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Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)

The Principality of Transylvania, from 1765 the Grand Principality of Transylvania, was a realm of the Hungarian Crown[1][2] ruled by the Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs of the Habsburg monarchy (later Austrian Empire) and governed by mostly Hungarians.[3][4][5] After the Ottomans were ousted from most of the territories of medieval Kingdom of Hungary, and after the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711), the Habsburg dynasty claimed the former territories of the Principality of Transylvania under the capacity of their title of "King of Hungary".[6] During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the April Laws of 1848[7] (after the Transylvanian Diet's confirmation on 30 May and the king's approval on 10 June[8][9] for Transylvania to become once again an integral part of Hungary). After the failure of the revolution, the March Constitution of Austria decreed that the Principality of Transylvania be a separate crown land entirely independent of Hungary.[10] In 1867, as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, the principality was reunited with Hungary proper.

Grand Principality of Transylvania
Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen (German)
Erdélyi Nagyfejedelemség (Hungarian)
Marele Principat al Transilvaniei (Romanian)
1711–1867
CapitalHermannstadt (Nagyszeben, Sibiu) 1711–1791, 1848–1861
Klausenburg (Kolozsvár, Cluj) 1791–1848, 1861–1867
Common languages
Religion
Demonym(s)Transylvanian
Monarch 
• 1711–1740 (first)
Charles III
• 1848–1867 (last)
Franz Joseph I
History 
15 June 1703 – 1 May 1711
29 April 1711
7 January 1764
31 October 1784 – 14 December 1784
15 March 1848 – 4 October 1849
29 May 1867
Today part ofRomania

History edit

 
Grand Principality of Transylvania in 1791
 
Transylvania (in yellow - right side) on a map of the military districts of the Habsburg Monarchy (1818 map showing the situation in the late 1790s)

In the Great Turkish War, the Habsburg Emperor Leopold I had occupied the vassal Ottoman Principality of Transylvania and forced Prince Michael I Apafi to acknowledge his overlordship in his capacity as King of Hungary. Upon Apafi's death in 1690, Emperor Leopold decreed the Diploma Leopoldinum, which affiliated the Transylvanian territory with the Habsburg monarchy. In 1697 Michael's son and heir Prince Michael II Apafi finally renounced Transylvania in favour of Leopold; the transfer to the Habsburg lands was confirmed by the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire.

After Rákóczi's War of Independence had failed, the Peace of Szatmár was concluded in 1711: Habsburg control over Transylvania was consolidated, and the Princes of Transylvania were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors (Gubernatoren). In 1765 Maria Theresa and her son Emperor Joseph II proclaimed the Grand Principality of Transylvania, consolidating the special separate status of Transylvania within the Habsburg Monarchy, established by the Diploma Leopoldinum in 1691.

From about 1734 onwards, southern Transylvania became the settlement area of German-speaking Transylvanian Landler expellees, Crypto-Protestants from the Habsburg hereditary lands of Upper Austria, Styria and Carinthia, who were exiled to the easternmost outpost of the Habsburg Monarchy. The area around Sibiu (Hermannstadt) had been colonized by Transylvanian Saxons since medieval times; here the Landler had to settle in regions devastated during the Great Turkish War.

The majority of the Transylvanian population was Romanian, many of them peasants working for Hungarian magnates under the precarious conditions of serfdom. The 1784 Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan, however, and all demands of political equality were of no avail.

During the 1848 Revolutions, the Hungarian insurgents called for the re-unification of Transylvania with Hungary – opposed by Romanian (Wallachian) revolutionaries led by Avram Iancu and Austrian forces led by Karl von Urban – but also for the abolition of serfdom. The April Laws of 1848 proclaimed the re-unification, but after the Hungarian revolt was crushed, Transylvania remained under military administration for several years, and the March Constitution of Austria defined the Principality of Transylvania as being a separate crown land that is entirely independent of Hungary.[10]

In 1853, the Transylvanian Military Frontier, which existed from 1762, was abolished and again incorporated into Transylvania.

The 1863-1864 Transylvanian Diet summoned in Sibiu (the first meeting of Transylvania's governing body after the 1848 Revolution) proclaimed that the Romanian nation, language, and cults (Greek Catholic and Eastern Orthodox) were to be elevated to the same rank as those of the other nations, thus granting Romanians complete equality of rights with the rest of the inhabitants of Transylvania. Also, it was on this occasion that the Romanians held the relative majority of seats in the Transylvanian Diet for the first time, following a provisional, liberal regulation (Romanians: 48 deputies for 1,300,913 inhabitants or one deputy for 28,280 people; Hungarians: 44 deputies for 568,172 inhabitants or one deputy for 12,913 people; Saxons: 33 deputies for 204,031 inhabitants or one deputy for 6,370 people).[11]

In September 1865, the emperor, now looking for a reconciliation with the Hungarians amidst the pressing Austrian military and economic crisis, dissolved the Sibiu Diet and convened a new diet in Cluj, chosen according to a different electoral regulation, one that grossly favored the Hungarian side. On 19 November 1865, this new Transylvanian Diet voted for the affiliation with Hungary. With the subsequent Austro-Hungarian Compromise (Ausgleich), the centuries-long autonomous status of Hungarian nobility, Székelys and Transylvanian Saxons ended and the Grand Principality of Transylvania was incorporated into Hungary proper within the Dual Monarchy, codified on 6 December 1868.[12]

Following the Compromise, on 3 May 1868, during a popular assembly attended by some 60,000 peasants from throughout Transylvania, the representatives of the Transylvanian Romanians issued the Blaj Pronouncement, a political declaration against the Hungarian system of government that did away with Transylvania's long-standing autonomy. It called for the autonomy of Transylvania, the reopening of its Diet on the basis of proportional representation, and the recognition of the laws approved by the Diet of Sibiu. It specified that Romanians did not recognise the Parliament of Hungary or its right to make laws for Transylvania. At the same time, the document expressed the principles of the passivist doctrine of refusing to recognise Hungarian institutions and boycotting the country's political life.

Borders edit

Before its abolition in 1867, the Principality of Transylvania bordered the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to the northwest and west, the Habsburg Duchy of Bukovina to the northeast, the Habsburg Military Frontier to the southwest, and the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia to the south and east.

Demographics edit

Year Total Romanians Hungarians and Székelys Germans Notes
1700 ~500,000 ~50% ~30% ~20% Estimation by Benedek Jancsó[13]
1700 ~800,000–865,000 Recent estimates[14]
1712–1713 34% 47% 19% Official estimate[13]
1720 806,221 49.6% 37.2% 12.2% Estimation by Károly Kocsis & Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi[15]
1721 - 48,28% 36.09% 15.62% Estimation by Ignác Acsády[16]
1730 ~725,000 57.9% 26.2% 15.1% Austrian statistics
1765 ~1,000,000 55.9% 26% 12% Estimation by Bálint Hóman and Gyula Szekfü
1773[17] 1,066,017 63.5% 24.2% 12.3%
1784 1,440,986 - - - Official census
1790[18] 1,465,000 50.8% 30.4% -
1835 - 62.3% 23.3% 14.3%
1850 2,073,372 59.1% 25.9% 9.3%

Governors edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Trócsányi, Zsolt (2002), Transylvania in the Habsburg Empire, Akadémiai Kiadó, retrieved 10 March 2016
  2. ^ Trócsányi, Zsolt (2002), From the Enlightenment to Reaction Under Emperor Francis (1771–1830): The Diet of 1790–91;The 'Supplex Libellus Valachorum', Akadémiai Kiadó, retrieved 10 March 2016
  3. ^ Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. C. Knight. 1843. pp. 162–.
  4. ^ Francis Lieber; Edward Wigglesworth (1836). Encyclopædia Americana: A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, History, Politics, and Biography, Brought Down to the Present Time; Including a Copious Collection of Original Articles in American Biography; on the Basis of the Seventh Edition of the German Conversations-Lexicon. Desilver, Thomas, & Company. pp. 320–.
  5. ^ Lucy Mallows; Rudolf Abraham (26 November 2012). Transylvania. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 22–. ISBN 978-1-84162-419-8.
  6. ^ Michael Hochedlinger (2003). Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683–1797. Pearson Education. p. 227. ISBN 9780582290846.
  7. ^ Laszlo Péter, Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective, BRILL, 2012, p. 56
  8. ^ "Unió Erdéllyel". Múlt-Kor. 29 May 2003.
  9. ^ "unió Erdélylyel". Magyar Katolikus Lexikon.
  10. ^ a b Austrian Constitution of 4 March 1849. (Section I, Art. I and Section IX., Art. LXXIV)
  11. ^ "Dieta de la Sibiu din 1863". 3 July 2020.
  12. ^ Prof. dr. PÁL Judit - Unió vagy autonómia? Erdély uniójának törvényi szabályozása. Magyar Kisebbség. Nemzetpolitikai szemle. Új sorozat. XIV. évf. 2009. 1-2. (51-52.) sz. 64-80. - Prof. dr. PÁL Judit - Union or autonomy? The legal reagulation of the union of Transylvania. Magyar Kisebbség. Nemzetpolitikai szemle. Új sorozat. XIV. évf. 2009. 1-2. (51-52.) sz. 64-80.
  13. ^ a b Trócsányi, Zsolt (2002). A NEW REGIME AND AN ALTERED ETHNIC PATTERN (1711–1770) (Demographics), In: Béla Köpeczi, HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume II. From 1606 to 1830, Columbia University Press, New York, 2002, p. 2-527, ISBN 0-88033-491-6
  14. ^ Trócsányi, Zsolt (2002). A NEW REGIME AND AN ALTERED ETHNIC PATTERN (1711–1770) (Demographics), In: Béla Köpeczi, HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume II. From 1606 to 1830, Columbia University Press, New York, 2002, p. 2 - 522/531, ISBN 0-88033-491-6
  15. ^ Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 102 (Table 19) [1]
  16. ^ Acsády Ignác: Magyarország népessége a Pragamtica Sanctio korában, Magyar statisztikai közlemények 12. kötet - Ignác Acsády: The population of Hungary in the ages of the Pragmatica Sanction, Magyar statisztikai közlemények vol. 12.
  17. ^ "A Growing Population in the Grip of Underdeveloped Agriculture".
  18. ^ Peter Rokai – Zoltan Đere – Tibor Pal – Aleksandar Kasaš, Istorija Mađara, Beograd, 2002, pages 376–377.

principality, transylvania, 1711, 1867, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, principality, transylvania, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Principality of Transylvania 1711 1867 news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Principality of Transylvania from 1765 the Grand Principality of Transylvania was a realm of the Hungarian Crown 1 2 ruled by the Habsburg and Habsburg Lorraine monarchs of the Habsburg monarchy later Austrian Empire and governed by mostly Hungarians 3 4 5 After the Ottomans were ousted from most of the territories of medieval Kingdom of Hungary and after the failure of Rakoczi s War of Independence 1703 1711 the Habsburg dynasty claimed the former territories of the Principality of Transylvania under the capacity of their title of King of Hungary 6 During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the April Laws of 1848 7 after the Transylvanian Diet s confirmation on 30 May and the king s approval on 10 June 8 9 for Transylvania to become once again an integral part of Hungary After the failure of the revolution the March Constitution of Austria decreed that the Principality of Transylvania be a separate crown land entirely independent of Hungary 10 In 1867 as a result of the Austro Hungarian Compromise the principality was reunited with Hungary proper Grand Principality of TransylvaniaGrossfurstentum Siebenburgen German Erdelyi Nagyfejedelemseg Hungarian Marele Principat al Transilvaniei Romanian 1711 1867Flag Coat of armsCapitalHermannstadt Nagyszeben Sibiu 1711 1791 1848 1861Klausenburg Kolozsvar Cluj 1791 1848 1861 1867Common languagesGermanHungarianRomanianReligionRoman CatholicismProtestantismEastern OrthodoxyGreek CatholicismDemonym s TransylvanianMonarch 1711 1740 first Charles III 1848 1867 last Franz Joseph IHistory Rakoczi s War of Independence15 June 1703 1 May 1711 Peace of Szatmar29 April 1711 Massacre at Madefalva7 January 1764 Revolt of Horea Cloșca and Crișan31 October 1784 14 December 1784 Hungarian Revolution15 March 1848 4 October 1849 Incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary29 May 1867Preceded by Succeeded byPrincipality of Transylvania 1570 1711 Lands of the Crown of Saint StephenToday part ofRomania Contents 1 History 2 Borders 3 Demographics 4 Governors 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory editSee also History of Transylvania nbsp Grand Principality of Transylvania in 1791 nbsp Transylvania in yellow right side on a map of the military districts of the Habsburg Monarchy 1818 map showing the situation in the late 1790s In the Great Turkish War the Habsburg Emperor Leopold I had occupied the vassal Ottoman Principality of Transylvania and forced Prince Michael I Apafi to acknowledge his overlordship in his capacity as King of Hungary Upon Apafi s death in 1690 Emperor Leopold decreed the Diploma Leopoldinum which affiliated the Transylvanian territory with the Habsburg monarchy In 1697 Michael s son and heir Prince Michael II Apafi finally renounced Transylvania in favour of Leopold the transfer to the Habsburg lands was confirmed by the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire After Rakoczi s War of Independence had failed the Peace of Szatmar was concluded in 1711 Habsburg control over Transylvania was consolidated and the Princes of Transylvania were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors Gubernatoren In 1765 Maria Theresa and her son Emperor Joseph II proclaimed the Grand Principality of Transylvania consolidating the special separate status of Transylvania within the Habsburg Monarchy established by the Diploma Leopoldinum in 1691 From about 1734 onwards southern Transylvania became the settlement area of German speaking Transylvanian Landler expellees Crypto Protestants from the Habsburg hereditary lands of Upper Austria Styria and Carinthia who were exiled to the easternmost outpost of the Habsburg Monarchy The area around Sibiu Hermannstadt had been colonized by Transylvanian Saxons since medieval times here the Landler had to settle in regions devastated during the Great Turkish War The majority of the Transylvanian population was Romanian many of them peasants working for Hungarian magnates under the precarious conditions of serfdom The 1784 Revolt of Horea Cloșca and Crișan however and all demands of political equality were of no avail During the 1848 Revolutions the Hungarian insurgents called for the re unification of Transylvania with Hungary opposed by Romanian Wallachian revolutionaries led by Avram Iancu and Austrian forces led by Karl von Urban but also for the abolition of serfdom The April Laws of 1848 proclaimed the re unification but after the Hungarian revolt was crushed Transylvania remained under military administration for several years and the March Constitution of Austria defined the Principality of Transylvania as being a separate crown land that is entirely independent of Hungary 10 In 1853 the Transylvanian Military Frontier which existed from 1762 was abolished and again incorporated into Transylvania The 1863 1864 Transylvanian Diet summoned in Sibiu the first meeting of Transylvania s governing body after the 1848 Revolution proclaimed that the Romanian nation language and cults Greek Catholic and Eastern Orthodox were to be elevated to the same rank as those of the other nations thus granting Romanians complete equality of rights with the rest of the inhabitants of Transylvania Also it was on this occasion that the Romanians held the relative majority of seats in the Transylvanian Diet for the first time following a provisional liberal regulation Romanians 48 deputies for 1 300 913 inhabitants or one deputy for 28 280 people Hungarians 44 deputies for 568 172 inhabitants or one deputy for 12 913 people Saxons 33 deputies for 204 031 inhabitants or one deputy for 6 370 people 11 In September 1865 the emperor now looking for a reconciliation with the Hungarians amidst the pressing Austrian military and economic crisis dissolved the Sibiu Diet and convened a new diet in Cluj chosen according to a different electoral regulation one that grossly favored the Hungarian side On 19 November 1865 this new Transylvanian Diet voted for the affiliation with Hungary With the subsequent Austro Hungarian Compromise Ausgleich the centuries long autonomous status of Hungarian nobility Szekelys and Transylvanian Saxons ended and the Grand Principality of Transylvania was incorporated into Hungary proper within the Dual Monarchy codified on 6 December 1868 12 Following the Compromise on 3 May 1868 during a popular assembly attended by some 60 000 peasants from throughout Transylvania the representatives of the Transylvanian Romanians issued the Blaj Pronouncement a political declaration against the Hungarian system of government that did away with Transylvania s long standing autonomy It called for the autonomy of Transylvania the reopening of its Diet on the basis of proportional representation and the recognition of the laws approved by the Diet of Sibiu It specified that Romanians did not recognise the Parliament of Hungary or its right to make laws for Transylvania At the same time the document expressed the principles of the passivist doctrine of refusing to recognise Hungarian institutions and boycotting the country s political life Borders editBefore its abolition in 1867 the Principality of Transylvania bordered the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to the northwest and west the Habsburg Duchy of Bukovina to the northeast the Habsburg Military Frontier to the southwest and the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia to the south and east Demographics editYear Total Romanians Hungarians and Szekelys Germans Notes1700 500 000 50 30 20 Estimation by Benedek Jancso 13 1700 800 000 865 000 Recent estimates 14 1712 1713 34 47 19 Official estimate 13 1720 806 221 49 6 37 2 12 2 Estimation by Karoly Kocsis amp Eszter Kocsisne Hodosi 15 1721 48 28 36 09 15 62 Estimation by Ignac Acsady 16 1730 725 000 57 9 26 2 15 1 Austrian statistics1765 1 000 000 55 9 26 12 Estimation by Balint Homan and Gyula Szekfu1773 17 1 066 017 63 5 24 2 12 3 1784 1 440 986 Official census1790 18 1 465 000 50 8 30 4 1835 62 3 23 3 14 3 1850 2 073 372 59 1 25 9 9 3 Governors editMain article Governor of TransylvaniaSee also editTransylvania List of rulers of Transylvania Transylvanian Saxons Unio Trium Nationum pact between the three Estates of Transylvania Hungarian nobility Saxon patricians and free Szekelys which endured into the 19th centuryReferences edit Trocsanyi Zsolt 2002 Transylvania in the Habsburg Empire Akademiai Kiado retrieved 10 March 2016 Trocsanyi Zsolt 2002 From the Enlightenment to Reaction Under Emperor Francis 1771 1830 The Diet of 1790 91 The Supplex Libellus Valachorum Akademiai Kiado retrieved 10 March 2016 Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge C Knight 1843 pp 162 Francis Lieber Edward Wigglesworth 1836 Encyclopaedia Americana A Popular Dictionary of Arts Sciences Literature History Politics and Biography Brought Down to the Present Time Including a Copious Collection of Original Articles in American Biography on the Basis of the Seventh Edition of the German Conversations Lexicon Desilver Thomas amp Company pp 320 Lucy Mallows Rudolf Abraham 26 November 2012 Transylvania Bradt Travel Guides pp 22 ISBN 978 1 84162 419 8 Michael Hochedlinger 2003 Austria s Wars of Emergence War State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy 1683 1797 Pearson Education p 227 ISBN 9780582290846 Laszlo Peter Hungary s Long Nineteenth Century Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective BRILL 2012 p 56 Unio Erdellyel Mult Kor 29 May 2003 unio Erdelylyel Magyar Katolikus Lexikon a b Austrian Constitution of 4 March 1849 Section I Art I and Section IX Art LXXIV Dieta de la Sibiu din 1863 3 July 2020 Prof dr PAL Judit Unio vagy autonomia Erdely uniojanak torvenyi szabalyozasa Magyar Kisebbseg Nemzetpolitikai szemle Uj sorozat XIV evf 2009 1 2 51 52 sz 64 80 Prof dr PAL Judit Union or autonomy The legal reagulation of the union of Transylvania Magyar Kisebbseg Nemzetpolitikai szemle Uj sorozat XIV evf 2009 1 2 51 52 sz 64 80 a b Trocsanyi Zsolt 2002 A NEW REGIME AND AN ALTERED ETHNIC PATTERN 1711 1770 Demographics In Bela Kopeczi HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume II From 1606 to 1830 Columbia University Press New York 2002 p 2 527 ISBN 0 88033 491 6 Trocsanyi Zsolt 2002 A NEW REGIME AND AN ALTERED ETHNIC PATTERN 1711 1770 Demographics In Bela Kopeczi HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume II From 1606 to 1830 Columbia University Press New York 2002 p 2 522 531 ISBN 0 88033 491 6 Karoly Kocsis Eszter Kocsisne Hodosi Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin Simon Publications LLC 1998 p 102 Table 19 1 Acsady Ignac Magyarorszag nepessege a Pragamtica Sanctio koraban Magyar statisztikai kozlemenyek 12 kotet Ignac Acsady The population of Hungary in the ages of the Pragmatica Sanction Magyar statisztikai kozlemenyek vol 12 A Growing Population in the Grip of Underdeveloped Agriculture Peter Rokai Zoltan Đere Tibor Pal Aleksandar Kasas Istorija Mađara Beograd 2002 pages 376 377 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Principality of Transylvania 1711 1867 amp oldid 1214696621, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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