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Gopal (caste)

July 27, 2023

For other uses, see Gopal.

Gopal or Gauda is an Indian caste,[1][2][3] from Odisha State in East India. Their traditional occupations include dairy farming, cattle herding, cultivation and carrying palanquins of deities.[4][5] They also worked as Paikas (soldiers) under the kings.[6][7] They claim Kshatriya status and in hierarchy, they occupy the rank next to Khandayats.[8][9] They also owned Zamindaris in Ranapura, Nayagarh and Khandapara regions of Odisha.[10][11] Gopal is the name of the milkmen or herdsmen caste in Odisha, which is known by other names (such as Ahir, Yadav, Goala etc.) in various parts of India.[12][13]

Gopal (Gauda)
ClassificationAhir (Yadav)
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesOdia
Populated statesOdisha
SubdivisionsMathurapuria,
Gopapuria,
Magadhaa
Related groupsAhir, Sadgope

According to 1931 census of India, they are second largest caste by numbers and comprise around 9% of Odisha's population.[14]

Etymology

The word Gopal derived from vedic "Gopala", which "Go" refers to cow and "Pala" refers to protector or herder. Hence "Gopala" literally means "cow herder"[15][16]

Origin and history

The Gopalas (Gaudas) like all Yadavs claim that they are descendants from Krishna of the ancient Yadava clan after the Sanskritisation process by Arya Samaj in 1930.[4][17] In the Mahasabha held in 1930, Dairy faming castes such as Ahirs, Gaudas, Gopalas etc were advised to Identify themselves as "Son of Krishna" and hence they can identify themselves as martial caste.[18]

Since 1930 during the Sanskritisation of castes in India, The Gopalas started to be incorporated into a newly established Yadav Kshatriya community, along with Ahir, Gops, Goalas, and Sadgops.[19]

Subdivisions

The Gopalas (Gaudas) are three types:- Mathurapuria, Gopapuria and Magadhaa,[20] where Mathurapurias and Gopapurias are superior to Magadha classes.[21] Which symbolically refer to their ancestral land of Mathura and Gokul (Gopa) of Uttar Pradesh and Magadha of Bihar.[22] While the Magadha Gauda are possibly accretion of some aboriginal tribes.[23] There are minor differences among them, some area of odisha the Gopalas are also known as their other names including: Mahakul, Sholakhandia, Sadgope and Gopal Baishnab[24][25][26] among them.

Culture

Festival

 
Peoples of Gopal community carries Bimana of Radha Krishna during Dola Purnima festival
  • The Dola Purnima (Holi festival): is the Major festival of Gopalas (Gaudas),[27] It starts from the tenth day of the bright fortnight of the month of Falguna (Feb-March) known as Fagu 'Dasami'. This festival is celebrated for five days in Odisha. In this festival they place the idols of Radha Krishna in a Bimana (richly decorated palanquins), Smearing the heads with Abira (a violet coloured powder). Specially people of Gopala community carrying this palanquin and take round a procession with village Priest, drummers, pipers and the Sankirtana Mandalis. The procession halts in front of each household and the deity is offered Bhog. On the final day of the purnima the celebration culminates in a swing-festival for the deities.[28]
  • The Dahi-handi Jatra (curd-pot festival): The birthday of Lord Krishna on the eighth day of Krushna pakshya is popularly celebrated throughout India as Janmastami on the ninth day. Lord Krishna along with his friends had broken the curd-pot in the house of the king Nanda. This tradition is maintained in Paralakhemundi as Dahi-handi-Jatra. On the ninth day or Nabami, the people tie a curd pot with a bamboo and place it between two poles. Traditionally, a Gauda-boy as the representative of Lord Krishna breaks the curd pot. The other boys throw the coloured water from a hand pump (pichakari). Then the people place the Radha Krishna on a stage called 'Kunja’ and take a procession around the town.[29][30]

Tradition

  • Laudi Badi Khela is a traditional dance with combination of martial art and folk dance (called Laudi Nacha & Badi Khela) of the Gaudas (Gopalas), which is performed during Dola Purnima. In this dance the young Gopala boys wearing a special clothes in associated with Krishna. At first they practice 'Badi Khela'(martial art) by one or two trained people of their community, who held a sword in the right hand and a stick in left hand. They perform this art for sometime and then played 'Laudi'(folk dance) by a group of minimum 9 to 12 boys. Each boys holding two stick in their hand, dance with striking each other's stick in a rhythmical manner in front of the Palanquin of Radha Krishna.[31][32]
  • Gopalila is a traditional puppet theatre, performed by Gopals (Cowherd boys) of Odisha. They perform this theater on the occasion of Janmastami and Govardhan Puja. The concept of this theatre is associated with god Krishna's life.[33]

Titles

The Gopalas uses surnames like Behera, Das, Palei, Palai, Pandab, Yadav, Hati, Kabi, Bhutia, Mahakul, Mahakhud, Mohapatra, Sasmal, Rout, Parida, Barik , Podh, Jal, Bhujabal,[34] Khilar, Singh, Routray, Samantray, Pratihari,[35][36][37] Chaudhuri, Mandei, Senapati, Dalua, Apata, Nayak [38] Bagarti, Pradhan, Khuntia, Bag/Bagh, Hansha, Dalchhatra, Kharsel, Karuan, Nag and Shandh, Banchhor among others.[39]

Social Status

Gopalas are followers of Vaishnavism.[40] Among them Gopapurias and Sadgops are the relics of Bala Gopala cult.[41] They are one of a caste of Panikhia Jati group of Odisha.[42] They assist Brahmins on ritual occasion and also serve as priests in some temples.[43][44][45] They are included in the SEBC list of the state.

See also

References

  1. ^ Dipti Ray (2007). Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540). Northern Book Centre. pp. 90–. ISBN 9788172111953.
  2. ^ Orissa (India) (1966). Orissa District Gazetteers: Cuttack. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press. p. 168.
  3. ^ Nishamani Kar (2002). Animal Husbandry and Rural Development: Restructuring and Planned Development of the Bovine Economy. Deep and Deep Publications. pp. 206–. ISBN 9788176293587.
  4. ^ a b Rabindra Nath Pati; Jagannatha Dash (2002). Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. APH Publishing. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-81-7648-322-3.
  5. ^ Mahapatra, M. (1981). Traditional Structure and Change in an Orissan Temple. Indische Studien. Punthi Pustak. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  6. ^ Akio Tanabe (29 July 2021). Caste and Equality in India: A Historical Anthropology of Diverse Society and Vernacular Democracy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-040933-8.[page needed]
  7. ^ Surajit Sinha; Centre for Studies in Social Sciences (1987). Tribal Polities and State Systems in Pre-colonial Eastern and North Eastern India. Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. ISBN 9788170740148.[page needed]
  8. ^ Biswamoy Pati (1993). Resisting Domination: Peasants, Tribals, and the National Movement in Orissa, 1920-50. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9788173040276.
  9. ^ Census of India, 1961. Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications. 1966. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  10. ^ Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India) (1916). Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Asiatic Society. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  11. ^ Anthropological Survey of India (1960). Memoir (in French). ISSN 0536-6712. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  12. ^ Rolamba. Joshi Research Institute. 1982.
  13. ^ Kumar Suresh Singh (1993). People of India: Bio-cultural Dimensions : a K.S. Singh Festschrift. Inter-India Publications. ISBN 9788121003254.
  14. ^ "casi.sas.upenn.edu" (PDF).
  15. ^ John A. Grimes (1 January 1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. SUNY Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-7914-3067-5.
  16. ^ Georg Feuerstein; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (1999). In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-81-208-1626-8.
  17. ^ Rabindra Nath Pati (2008). Family Planning. APH Publishing. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8.
  18. ^ Michelutti, Lucia (2002). "Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town" (PDF). London School of Economics and Political Science.
  19. ^ William R. Pinch (18 June 1996). Peasants and Monks in British India. University of California Press. pp. 91–. ISBN 978-0-520-91630-2.
  20. ^ Dr. Taradatt. ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS (KHORDA) (PDF). gopabandhuacademy.gov.in.
  21. ^ Orissa (India) (1972). Orissa District Gazetteers: Sambalpur. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press.
  22. ^ Prashant K. Mishra (1992). Harijans in Hindu and Tribal Social Structures. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-165-8.
  23. ^ Taradatt, Dr (1967). Mayurbhanj district Gazzetter (PDF). p. 99.
  24. ^ Russell, R.V. (1916). pt. II. Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 20. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  25. ^ Nagendra Kumar Padhi (2007). Police and the Weaker Sections. APH Publishing. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-81-313-0129-6.
  26. ^ "www.stscodisha.gov.in" (PDF).
  27. ^ Ramesh P. Mohanty (2003). Dalits Development and Change: An Empirical Study. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-81-7141-696-7.
  28. ^ "Dola Purnima (Holi)". Odisha Tourism. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  29. ^ "magazines.odisha.gov.in" (PDF).
  30. ^ The Orissa Historical Research Journal. Superintendent of Research and Museum. 2004.
  31. ^ Nanda, Kanhu (6 April 2013). "Odihsa's folk dance 'Laudi Khela' during Dola fest loses its fame and charm". Odisha Views. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  32. ^ "gopabandhuacademy.gov.in" (PDF).
  33. ^ James R. Brandon; Martin Banham (28 January 1997). The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-521-58822-5.
  34. ^ Patra, Patitapaban (1994). Archaeological remains of Dhenkanal (PDF) (Thesis). Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. p. 205. hdl:10603/118750.
  35. ^ Singh, K.S. (1996). Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles. National series. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1082. ISBN 978-0-19-563357-3. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  36. ^ India. Department of Anthropology (1958). Memoir: (India. Dept. of Anthropology). Memoir: (India. Dept. of Anthropology). Manager of Publications, Delhi. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  37. ^ Roy, S.C. (1964). Man in India. Man in India. A. K. Bose. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  38. ^ Shyam Sunder Tripathy (1988). Buddhism and Other Religious Cults of South-east India. Sundeep Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-85067-15-5.
  39. ^ "gopabandhuacademy.gov.in" (PDF).
  40. ^ Dilip Kumar Mukherjee (1970). Chaitanya. National Book Trust, India.
  41. ^ Misra, B. (1986). Indian Culture and Cult of Jagannātha. Orissa studies project. Punthi Pustak. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  42. ^ Nava Kishor Das (2012). Odisha. Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books. ISBN 978-81-7046-293-4.
  43. ^ Prabhat Mukherjee (1981). The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa. Asian Educational Services. pp. 83–. ISBN 978-81-206-0229-8.
  44. ^ The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay. Education Society's Press. 1925.
  45. ^ Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) (1998). Man in India. A. K. Bose.

July 27, 2023
gopal, caste, other, uses, gopal, gopal, gauda, indian, caste, from, odisha, state, east, india, their, traditional, occupations, include, dairy, farming, cattle, herding, cultivation, carrying, palanquins, deities, they, also, worked, paikas, soldiers, under,. For other uses see Gopal Gopal or Gauda is an Indian caste 1 2 3 from Odisha State in East India Their traditional occupations include dairy farming cattle herding cultivation and carrying palanquins of deities 4 5 They also worked as Paikas soldiers under the kings 6 7 They claim Kshatriya status and in hierarchy they occupy the rank next to Khandayats 8 9 They also owned Zamindaris in Ranapura Nayagarh and Khandapara regions of Odisha 10 11 Gopal is the name of the milkmen or herdsmen caste in Odisha which is known by other names such as Ahir Yadav Goala etc in various parts of India 12 13 Gopal Gauda ClassificationAhir Yadav ReligionsHinduismLanguagesOdiaPopulated statesOdishaSubdivisionsMathurapuria Gopapuria MagadhaaRelated groupsAhir SadgopeAccording to 1931 census of India they are second largest caste by numbers and comprise around 9 of Odisha s population 14 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origin and history 3 Subdivisions 4 Culture 4 1 Festival 4 2 Tradition 4 3 Titles 5 Social Status 6 See also 7 ReferencesEtymology EditThe word Gopal derived from vedic Gopala which Go refers to cow and Pala refers to protector or herder Hence Gopala literally means cow herder 15 16 Origin and history EditThe Gopalas Gaudas like all Yadavs claim that they are descendants from Krishna of the ancient Yadava clan after the Sanskritisation process by Arya Samaj in 1930 4 17 In the Mahasabha held in 1930 Dairy faming castes such as Ahirs Gaudas Gopalas etc were advised to Identify themselves as Son of Krishna and hence they can identify themselves as martial caste 18 Since 1930 during the Sanskritisation of castes in India The Gopalas started to be incorporated into a newly established Yadav Kshatriya community along with Ahir Gops Goalas and Sadgops 19 Subdivisions EditThe Gopalas Gaudas are three types Mathurapuria Gopapuria and Magadhaa 20 where Mathurapurias and Gopapurias are superior to Magadha classes 21 Which symbolically refer to their ancestral land of Mathura and Gokul Gopa of Uttar Pradesh and Magadha of Bihar 22 While the Magadha Gauda are possibly accretion of some aboriginal tribes 23 There are minor differences among them some area of odisha the Gopalas are also known as their other names including Mahakul Sholakhandia Sadgope and Gopal Baishnab 24 25 26 among them Culture EditFestival Edit Peoples of Gopal community carries Bimana of Radha Krishna during Dola Purnima festivalThe Dola Purnima Holi festival is the Major festival of Gopalas Gaudas 27 It starts from the tenth day of the bright fortnight of the month of Falguna Feb March known as Fagu Dasami This festival is celebrated for five days in Odisha In this festival they place the idols of Radha Krishna in a Bimana richly decorated palanquins Smearing the heads with Abira a violet coloured powder Specially people of Gopala community carrying this palanquin and take round a procession with village Priest drummers pipers and the Sankirtana Mandalis The procession halts in front of each household and the deity is offered Bhog On the final day of the purnima the celebration culminates in a swing festival for the deities 28 The Dahi handi Jatra curd pot festival The birthday of Lord Krishna on the eighth day of Krushna pakshya is popularly celebrated throughout India as Janmastami on the ninth day Lord Krishna along with his friends had broken the curd pot in the house of the king Nanda This tradition is maintained in Paralakhemundi as Dahi handi Jatra On the ninth day or Nabami the people tie a curd pot with a bamboo and place it between two poles Traditionally a Gauda boy as the representative of Lord Krishna breaks the curd pot The other boys throw the coloured water from a hand pump pichakari Then the people place the Radha Krishna on a stage called Kunja and take a procession around the town 29 30 Tradition Edit Laudi Badi Khela is a traditional dance with combination of martial art and folk dance called Laudi Nacha amp Badi Khela of the Gaudas Gopalas which is performed during Dola Purnima In this dance the young Gopala boys wearing a special clothes in associated with Krishna At first they practice Badi Khela martial art by one or two trained people of their community who held a sword in the right hand and a stick in left hand They perform this art for sometime and then played Laudi folk dance by a group of minimum 9 to 12 boys Each boys holding two stick in their hand dance with striking each other s stick in a rhythmical manner in front of the Palanquin of Radha Krishna 31 32 Gopalila is a traditional puppet theatre performed by Gopals Cowherd boys of Odisha They perform this theater on the occasion of Janmastami and Govardhan Puja The concept of this theatre is associated with god Krishna s life 33 Titles Edit The Gopalas uses surnames like Behera Das Palei Palai Pandab Yadav Hati Kabi Bhutia Mahakul Mahakhud Mohapatra Sasmal Rout Parida Barik Podh Jal Bhujabal 34 Khilar Singh Routray Samantray Pratihari 35 36 37 Chaudhuri Mandei Senapati Dalua Apata Nayak 38 Bagarti Pradhan Khuntia Bag Bagh Hansha Dalchhatra Kharsel Karuan Nag and Shandh Banchhor among others 39 Social Status EditGopalas are followers of Vaishnavism 40 Among them Gopapurias and Sadgops are the relics of Bala Gopala cult 41 They are one of a caste of Panikhia Jati group of Odisha 42 They assist Brahmins on ritual occasion and also serve as priests in some temples 43 44 45 They are included in the SEBC list of the state See also EditAhir Gopa caste List of Yadavs Maniyani caste Raut caste YadavReferences Edit Dipti Ray 2007 Prataparudradeva the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa A D 1497 to A D 1540 Northern Book Centre pp 90 ISBN 9788172111953 Orissa India 1966 Orissa District Gazetteers Cuttack Superintendent Orissa Government Press p 168 Nishamani Kar 2002 Animal Husbandry and Rural Development Restructuring and Planned Development of the Bovine Economy Deep and Deep Publications pp 206 ISBN 9788176293587 a b Rabindra Nath Pati Jagannatha Dash 2002 Tribal and Indigenous People of India Problems and Prospects APH Publishing pp 196 ISBN 978 81 7648 322 3 Mahapatra M 1981 Traditional Structure and Change in an Orissan Temple Indische Studien Punthi Pustak Retrieved 27 November 2022 Akio Tanabe 29 July 2021 Caste and Equality in India A Historical Anthropology of Diverse Society and Vernacular Democracy Routledge ISBN 978 1 00 040933 8 page needed Surajit Sinha Centre for Studies in Social Sciences 1987 Tribal Polities and State Systems in Pre colonial Eastern and North Eastern India Centre for Studies in Social Sciences Calcutta ISBN 9788170740148 page needed Biswamoy Pati 1993 Resisting Domination Peasants Tribals and the National Movement in Orissa 1920 50 Manohar Publishers amp Distributors ISBN 9788173040276 Census of India 1961 Census of India 1961 Manager of Publications 1966 Retrieved 3 December 2022 Asiatic Society Kolkata India 1916 Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Asiatic Society Retrieved 27 November 2022 Anthropological Survey of India 1960 Memoir in French ISSN 0536 6712 Retrieved 27 November 2022 Rolamba Joshi Research Institute 1982 Kumar Suresh Singh 1993 People of India Bio cultural Dimensions a K S Singh Festschrift Inter India Publications ISBN 9788121003254 casi sas upenn edu PDF John A Grimes 1 January 1996 A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy Sanskrit Terms Defined in English SUNY Press pp 129 ISBN 978 0 7914 3067 5 Georg Feuerstein Subhash Kak David Frawley 1999 In Search of the Cradle of Civilization New Light on Ancient India Motilal Banarsidass Publ pp 149 ISBN 978 81 208 1626 8 Rabindra Nath Pati 2008 Family Planning APH Publishing pp 115 ISBN 978 81 313 0352 8 Michelutti Lucia 2002 Sons of Krishna the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town PDF London School of Economics and Political Science William R Pinch 18 June 1996 Peasants and Monks in British India University of California Press pp 91 ISBN 978 0 520 91630 2 Dr Taradatt ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS KHORDA PDF gopabandhuacademy gov in Orissa India 1972 Orissa District Gazetteers Sambalpur Superintendent Orissa Government Press Prashant K Mishra 1992 Harijans in Hindu and Tribal Social Structures Discovery Publishing House ISBN 978 81 7141 165 8 Taradatt Dr 1967 Mayurbhanj district Gazzetter PDF p 99 Russell R V 1916 pt II Descriptive articles on the principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Macmillan and Company limited p 20 Retrieved 17 June 2023 Nagendra Kumar Padhi 2007 Police and the Weaker Sections APH Publishing pp 55 ISBN 978 81 313 0129 6 www stscodisha gov in PDF Ramesh P Mohanty 2003 Dalits Development and Change An Empirical Study Discovery Publishing House pp 38 ISBN 978 81 7141 696 7 Dola Purnima Holi Odisha Tourism 1 January 2010 Retrieved 16 October 2020 magazines odisha gov in PDF The Orissa Historical Research Journal Superintendent of Research and Museum 2004 Nanda Kanhu 6 April 2013 Odihsa s folk dance Laudi Khela during Dola fest loses its fame and charm Odisha Views Retrieved 11 August 2020 gopabandhuacademy gov in PDF James R Brandon Martin Banham 28 January 1997 The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre Cambridge University Press pp 101 ISBN 978 0 521 58822 5 Patra Patitapaban 1994 Archaeological remains of Dhenkanal PDF Thesis Utkal University Bhubaneswar p 205 hdl 10603 118750 Singh K S 1996 Communities Segments Synonyms Surnames and Titles National series Anthropological Survey of India p 1082 ISBN 978 0 19 563357 3 Retrieved 3 July 2023 India Department of Anthropology 1958 Memoir India Dept of Anthropology Memoir India Dept of Anthropology Manager of Publications Delhi Retrieved 30 June 2023 Roy S C 1964 Man in India Man in India A K Bose Retrieved 3 July 2023 Shyam Sunder Tripathy 1988 Buddhism and Other Religious Cults of South east India Sundeep Prakashan ISBN 978 81 85067 15 5 gopabandhuacademy gov in PDF Dilip Kumar Mukherjee 1970 Chaitanya National Book Trust India Misra B 1986 Indian Culture and Cult of Jagannatha Orissa studies project Punthi Pustak Retrieved 3 December 2022 Nava Kishor Das 2012 Odisha Anthropological Survey of India by Seagull Books ISBN 978 81 7046 293 4 Prabhat Mukherjee 1981 The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa Asian Educational Services pp 83 ISBN 978 81 206 0229 8 The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay Education Society s Press 1925 Sarat Chandra Roy Rai Bahadur 1998 Man in India A K Bose Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gopal caste amp oldid 1164555053, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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