Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) is a purinenucleoside triphosphate. It is one of the building blocks needed for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process. Its structure is similar to that of the guanosinenucleoside, the only difference being that nucleotides like GTP have phosphates on their ribose sugar. GTP has the guaninenucleobase attached to the 1' carbon of the ribose and it has the triphosphate moiety attached to ribose's 5' carbon.
It also has the role of a source of energy or an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions, like that of ATP, but more specific. It is used as a source of energy for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis.
GTP is involved in energy transfer within the cell. For instance, a GTP molecule is generated by one of the enzymes in the citric acid cycle. This is tantamount to the generation of one molecule of ATP, since GTP is readily converted to ATP with nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDK).[1]
Genetic translationedit
During the elongation stage of translation, GTP is used as an energy source for the binding of a new amino-bound tRNA to the A site of the ribosome. GTP is also used as an energy source for the translocation of the ribosome towards the 3' end of the mRNA.[2]
Microtubule dynamic instabilityedit
During microtubule polymerization, each heterodimer formed by an alpha and a beta tubulin molecule carries two GTP molecules, and the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP when the tubulin dimers are added to the plus end of the growing microtubule. Such GTP hydrolysis is not mandatory for microtubule formation, but it appears that only GDP-bound tubulin molecules are able to depolymerize. Thus, a GTP-bound tubulin serves as a cap at the tip of microtubule to protect from depolymerization; and, once the GTP is hydrolyzed, the microtubule begins to depolymerize and shrink rapidly.[3]
Mitochondrial functionedit
The translocation of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix involves the interactions of both GTP and ATP. The importing of these proteins plays an important role in several pathways regulated within the mitochondria organelle,[4] such as converting oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in gluconeogenesis.[citation needed]
through exchanges of phosphate groups from ATP molecules by the Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, an enzyme tasked with maintaining an equilibrium between the concentrations of different nucleoside triphosphates.[1]
^ abcBerg, JM; JL Tymoczko; L Stryer (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). WH Freeman and Company. pp. 476. ISBN0-7167-4684-0.
^Solomon, EP; LR Berg; DW Martin (2005). Biology (7th ed.). pp. 244–245.
^Gwen V. Childs. . cytochemistry.net. Archived from the original on 2010-02-15.
^Sepuri, Naresh Babu V.; Norbert Schülke; Debkumar Pain (16 January 1998). "GTP Hydrolysis Is Essential for Protein Import into the Mitochondrial Matrix". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (3): 1420–1424. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.3.1420. PMID 9430677.
^Merrill AH, McCormick DB (2020). "Riboflavin". In BP Marriott, DF Birt, VA Stallings, AA Yates (eds.). Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleventh Edition. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp. 189–208. ISBN978-0-323-66162-1.
External linksedit
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guanosine, triphosphate, confused, with, adenosine, triphosphate, guanosine, triphosphate, purine, nucleoside, triphosphate, building, blocks, needed, synthesis, during, transcription, process, structure, similar, that, guanosine, nucleoside, only, difference,. Not to be confused with Adenosine triphosphate Guanosine 5 triphosphate GTP is a purine nucleoside triphosphate It is one of the building blocks needed for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process Its structure is similar to that of the guanosine nucleoside the only difference being that nucleotides like GTP have phosphates on their ribose sugar GTP has the guanine nucleobase attached to the 1 carbon of the ribose and it has the triphosphate moiety attached to ribose s 5 carbon Guanosine triphosphate NamesIUPAC name Guanosine 5 tetrahydrogen triphosphate Systematic IUPAC name O1 2R 3S 4R 5R 5 2 Amino 6 oxo 1 6 dihydro 9H purin 9 yl 3 4 dihydroxyoxolan 2 yl methyl tetrahydrogen triphosphateOther names guanosine triphosphate 9 b D ribofuranosylguanine 5 triphosphate 9 b D ribofuranosyl 2 amino 6 oxo purine 5 triphosphateIdentifiersCAS Number 86 01 1 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChEBI CHEBI 15996 YChemSpider 6569 YECHA InfoCard 100 001 498IUPHAR BPS 1742KEGG C00044 NMeSH Guanosine triphosphatePubChem CID 6830UNII 01WV7J708X YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID30235328InChI InChI 1S C10H16N5O14P3 c11 10 13 7 4 8 18 14 10 12 2 15 7 9 6 17 5 16 3 27 9 1 26 31 22 23 29 32 24 25 28 30 19 20 21 h2 3 5 6 9 16 17H 1H2 H 22 23 H 24 25 H2 19 20 21 H3 11 13 14 18 t3 5 6 9 m1 s1 YKey XKMLYUALXHKNFT UUOKFMHZSA N YInChI 1 C10H16N5O14P3 c11 10 13 7 4 8 18 14 10 12 2 15 7 9 6 17 5 16 3 27 9 1 26 31 22 23 29 32 24 25 28 30 19 20 21 h2 3 5 6 9 16 17H 1H2 H 22 23 H 24 25 H2 19 20 21 H3 11 13 14 18 t3 5 6 9 m1 s1Key XKMLYUALXHKNFT UUOKFMHZBFSMILES c1nc2c n1 C H 3 C H C H C H O3 CO P O O O P O O OP O O O O O nH c nc2 O NPropertiesChemical formula C 10H 16N 5O 14P 3Molar mass 523 180 g mol 1Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references It also has the role of a source of energy or an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions like that of ATP but more specific It is used as a source of energy for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis GTP is essential to signal transduction in particular with G proteins in second messenger mechanisms where it is converted to guanosine diphosphate GDP through the action of GTPases Contents 1 Uses 1 1 Energy transfer 1 2 Genetic translation 1 3 Microtubule dynamic instability 1 4 Mitochondrial function 2 Precursor for synthesis of riboflavin 3 Biosynthesis 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksUses editEnergy transfer edit GTP is involved in energy transfer within the cell For instance a GTP molecule is generated by one of the enzymes in the citric acid cycle This is tantamount to the generation of one molecule of ATP since GTP is readily converted to ATP with nucleoside diphosphate kinase NDK 1 Genetic translation edit During the elongation stage of translation GTP is used as an energy source for the binding of a new amino bound tRNA to the A site of the ribosome GTP is also used as an energy source for the translocation of the ribosome towards the 3 end of the mRNA 2 Microtubule dynamic instability edit During microtubule polymerization each heterodimer formed by an alpha and a beta tubulin molecule carries two GTP molecules and the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP when the tubulin dimers are added to the plus end of the growing microtubule Such GTP hydrolysis is not mandatory for microtubule formation but it appears that only GDP bound tubulin molecules are able to depolymerize Thus a GTP bound tubulin serves as a cap at the tip of microtubule to protect from depolymerization and once the GTP is hydrolyzed the microtubule begins to depolymerize and shrink rapidly 3 Mitochondrial function edit The translocation of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix involves the interactions of both GTP and ATP The importing of these proteins plays an important role in several pathways regulated within the mitochondria organelle 4 such as converting oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate PEP in gluconeogenesis citation needed Precursor for synthesis of riboflavin editGTP in combination with ribulose 5 phosphate are the precursor compounds for the synthesis of riboflavin vitamin B2 5 Biosynthesis editIn the cell GTP is synthesised through many processes including as a byproduct of the Succinyl CoA to Succinate conversion catalysed by the Succinyl CoA synthetase enzyme as part of the Krebs cycle 1 through exchanges of phosphate groups from ATP molecules by the Nucleoside diphosphate kinase an enzyme tasked with maintaining an equilibrium between the concentrations of different nucleoside triphosphates 1 See also editGTP gamma S GDPCP G protein G protein coupled receptor 5 Guanylyl imidodiphosphateReferences edit a b c Berg JM JL Tymoczko L Stryer 2002 Biochemistry 5th ed WH Freeman and Company pp 476 ISBN 0 7167 4684 0 Solomon EP LR Berg DW Martin 2005 Biology 7th ed pp 244 245 Gwen V Childs Microtubule structure cytochemistry net Archived from the original on 2010 02 15 Sepuri Naresh Babu V Norbert Schulke Debkumar Pain 16 January 1998 GTP Hydrolysis Is Essential for Protein Import into the Mitochondrial Matrix Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 3 1420 1424 doi 10 1074 jbc 273 3 1420 PMID 9430677 Merrill AH McCormick DB 2020 Riboflavin In BP Marriott DF Birt VA Stallings AA Yates eds Present Knowledge in Nutrition Eleventh Edition London United Kingdom Academic Press Elsevier pp 189 208 ISBN 978 0 323 66162 1 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guanosine triphosphate GTP bound to proteins in the PDB Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Guanosine triphosphate amp oldid 1152836666, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
