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Grouper

April 19, 2023

For other uses, see Grouper (disambiguation).

Groupers are fish of any of a number of genera in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, in the order Perciformes.

Grouper
Gag grouper, Mycteroperca microlepis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Serranidae
Subfamily: Epinephelinae
Bleeker, 1874[1]
Tribes and genera

See text

Not all serranids are called "groupers"; the family also includes the sea basses. The common name "grouper" is usually given to fish in one of two large genera: Epinephelus and Mycteroperca. In addition, the species classified in the small genera Anyperidon, Cromileptes, Dermatolepis, Graciela, Saloptia, and Triso are also called "groupers." Fish in the genus Plectropomus are referred to as "coral groupers." These genera are all classified in the subfamily Epiphelinae. However, some of the hamlets (genus Alphestes), the hinds (genus Cephalopholis), the lyretails (genus Variola), and some other small genera (Gonioplectrus, Niphon, Paranthias) are also in this subfamily, and occasional species in other serranid genera have common names involving the word "grouper." Nonetheless, the word "grouper" on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae.

Description

 
Anatomy of a grouper

Groupers are teleosts, typically having a stout body and a large mouth. They are not built for long-distance, fast swimming. They can be quite large: in length, over a meter. The largest is the Atlantic goliath grouper (Epinephelus itajara) which has been weighed at 399 kilograms (880 pounds) and a length of 2.43 m (7 ft 11+1⁄2 in),[2] though in such a large group, species vary considerably. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off of them. They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the pharynx. They habitually eat fish, octopuses, and crustaceans. Some species prefer to ambush their prey, while others are active predators. Reports of fatal attacks on humans by the largest species, such as the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), are unconfirmed.[3]

Their mouths and gills form a powerful vacuum that pulls their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouths to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills.[citation needed]

Research indicates roving coralgroupers (Plectropomus pessuliferus) sometimes cooperate with giant morays in hunting.[4] Groupers are also one of the only animals that eat invasive red lionfish.[5]

Systematics

Etymology

The word "grouper" is from the Portuguese name, garoupa, which has been speculated to come from an indigenous South American language.[6][7]

In Australia, "groper" is used instead of "grouper" for several species, such as the Queensland grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). In New Zealand, "groper" refers to a type of wreckfish, Polyprion oxygeneios, which goes by the Māori name hāpuku.[8] In the Philippines, groupers are generally known as lapu-lapu in Luzon, while in the Visayas and Mindanao they are known as pugapo.[9][10] Its Indonesian name is kerapu. In the Middle East, the fish is known as 'hammour', and is widely eaten, especially in the Persian Gulf region.[11][12] In Latin America, the fish is known as 'mero'.

The species in the tribes Grammistini and Diploprionini secrete a mucus-like toxin in their skin called grammistin, and when they are confined in a restricted space and subjected to stress, the mucus produces a foam that is toxic to nearby fish. These fishes are often called soapfishes. They have been classified either as their own families or within subfamilies,[13] although they are classified by the 5th Edition of the Fishes of the World, classifies these two groups as tribes within the subfamily Epinephelinae.[14]

Classification

According to the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, the subfamily is divided up into 5 tribes containing a total of 32 genera and 234 species.[14][15]

Subfamily Epinephelinae Bleeker, 1874 (groupers)[1]

Reproduction

Groupers are mostly monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, i.e., they mature only as females and can change sex after sexual maturity.[16][17] Some species of groupers grow about a kilogram per year and are generally adolescents until they reach three kilograms when they become female. The largest males often control harems containing three to 15 females.[16][18] Groupers often pair spawn, which enables large males to competitively exclude smaller males from reproducing.[16][19][20][21] As such, if a small female grouper were to change sex before it could control a harem as a male, its fitness would decrease.[19][20][21] If no male is available, the largest female that can increase fitness by changing sex will do so.[20]

However, some groupers are gonochoristic.[16] Gonochorism, or a reproductive strategy with two distinct sexes, has evolved independently in groupers at least five times.[16] The evolution of gonochorism is linked to group spawning high amounts of habitat cover.[16][20][22] Both group spawning and habitat cover increase the likelihood of a smaller male reproducing in the presence of large males. The fitness of male groupers in environments where competitive exclusion of smaller males is impossible is correlated with sperm production and thus testicle size.[18][20][23] Gonochoristic groupers have larger testes than protogynous groupers (10% of body mass compared to 1% of body mass), indicating the evolution of gonochorism increased male grouper fitness in environments where large males were unable to competitively exclude small males from reproducing.[18]

Parasites

 
A monogenean parasitic on the gill of a grouper

Like other fish, groupers harbor parasites, including digeneans,[24] nematodes, cestodes, monogeneans, isopods, and copepods. A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that coral reef-associated groupers have about ten species of parasites per fish species.[25] Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, monogeneans of the family Diplectanidae are typical of and especially numerous on groupers.[citation needed]

Modern use

 
Gulai kerapu, a grouper-based Padang food

Many groupers are important food fish; some are now farmed. Unlike most other fish species, which are chilled or frozen, groupers are usually sold alive in markets.[26] Many species are popular game fish for sea-angling. Some species are small enough to be kept in aquaria, though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly.[citation needed]

Groupers are commonly reported as a source of Ciguatera fish poisoning.[27] DNA barcoding of grouper species might help control Ciguatera fish poisoning since fish are easily identified, even from meal remnants, with molecular tools.[28]

Size

Malaysian newspaper The Star reported a 180 kg (400 lb) grouper being caught off the waters near Pulau Sembilan in the Strait of Malacca in January 2008.[29] Shenzhen News in China reported that a 1.8 m (6 ft) grouper swallowed a 1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) whitetip reef shark at the Fuzhou Sea World aquarium.[30]

In September 2010, a Costa Rican newspaper reported a 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) grouper in Cieneguita, Limón. The weight of the fish was 250 kg (550 lb), and it was lured using one kilogram of bait.[31] In November 2013, a 310 kg (680 lb) grouper had been caught and sold to a hotel in Dongyuan, China.[32]

In August 2014, off Bonita Springs in Florida (USA), a big grouper took in one gulp a 4-foot shark that an angler had caught.[33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ Robert H. Robins. "Epinephelus itajara". Discover Fish. Florida Museum. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  3. ^ Lieske, E.; Myers, R. (1999). Coral Reef Fishes (2 ed.). ISBN 0-691-02659-9.
  4. ^ Bshary, Redouan; Hohner, Andrea; Ait-El-Djoudi, Karim; Fricke, Hans (2006). "Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea". PLOS Biology. Biology.plosjournals.org. 4 (12): e431. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431. PMC 1750927. PMID 17147471. S2CID 14006488.
  5. ^ "Study reveals grouper can help control lionfish invasion". Biology.plosjournals.org. 2011.
  6. ^ "s.v. (?)". Oxford English Dictionary.
  7. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  8. ^ "Coastal fish – Hāpuku – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  9. ^ Kohno, Hiroshi (1988). "State of grouper (lapu-lapu) culture in the Philippines" (PDF). SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture. 10 (2): 4–9.
  10. ^ Eslao-Alix, Louella (1 September 2019). "From Pugapo to Lapu-lapu". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  11. ^ . UAE Interact. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  12. ^ Carrington, Daisy (19 January 2009). "Handling hammour". Time Out Abu Dhabi. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  13. ^ John E. Randall; Kasumi Aida; Takashi Hibiya; Nobuhiro Mitsuura; Hisao Kamiya & Yoshiri Hashimoto (1971). "Grammistin, the skin toxin of soapfishes, and its significance in the classification of the Grammistidae" (PDF). Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. XIX (2/3): 157–190.
  14. ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 446–448. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  15. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Epinephelinae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Erisman, B. E., M. T. Craig, and P. A. Hastings. 2009. A phylogenetic test of the size-advantage model: Evolutionary changes in mating behavior influence the loss of sex change in a fish lineage. American Naturalist 174:83-99.
  17. ^ DeMartini, E. E., A. R. Everson and R. S. Nichols. 2011. Estimates of body sizes at maturation and sex change and the endemic Hawaiian grouper's spawning seasonality and sex ratio (Hyporthodus queries, f. Epinephelidae). Fishery Bulletin 109:123-134.
  18. ^ a b c Sadovy, Y. and P. L. Colin. 1995. Sexual development and sexuality in the Nassau grouper. Journal of Fish Biology 46:961-976.
  19. ^ a b Allsop, D. J. and S. A. West. 2003. Constant relative age and size at sex change for sequentially hermaphroditic fish. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:921-929.
  20. ^ a b c d e Munoz, R. C. and R. R. Warner. 2003. A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: Incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. American Naturalist 161:749-761.
  21. ^ a b Kuwamura, T. 2004. Sex change in fishes: Its process and evolutionary mechanism. Zoological Science 21:1248-1248.
  22. ^ Erisman, B. E., J. A. Rosales-Cassian and P. A. Hastings. 2008. There is evidence of gonochorism in a grouper, Mycteroperca rosacea, from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Environmental Biology of Fishes 82:23-33.
  23. ^ Molloy, P. P., N. B. Goodwin, I. M. Cote, J. D. Reynolds, and M. J. G. Gage. 2007. Sperm competition and sex change: A comparative analysis across fishes. Evolution 61:640-652.
  24. ^ Cribb, T. H., Bray, R. A., Wright, T. & Pichelin, S. 2002: The trematodes of groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae): knowledge, nature, and evolution. Parasitology, 124, S23-S42.
  25. ^ Justine, J.-L., Beveridge, I., Boxshall, G. A., Bray, R. A., Moravec, F., Trilles, J.-P. & Whittington, I. D. 2010: An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish. Folia Parasitologica, 57, 237-262. doi:10.14411/fp.2010.032 PDF
  26. ^ "Most consumers prefer to purchase live groupers in fish markets". Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  27. ^ Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne; Craig, Matthew T; Bertoncini, Athila A; Carpenter, Kent E; Cheung, William W L; Choat, John H; Cornish, Andrew S; Fennessy, Sean T; Ferreira, Beatrice P; Heemstra, Philip C; Liu, Min; Myers, Robert F; Pollard, David A; Rhodes, Kevin L; Rocha, Luiz A; Russell, Barry C; Samoilys, Melita A; Sanciangco, Jonnell (June 2013). "Fishing groupers towards extinction: a global assessment of threats and extinction risks in a billion dollar fishery: Fishing groupers to extinction". Fish and Fisheries. 14 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00455.x. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  28. ^ Schoelinck, C., Hinsinger, D. D., Dettaï, A., Cruaud, C. & Justine, J.-L. 2014: A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning. PLoS ONE, 9, e98198. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098198
  29. ^ . The Star. Malaysia. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  30. ^ . Sznews.com. 30 March 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  31. ^ Diario La Extra 2010, Marvin Carvajal. . Archived from the original on 13 September 2010.
  32. ^ "Photos: Fishermen catch wildly huge 686-pound fish, sell it to hotel".
  33. ^ Heather Alexander, Houston Chronicle (21 August 2014). "Gulf grouper swallows 4 foot shark in a single bite". Houston Chronicle.
  34. ^ Grouper eats 4ft shark in one bite. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021 – via YouTube.

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Grouper".
  • The Ultimate Guide to Fly Fishing for Grouper
  • ARKive –
  •   Media related to Epinephelinae at Wikimedia Commons

April 19, 2023
grouper, other, uses, disambiguation, fish, number, genera, subfamily, epinephelinae, family, serranidae, order, perciformes, grouper, mycteroperca, microlepisscientific, classificationkingdom, animaliaphylum, chordataclass, actinopterygiiorder, perciformesfam. For other uses see Grouper disambiguation Groupers are fish of any of a number of genera in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae in the order Perciformes GrouperGag grouper Mycteroperca microlepisScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ActinopterygiiOrder PerciformesFamily SerranidaeSubfamily EpinephelinaeBleeker 1874 1 Tribes and generaSee textNot all serranids are called groupers the family also includes the sea basses The common name grouper is usually given to fish in one of two large genera Epinephelus and Mycteroperca In addition the species classified in the small genera Anyperidon Cromileptes Dermatolepis Graciela Saloptia and Triso are also called groupers Fish in the genus Plectropomus are referred to as coral groupers These genera are all classified in the subfamily Epiphelinae However some of the hamlets genus Alphestes the hinds genus Cephalopholis the lyretails genus Variola and some other small genera Gonioplectrus Niphon Paranthias are also in this subfamily and occasional species in other serranid genera have common names involving the word grouper Nonetheless the word grouper on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae Contents 1 Description 2 Systematics 2 1 Etymology 2 2 Classification 3 Reproduction 4 Parasites 5 Modern use 6 Size 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDescription Edit Anatomy of a grouper Groupers are teleosts typically having a stout body and a large mouth They are not built for long distance fast swimming They can be quite large in length over a meter The largest is the Atlantic goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara which has been weighed at 399 kilograms 880 pounds and a length of 2 43 m 7 ft 11 1 2 in 2 though in such a large group species vary considerably They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off of them They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the pharynx They habitually eat fish octopuses and crustaceans Some species prefer to ambush their prey while others are active predators Reports of fatal attacks on humans by the largest species such as the giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus are unconfirmed 3 Their mouths and gills form a powerful vacuum that pulls their prey in from a distance They also use their mouths to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks jetting it out through their gills citation needed Research indicates roving coralgroupers Plectropomus pessuliferus sometimes cooperate with giant morays in hunting 4 Groupers are also one of the only animals that eat invasive red lionfish 5 Systematics EditEtymology Edit The word grouper is from the Portuguese name garoupa which has been speculated to come from an indigenous South American language 6 7 In Australia groper is used instead of grouper for several species such as the Queensland grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus In New Zealand groper refers to a type of wreckfish Polyprion oxygeneios which goes by the Maori name hapuku 8 In the Philippines groupers are generally known as lapu lapu in Luzon while in the Visayas and Mindanao they are known as pugapo 9 10 Its Indonesian name is kerapu In the Middle East the fish is known as hammour and is widely eaten especially in the Persian Gulf region 11 12 In Latin America the fish is known as mero The species in the tribes Grammistini and Diploprionini secrete a mucus like toxin in their skin called grammistin and when they are confined in a restricted space and subjected to stress the mucus produces a foam that is toxic to nearby fish These fishes are often called soapfishes They have been classified either as their own families or within subfamilies 13 although they are classified by the 5th Edition of the Fishes of the World classifies these two groups as tribes within the subfamily Epinephelinae 14 Classification Edit According to the 5th edition of Fishes of the World the subfamily is divided up into 5 tribes containing a total of 32 genera and 234 species 14 15 Subfamily Epinephelinae Bleeker 1874 groupers 1 Tribe Niphonini D S Jordan 1923 Niphon Cuvier 1828 Tribe Epinephelini Bleeker 1874 1 Aethaloperca Fowler 1904 Alphestes Bloch amp Schneider 1801 Anyperodon Gunther 1859 Cephalopholis Bloch amp Schneider 1801 Chromileptes Swainson 1839 Dermatolepis Gill 1861 Epinephelus Bloch 1793 Gonioplectrus Gill 1862 Gracila Randall 1964 Hyporthodus Gill 1861 Mycteroperca Gill 1862 Paranthias Guichenot 1868 Plectropomus Pken 1817 Saloptia J L B Smith 1964 Triso Randall Johnson amp Lowe 1989 Variola Swainson 1839 Tribe Diploprionini Bleeker 1874 1 Aulacocephalus Temminck amp Schlegel 1843 Belonoperca Fowler amp B A Bean 1930 Diploprion Cuvier 1828 1 Tribe Liopropomini Poey 1867 Bathyanthias Gunther 1880 Liopropoma Gill 1861 Rainfordia McCulloch 1923 Tribe Grammistini Bleeker 1857 Aporops Schultz 1943 Grammistes Bloch amp Schneider 1801 Grammistops Schultz 1953 Jeboehlkia Robins 1967 Pogonoperca Gunther 1859 Pseudogramma Bleeker 1875 Rypticus Cuvier 1829 Suttonia J L B Smith 1953Reproduction EditGroupers are mostly monandric protogynous hermaphrodites i e they mature only as females and can change sex after sexual maturity 16 17 Some species of groupers grow about a kilogram per year and are generally adolescents until they reach three kilograms when they become female The largest males often control harems containing three to 15 females 16 18 Groupers often pair spawn which enables large males to competitively exclude smaller males from reproducing 16 19 20 21 As such if a small female grouper were to change sex before it could control a harem as a male its fitness would decrease 19 20 21 If no male is available the largest female that can increase fitness by changing sex will do so 20 However some groupers are gonochoristic 16 Gonochorism or a reproductive strategy with two distinct sexes has evolved independently in groupers at least five times 16 The evolution of gonochorism is linked to group spawning high amounts of habitat cover 16 20 22 Both group spawning and habitat cover increase the likelihood of a smaller male reproducing in the presence of large males The fitness of male groupers in environments where competitive exclusion of smaller males is impossible is correlated with sperm production and thus testicle size 18 20 23 Gonochoristic groupers have larger testes than protogynous groupers 10 of body mass compared to 1 of body mass indicating the evolution of gonochorism increased male grouper fitness in environments where large males were unable to competitively exclude small males from reproducing 18 Parasites Edit A monogenean parasitic on the gill of a grouper Like other fish groupers harbor parasites including digeneans 24 nematodes cestodes monogeneans isopods and copepods A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that coral reef associated groupers have about ten species of parasites per fish species 25 Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus monogeneans of the family Diplectanidae are typical of and especially numerous on groupers citation needed Modern use Edit Gulai kerapu a grouper based Padang food Many groupers are important food fish some are now farmed Unlike most other fish species which are chilled or frozen groupers are usually sold alive in markets 26 Many species are popular game fish for sea angling Some species are small enough to be kept in aquaria though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly citation needed Groupers are commonly reported as a source of Ciguatera fish poisoning 27 DNA barcoding of grouper species might help control Ciguatera fish poisoning since fish are easily identified even from meal remnants with molecular tools 28 Size EditMalaysian newspaper The Star reported a 180 kg 400 lb grouper being caught off the waters near Pulau Sembilan in the Strait of Malacca in January 2008 29 Shenzhen News in China reported that a 1 8 m 6 ft grouper swallowed a 1 0 m 3 ft 3 in whitetip reef shark at the Fuzhou Sea World aquarium 30 In September 2010 a Costa Rican newspaper reported a 2 3 m 7 ft 7 in grouper in Cieneguita Limon The weight of the fish was 250 kg 550 lb and it was lured using one kilogram of bait 31 In November 2013 a 310 kg 680 lb grouper had been caught and sold to a hotel in Dongyuan China 32 In August 2014 off Bonita Springs in Florida USA a big grouper took in one gulp a 4 foot shark that an angler had caught 33 34 See also EditDusky grouperReferences Edit a b c d e Richard van der Laan William N Eschmeyer amp Ronald Fricke 2014 Family group names of Recent fishes Zootaxa 3882 2 001 230 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3882 1 1 PMID 25543675 Robert H Robins Epinephelus itajara Discover Fish Florida Museum Retrieved 8 June 2020 Lieske E Myers R 1999 Coral Reef Fishes 2 ed ISBN 0 691 02659 9 Bshary Redouan Hohner Andrea Ait El Djoudi Karim Fricke Hans 2006 Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea PLOS Biology Biology plosjournals org 4 12 e431 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0040431 PMC 1750927 PMID 17147471 S2CID 14006488 Study reveals grouper can help control lionfish invasion Biology plosjournals org 2011 s v Oxford English Dictionary Online Etymology Dictionary Etymonline com Retrieved 11 September 2010 Coastal fish Hapuku Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand Teara govt nz 2 March 2009 Retrieved 11 September 2010 Kohno Hiroshi 1988 State of grouper lapu lapu culture in the Philippines PDF SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 10 2 4 9 Eslao Alix Louella 1 September 2019 From Pugapo to Lapu lapu Cebu Daily News Retrieved 11 February 2021 Food and Drink Local Dishes UAE Interact Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 Retrieved 12 August 2011 Carrington Daisy 19 January 2009 Handling hammour Time Out Abu Dhabi Retrieved 12 August 2011 John E Randall Kasumi Aida Takashi Hibiya Nobuhiro Mitsuura Hisao Kamiya amp Yoshiri Hashimoto 1971 Grammistin the skin toxin of soapfishes and its significance in the classification of the Grammistidae PDF Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory XIX 2 3 157 190 a b J S Nelson T C Grande M V H Wilson 2016 Fishes of the World 5th ed Wiley pp 446 448 ISBN 978 1 118 34233 6 Eschmeyer William N Fricke Ron amp van der Laan Richard eds Genera in the family Epinephelinae Catalog of Fishes California Academy of Sciences Retrieved 8 June 2020 a b c d e f Erisman B E M T Craig and P A Hastings 2009 A phylogenetic test of the size advantage model Evolutionary changes in mating behavior influence the loss of sex change in a fish lineage American Naturalist 174 83 99 DeMartini E E A R Everson and R S Nichols 2011 Estimates of body sizes at maturation and sex change and the endemic Hawaiian grouper s spawning seasonality and sex ratio Hyporthodus queries f Epinephelidae Fishery Bulletin 109 123 134 a b c Sadovy Y and P L Colin 1995 Sexual development and sexuality in the Nassau grouper Journal of Fish Biology 46 961 976 a b Allsop D J and S A West 2003 Constant relative age and size at sex change for sequentially hermaphroditic fish Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16 921 929 a b c d e Munoz R C and R R Warner 2003 A new version of the size advantage hypothesis for sex change Incorporating sperm competition and size fecundity skew American Naturalist 161 749 761 a b Kuwamura T 2004 Sex change in fishes Its process and evolutionary mechanism Zoological Science 21 1248 1248 Erisman B E J A Rosales Cassian and P A Hastings 2008 There is evidence of gonochorism in a grouper Mycteroperca rosacea from the Gulf of California Mexico Environmental Biology of Fishes 82 23 33 Molloy P P N B Goodwin I M Cote J D Reynolds and M J G Gage 2007 Sperm competition and sex change A comparative analysis across fishes Evolution 61 640 652 Cribb T H Bray R A Wright T amp Pichelin S 2002 The trematodes of groupers Serranidae Epinephelinae knowledge nature and evolution Parasitology 124 S23 S42 Justine J L Beveridge I Boxshall G A Bray R A Moravec F Trilles J P amp Whittington I D 2010 An annotated list of parasites Isopoda Copepoda Monogenea Digenea Cestoda and Nematoda collected in groupers Serranidae Epinephelinae in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish Folia Parasitologica 57 237 262 doi 10 14411 fp 2010 032 PDF Most consumers prefer to purchase live groupers in fish markets Retrieved 29 April 2011 Sadovy de Mitcheson Yvonne Craig Matthew T Bertoncini Athila A Carpenter Kent E Cheung William W L Choat John H Cornish Andrew S Fennessy Sean T Ferreira Beatrice P Heemstra Philip C Liu Min Myers Robert F Pollard David A Rhodes Kevin L Rocha Luiz A Russell Barry C Samoilys Melita A Sanciangco Jonnell June 2013 Fishing groupers towards extinction a global assessment of threats and extinction risks in a billion dollar fishery Fishing groupers to extinction Fish and Fisheries 14 2 119 136 doi 10 1111 j 1467 2979 2011 00455 x Retrieved 13 February 2023 Schoelinck C Hinsinger D D Dettai A Cruaud C amp Justine J L 2014 A phylogenetic re analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning PLoS ONE 9 e98198 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0098198 Whopper of a grouper bought for RM10 000 The Star Malaysia 17 January 2008 Archived from the original on 8 May 2008 Retrieved 11 September 2010 海底 血案 巨型石斑鱼一口吞下白鳍鲨 Sznews com 30 March 2006 Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 Retrieved 11 September 2010 Diario La Extra 2010 Marvin Carvajal Cayo el mas mero en el Caribe Archived from the original on 13 September 2010 Photos Fishermen catch wildly huge 686 pound fish sell it to hotel Heather Alexander Houston Chronicle 21 August 2014 Gulf grouper swallows 4 foot shark in a single bite Houston Chronicle Grouper eats 4ft shark in one bite 19 August 2014 Archived from the original on 13 November 2021 via YouTube External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Grouper The Ultimate Guide to Fly Fishing for Grouper ARKive images and movies of the humpback grouper Chromileptes altivelis Media related to Epinephelinae at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Grouper amp oldid 1148430975, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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