá.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ B.K. Sharma, Industrial Chemistry, p. 1117, Krishna Prakashan Media, 1991 ISBN 8187224991
  2. ^ a b Alamgir, A. N. M. (23 June 2018). Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and their Extracts: Volume 2: Phytochemistry and Bioactive Compounds. Springer. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-319-92387-1.
  3. ^ Text Book of Endodontics. Elsevier India. 2009. p. 186. ISBN 978-81-312-2181-5.
  4. ^ a b Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd. . King's American Dispensatory.
  5. ^ a b c Bill Burns, The Gutta Percha Company, atlantic-cable.com, accessed 6 October 2010.
  6. ^ Tully, John (2011). The Devil's Milk. NYU Press.
  7. ^ Aitken, Frédéric; Foulc, Jean-Numa (2019). "1". From deep sea to laboratory. 1 : the first explorations of the deep sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876). London, UK: ISTE-WILEY. pp. 16–38. ISBN 9781786303745.
  8. ^ Tully, John (2009). "A Victorian Ecological Disaster: Imperialism, the Telegraph, and Gutta-Percha". Journal of World History. 20 (4): 559–579. doi:10.1353/jwh.0.0088. S2CID 144216751. Project MUSE 367792.
  9. ^ Manappallil, John J. (30 November 2015). Basic Dental Materials. JP Medical Ltd. p. 219. ISBN 978-93-5250-048-2.
  10. ^ The Atlantic Telegraph: Its History, from the Commencement of the Undertaking in 1854, to the Sailing of the "Great Eastern" in 1866. Bacon and Company. 1866. p. 108.
  11. ^ Schlesinger, Henry (2010). The battery how portable power sparked a technological revolution. New York: HarperCollins e-books. ISBN 9780061985294.
  12. ^ Prescott, George Bartlett (1881). Electricity and the Electric Telegraph. D. Appleton. p. 956.
  13. ^ Curtis, H.L. Dielectric Constant, Power Factor and Resistivity of Rubber and Gutta_Percha (PDF) (Report). United States N.I.S.T.
  14. ^ Aitken, Frederic; Foulc, Jean-Numa (30 April 2019). From Deep Sea to Laboratory 1: The First Explorations of the Deep Sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876). John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-78630-374-5.
  15. ^ Great Exhibition (1851) Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes Into which the Exhibition was Divided: Reports, classes XXIX, XXX. Vol. 4. London): Spicer Brothers. 1852. p. 1740.
  16. ^ Burke, James (8 September 2003). Circles: Fifty Round Trips Through History Technology Science Culture. Simon and Schuster. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7432-4976-8.
  17. ^ Loeffel-Atkins, Bernadette (1 April 2012). Widow's Weeds and Weeping Veils: Mourning Rituals in 19th Century America. Gettysburg Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-7346276-1-9.
  18. ^ Green, Michael S. (2010). Politics and America in Crisis: The Coming of the Civil War. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-313-08174-3 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ McInnes, Paul (16 June 2022). "'Faster, sportier, fairer': are football's proposed new law trials a good idea?". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  20. ^ Moyer, Susan Louise (1991), Silk Painting: The Artist's Guide to Gutta and Wax Resist Techniques, Watson-Guptill Publications, ISBN 0823048284
  21. ^ Ball, Kazz; Janitch, Valerie (1993), Hand Painted Textiles for the Home, David & Charles Publishers, p. 94, ISBN 0715301578
  22. ^ Yee, Fulton S.; Marlin, Jay; Krakow, Alvin Arlen; Gron, Poul (1977). "Three-dimensional obturation of the root canal using injection-molded, thermoplasticized dental gutta-percha". Journal of Endodontics. 3 (5): 168–174. doi:10.1016/s0099-2399(77)80091-5. PMID 266025.

External links edit

  • Gutta-percha on the Transatlantic cable site
  • The Gutta Percha Company on the History of the Atlantic Cable site
  • "The New Philippine Currency". Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1903 - Report of the Philippine Commission. Vol. VI. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1904. pp. 388–411. OCLC 220674586.

gutta, percha, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november, 20. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Gutta percha news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Gutta percha is a tree of the genus Palaquium in the family Sapotaceae The name also refers to the rigid naturally biologically inert resilient electrically nonconductive thermoplastic latex derived from the tree particularly from Palaquium gutta it is a polymer of isoprene which forms a rubber like elastomer Palaquium guttaThe word gutta percha comes from the plant s name in Malay getah translates as latex and percha perca means scrap or rag Contents 1 Description 2 Chemistry 3 Uses 3 1 Historic 3 1 1 Electrical 3 1 2 Other 3 2 Today 3 2 1 Art 3 2 2 Dentistry 4 Substitutes 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDescription edit nbsp Gutta percha treeP gutta trees are 5 30 metres 20 100 ft tall and up to 1 m 3 ft in trunk diameter The leaves are evergreen alternate or spirally arranged simple entire 8 25 cm 3 10 in long glossy green above and often yellow or glaucous below The flowers are produced in small clusters along the stems each flower with a white corolla with four to seven mostly six acute lobes The fruit is an ovoid 3 7 cm 1 3 in berry containing one to four seeds in many species the fruit is edible In Australia gutta percha is a common name specifically used for the euphorbiaceous tree Excoecaria parvifolia which yields an aromatic heavy dark brown timber Chemistry edit nbsp Chemical structure of gutta percha 1 Chemically gutta percha is a polyterpene a polymer of isoprene or polyisoprene specifically trans 1 4 polyisoprene 2 The cis structure of polyisoprene is the common latex elastomer 2 While latex rubbers are amorphous in molecular structure gutta percha the trans structure crystallizes leading to a more rigid material It exists in alpha and beta forms with the alpha form being brittle at room temperature 3 Uses editHistoric edit nbsp Cable manufacturing with gutta percha at the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company in Greenwich London circa 1865 nbsp Members of a Kayan tribe in Borneo harvesting the sap of a gutta percha tree c 1910Long before gutta percha was introduced into the Western world it was used in a less processed form by the natives of the Malaysian archipelago for making knife handles walking sticks and other purposes The first European to study this material was John Tradescant who collected it in the far east in 1656 He named this material Mazer wood William Montgomerie a medical officer in imperial service introduced gutta percha into practical use in the West He was the first to appreciate the potential of this material in medicine and he was awarded the gold medal by the Royal Society of Arts London in 1843 4 Scientifically classified in 1843 it was found to be a useful natural thermoplastic In 1851 30 000 long cwt 1 500 t of gutta percha was imported into Britain 5 During the second half of the 19th century gutta percha was used for many domestic and industrial purposes 6 and it became a household word Gutta percha was particularly important for the manufacture of underwater telegraph cables 5 Indeed it made them possible It does not degrade in seawater and is a good electrical insulator These properties along with its mouldability and flexibility made it ideal for the purpose There was no other material to match it in the 19th century 7 The use in electrical cables generated a huge demand which led to unsustainable harvesting and collapse of supply 8 Electrical edit Gutta percha latex is biologically inert resilient and is a good electrical insulator with a high dielectric strength 9 Michael Faraday discovered its value as an insulator soon after the introduction of the material to Britain in 1843 10 Allowing this fluid to evaporate and coagulate in the sun produced a latex which could be made flexible again with hot water but which did not become brittle unlike rubber prior to the discovery of vulcanization citation needed By 1845 telegraph wires insulated with gutta percha were being manufactured in the UK It served as the insulating material for early undersea telegraph cables including the first transatlantic telegraph cable 11 The material was a major constituent of Chatterton s compound 12 used as an insulating sealant for telegraph and other electrical cables citation needed The dielectric constant of dried gutta percha ranges from 2 56 to 3 01 Resistivity of dried gutta percha ranges from 25 1014 to 370 1014 W cm 13 Since about 1940 polyethylene has supplanted gutta percha as an electrical insulator 14 Other edit nbsp Lithograph depicting the caning of Charles Sumner with a cane made of gutta percha nbsp The gutta percha cane used by Preston Brooks to attack Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate in 1856 in the collection of the Old State House museum Boston Massachusetts In the mid 19th century gutta percha was used to make furniture notably by the Gutta Percha Company established in 1847 5 Several of these ornate revival style pieces were shown at the 1851 Great Exhibition in Hyde Park London The company also made a range of utensils 15 The guttie golf ball which had a solid gutta percha core revolutionized the game 16 Gutta percha was used to make mourning jewelry because it was dark in color and could be easily molded into beads or other shapes 17 Pistol hand grips and rifle shoulder pads were also made from gutta percha since it was hard and durable though it fell into disuse when synthetic plastics such as Bakelite became available Gutta percha was used in canes and walking sticks In 1856 United States Representative Preston Brooks used a cane made of gutta percha as a weapon in his attack on Senator Charles Sumner 18 In the 1860s gutta percha was used to reinforce the soles of football players boots before it was banned by The Football Association in the first codified set of rules in 1863 19 The wood of many species is also valuable citation needed Today edit Art edit Gutta percha is used as a resist in silk painting 20 21 including some newer forms of batik Dentistry edit nbsp Gutta percha points used in dentistryThe same bioinertness that made it suitable for marine cables also means it does not readily react within the human body It is used in a variety of surgical devices and during root canal therapy It is the predominant material used to obturate or fill the empty space inside the root of a tooth after it has undergone endodontic therapy Its physical and chemical properties including its inertness and biocompatibility melting point 22 ductility and malleability make it important in endodontics 4 e g as gutta percha points Zinc oxide is added to reduce brittleness and improve plasticity Barium sulfate is added to provide radiopacity so that its presence and location can be verified in dental X ray images Substitutes editGutta percha remained an industrial staple well into the 20th century when it was gradually replaced with superior synthetic materials such as Bakelite though a similar and cheaper natural material called balata was often used in gutta percha s place The two materials are almost identical and balatais often called gutta balata citation needed See also editNatural rubber Gutta percha Boy a 1957 Soviet drama filmReferences edit B K Sharma Industrial Chemistry p 1117 Krishna Prakashan Media 1991 ISBN 8187224991 a b Alamgir A N M 23 June 2018 Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and their Extracts Volume 2 Phytochemistry and Bioactive Compounds Springer p 183 ISBN 978 3 319 92387 1 Text Book of Endodontics Elsevier India 2009 p 186 ISBN 978 81 312 2181 5 a b Harvey Wickes Felter and John Uri Lloyd Gutta Percha An Untold Story Prakesh et al 2001 Endodontology King s American Dispensatory a b c Bill Burns The Gutta Percha Company atlantic cable com accessed 6 October 2010 Tully John 2011 The Devil s Milk NYU Press Aitken Frederic Foulc Jean Numa 2019 1 From deep sea to laboratory 1 the first explorations of the deep sea by H M S Challenger 1872 1876 London UK ISTE WILEY pp 16 38 ISBN 9781786303745 Tully John 2009 A Victorian Ecological Disaster Imperialism the Telegraph and Gutta Percha Journal of World History 20 4 559 579 doi 10 1353 jwh 0 0088 S2CID 144216751 Project MUSE 367792 Manappallil John J 30 November 2015 Basic Dental Materials JP Medical Ltd p 219 ISBN 978 93 5250 048 2 The Atlantic Telegraph Its History from the Commencement of the Undertaking in 1854 to the Sailing of the Great Eastern in 1866 Bacon and Company 1866 p 108 Schlesinger Henry 2010 The battery how portable power sparked a technological revolution New York HarperCollins e books ISBN 9780061985294 Prescott George Bartlett 1881 Electricity and the Electric Telegraph D Appleton p 956 Curtis H L Dielectric Constant Power Factor and Resistivity of Rubber and Gutta Percha PDF Report United States N I S T Aitken Frederic Foulc Jean Numa 30 April 2019 From Deep Sea to Laboratory 1 The First Explorations of the Deep Sea by H M S Challenger 1872 1876 John Wiley amp Sons p 20 ISBN 978 1 78630 374 5 Great Exhibition 1851 Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes Into which the Exhibition was Divided Reports classes XXIX XXX Vol 4 London Spicer Brothers 1852 p 1740 Burke James 8 September 2003 Circles Fifty Round Trips Through History Technology Science Culture Simon and Schuster p 86 ISBN 978 0 7432 4976 8 Loeffel Atkins Bernadette 1 April 2012 Widow s Weeds and Weeping Veils Mourning Rituals in 19th Century America Gettysburg Publishing p 19 ISBN 978 1 7346276 1 9 Green Michael S 2010 Politics and America in Crisis The Coming of the Civil War Santa Barbara CA ABC CLIO p 94 ISBN 978 0 313 08174 3 via Google Books McInnes Paul 16 June 2022 Faster sportier fairer are football s proposed new law trials a good idea The Guardian Retrieved 1 October 2023 Moyer Susan Louise 1991 Silk Painting The Artist s Guide to Gutta and Wax Resist Techniques Watson Guptill Publications ISBN 0823048284 Ball Kazz Janitch Valerie 1993 Hand Painted Textiles for the Home David amp Charles Publishers p 94 ISBN 0715301578 Yee Fulton S Marlin Jay Krakow Alvin Arlen Gron Poul 1977 Three dimensional obturation of the root canal using injection molded thermoplasticized dental gutta percha Journal of Endodontics 3 5 168 174 doi 10 1016 s0099 2399 77 80091 5 PMID 266025 External links editGermplasm Resources Information Network Palaquium Gutta percha on the Transatlantic cable site The Gutta Percha Company on the History of the Atlantic Cable site The New Philippine Currency Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30 1903 Report of the Philippine Commission Vol VI Washington D C U S Government Printing Office 1904 pp 388 411 OCLC 220674586 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gutta percha amp oldid 1198239421, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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