Gorlois

In Arthurian legend, Gorlois (Welsh: Gwrlais) of Tintagel was the Duke of Cornwall. He was the first husband of King Arthur's mother Igraine and the father of her daughters, Arthur's half-sisters. Her second husband was Uther Pendragon, the High King of Britain and Arthur's father, who marries her after killing him.

Igraine and Gorlois in Władysław T. Benda's illustration for Uther and Igraine by Warwick Deeping (1903). In much of modern Arthurian tradition (a prominent example is 1983's The Mists of Avalon), he is portrayed as a jealous and abusive husband

Names

The name Gorlois first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136).^[1] Prose Merlin and Of Arthour and of Merlin call him Duke Hoel (Höel^[2]) of Tintagel,^[3] the latter text describing him as Igraine's second husband but also prior to her marriage with Uther.^[4] In Perlesvaus, he appears as King Goloé (Golaas).^[5]

Legend

According to Historia Regum Britanniae, Gorlois was vassal of Ambrosius Aurelianus, whose arrival at the Battle of Kaerconan ensured the defeat of Hengist.^[6] In Wace's Roman de Brut, when Hengist's son Octa and his cousin Ossa rebel, Gorlois helps Uther defeat them at York.^[7] In the Brut Tysilio, a Welsh version of Geoffrey's work, Gorlois is the father of Cador, Duke of Cornwall, presumably by Igraine.

After he succeeds his brother, Ambrosius, Uther holds a feast for his nobles, and seeing Igraine, falls in love with her. Sensing Uther Pendragon's interest, Igraine asks her husband to take her back home to Cornwall. He placed her at the more defensible Tintagel Castle, while he prepared to defend his territory from Dimilioc. Incensed at their departing without leave, Uther lays siege to Gorlois' castles to little effect. He consults his friend Ulfin who tells him that the lady can hardly look favorably on someone who makes war on her husband, and suggests the king seek advice from Merlin in gaining access to Tintagel. Merlin devises an enchantment that disguises Uther in the form of Gorlois. In this form he approaches Igraine and they sleep together, conceiving Arthur. Unbeknownst to either of them, the real Gorlois has been killed that very night in battle against Uther's troops.^[6] Eventually Igraine is persuaded to marry Uther. (In Thomas Hughes' 1587 play The Misfortunes of Arthur, Gorlois' ghost condemns Arthur for his father's treachery.)

Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, following the later tradition of Merlin and French prose cycles, features Gorlois as the father of Morgan le Fay, Morgause, and Elaine,^[6] who are roughly corresponding with Brimesent, Belisent and Blasine in Gorlois' "Hoel" variant.^[4] After Gorlois' death, his three daughters are married off to vassals of Uther: Elaine to King Nentres of Garlot, Morgause to King Lot of Orkney, and (after she has received an education in a convent) Morgan to King Urien. Arthur is spared any knowledge of his half-sisters after he is whisked away by Merlin to be raised by Sir Ector.

The 11th/12th century Welsh text Culhwch and Olwen lists "Gormant son of Rica (Arthur's brother on his mother's side, his father the chief elder of Cornwall)".^[8] The text can be read with either Gormant or Ricca being Arthur's half-brother, and is a parallel to later stories of Gorlois and Igraine. Scholars Rachel Bromwich and D. Simon Evans note the similarity between the Gor- element in Gormant and Gorlois' names, which may equate them, or could reflect a known practice in some late antiquity and early medieval European dynasties to share a name prefix. Ricca could be an earlier name given to the husband of Igraine, or could be equated with Ricatus, a possible later king of Cornwall.^[9] The Peniarth triads give the same title—Arthur's chief elder at Celliwig, Cornwall—to Caradoc, which could also equate him with either Ricca, or his father.^[10]

Richard Carew's Survey of Cornwall (1602) places Gorlois as husband of Igerna and duke of Cornwall in 500 AD, who is succeeded by Earl Cador by 526 AD.^[11] The Book of Baglan (1600–1607) calls him Gurleis, Goulisor, or Gwrleis, duke or prince of Cornwall, and husband of Eigyr; he is the father of Cador, and son of Sortogus, a direct male-line descendant of Maxentius, Dyfnwal Moelmud, Camber and Brutus of Troy.^[12]

William Worcester travelled to Cornwall in 1478, and recorded in his Itineraries that "Tador Duke of Cornwall, husband of the mother of Arthur was slain" at Castle an Dinas. This is generally interpreted as a conflation of Gorlois with Cador, and as an alternative place of Gorlois' death, differing from the Historia Regum Britanniae's account that he died at Dimilioc.^[13]

Possible historicity

Henry Jenner considered Gorlois to be a real fifth or sixth-century figure, either a petty chief and vassal of the Royal House of Dumnonia, or of the line of the original chiefs of the Dumnonii if the kings of Dumnonia were the leaders of the Britons displaced by the Saxons. He suggested that Bosworlas (in St Just) and Treworlas were place names taken from Gorlois,^[14] and notes that Bosworlas ('the Dwelling of Gorlois') is very close to Bosigran ('the Dwelling of Igerna').^[13]

See also

• List of legendary rulers of Cornwall

References

1. Jones, Mary (2005), "Gorlois", Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia, retrieved 13 December 2012
2. Littleton, C. Scott; Malcor, Linda A. (23 October 2013). From Scythia to Camelot: A Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table, and the Holy Grail. Routledge. ISBN 9781317777717 – via Google Books.
3. Lacy, Norris J. (28 April 2010). Lancelot-Grail: The story of Merlin. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781843842347 – via Google Books.
4. Bruce, Christopher W. (28 April 1999). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815328650 – via Google Books.
5. Torres-Alcalá, Antonio; Sola-Solé, Josep María (1984). Josep María Solà-Solé: Homage, homenaje, homenatge : Miscelánea de estudios de amigos y discípulos. ISBN 9788485202423.
6. Bruce, Christopher W. (28 April 1999). The Arthurian Name Dictionary. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815328650 – via Google Books.
7. Lacy, Norris J.; Wilhelm, James J. (17 July 2015). The Romance of Arthur: An Anthology of Medieval Texts in Translation. Routledge. ISBN 9781317341840 – via Google Books.
8. The Mabinogion. Translated by Davies, Sioned. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 185. ISBN 9780192832429. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
9. Parker, Will (2016). "Culhwch and Olwen Translation". Culhwch ac Olwen. Footnote 133. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
10. "Peniarth MS 54" . Welsh Triads. Translated by Skene, William Forbes. 1868 – via Wikisource.
11. Carew, Richard (1769) [1602]. The Survey of Cornwall. And An Epistle concerning the Excellencies of the English Tongue. E. Law and J. Hewett. p. 78.
12. Williams, John (1910). Bradney, Joseph Alfred (ed.). Llyfr Baglan, or, The Book of Baglan, compiled between the years 1600 and 1607. London: Mitchell, Hughes and Clarke. Folios 81, 276, 309. hdl:2027/uiug.30112086070007.
13. Jenner, Henry (1922). "Castle-an-Dinas and King Arthur". Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. New Series. 4. Plymouth and Falmouth: 100–101.
14. Jenner, Henry (1922). "The Royal House of Damnonia". Annual Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. New Series. 4. Plymouth and Falmouth: 139.

Legendary titles
Unknown Last known title holder: Dionotus as king	Duke of Cornwall	Succeeded by Cador