The family Oriolidae comprises the piopios, figbirds, pitohuis and the Old World orioles.[1] The piopios were added 2011, having been formerly placed in the family Turnagridae.[2][3] Several other genera have been proposed to split up the genus Oriolus. For example, the African black-headed species are sometimes placed in a separate genus, Baruffius. The family Oriolidae is not related to the New World orioles, despite their similar size, diet, behaviour and contrasting plumage patterns. Rather, these similarities are an example of convergent evolution.
Extant genera
There are three extant genera in the family Oriolidae:[4]
The orioles and figbirds are medium-sized passerines, around 20–30 cm in length, with the females only slightly smaller than the males.[5] The beak is slightly curved and hooked, and, except in the figbirds, as long again as the head. The plumage of most species is bright and showy, although the females often have duller plumage than the males do. The plumage of many Australasian orioles mimics that of friarbirds (a genus of large honeyeaters), probably to reduce aggression against the smaller orioles.[6]
Distribution and habitat
The family is distributed across Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The few temperate nesting species are migratory, and some tropical species also show seasonal movements.
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
Orioles are monogamous, breeding in territorial pairs (although the Australasian figbird, and possibly also the other figbirds, breed in loose colonies).[5] Nesting sites may be chosen near aggressive species such as drongos, shrikes or friarbirds, which confer a degree of protection. The nest is a deep woven cup suspended like a hammock from a branch. They usually lay two or three eggs, but as many as six have been recorded.
Food and feeding
Orioles are arboreal and tend to feed in the canopy.[5] Many species are able to survive in open forests and woodlands, although a few are restricted to closed forest. They are opportunistic omnivores, with the main components of their diet being fruit, berries, arthropods, and nectar.
References
^"Orioles, drongos & fantails « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
^Johansson, Ulf; Eric Pasquet; Martin Irestedt (2011). "The New Zealand Thrush: An Extinct Oriole". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24317. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624317J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024317. PMC3170299. PMID 21931679.
^Zuccon, D. & Ericson, P. G. (2012). "Molecular and morphological evidences place the extinct New Zealand endemic Turnagra capensis in the Oriolidae". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (1): 414–26. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.013. PMID 22056604.
^ abGill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Orioles, drongos & fantails". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ abcWalther, B; Jones, P (2008). "Family Oriolidae (Orioles and Figbirds)]". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 692–713. ISBN978-84-96553-45-3.
^Diamond J (1982). "Mimicry of friarbirds by orioles" (PDF). The Auk. 99 (2): 187–196.
Further reading
Jønsson, K.A.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Moyle, R.G.; Irestedt, M.; Christidis, L.; Norman, J.A.; Fjeldså, J. (2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes)". Ecography. 33 (2): 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x.
Jønsson, K.A.; Blom, M.P.K.; Marki, P.Z.; Joseph, L.; Sangster, G.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Irestedt, M. (2019). "Complete subspecies-level phylogeny of the Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes): Out of Australasia and return". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 137: 200–209. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.015. PMID 30914395.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oriolidae.
Internet Bird Collection.com: Oriole videos
Orioles on a feeder
May 03, 2023
world, oriole, this, article, about, world, bird, family, american, orioles, world, oriole, oriolidae, world, family, passerine, birds, oriolidaeblack, naped, oriole, oriolus, chinensis, scientific, classificationkingdom, animaliaphylum, chordataclass, avesord. This article is about the Old World bird family For American orioles see New World oriole The Old World orioles Oriolidae are an Old World family of passerine birds OriolidaeBlack naped oriole Oriolus chinensis Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesSuperfamily OrioloideaFamily OriolidaeVigors 1825GeneraSee text Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 1 1 Extant genera 1 2 Extinct genera 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 4 1 Breeding 4 2 Food and feeding 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksTaxonomy and systematics EditThe family Oriolidae comprises the piopios figbirds pitohuis and the Old World orioles 1 The piopios were added 2011 having been formerly placed in the family Turnagridae 2 3 Several other genera have been proposed to split up the genus Oriolus For example the African black headed species are sometimes placed in a separate genus Baruffius The family Oriolidae is not related to the New World orioles despite their similar size diet behaviour and contrasting plumage patterns Rather these similarities are an example of convergent evolution Extant genera Edit There are three extant genera in the family Oriolidae 4 Image Genus Species Sphecotheres Vieillot 1816 figbirds Green figbird Sphecotheres viridis Wetar figbird Sphecotheres hypoleucus Australasian figbird Sphecotheres vieilloti Pitohui Lesson 1831 pitohuis Northern variable pitohui Pitohui kirhocephalus Raja Ampat pitohui Pitohui cerviniventris Southern variable pitohui Pitohui uropygialis Hooded pitohui Pitohui dichrous Oriolus Linnaeus 1766 orioles Brown oriole Oriolus szalayi Dusky brown oriole Oriolus phaeochromus Grey collared oriole Oriolus forsteni Black eared oriole Oriolus bouroensis Tanimbar oriole Oriolus decipiens Olive brown oriole Oriolus melanotis Timor oriole Oriolus melanotis Wetar oriole Oriolus finschi Olive backed oriole Oriolus sagittatus Green oriole Oriolus flavocinctus Dark throated oriole Oriolus xanthonotus Philippine oriole Oriolus steerii White lored oriole Oriolus albiloris Isabela oriole Oriolus isabellae Eurasian golden oriole Oriolus oriolus Indian golden oriole Oriolus kundoo African golden oriole Oriolus auratus Slender billed oriole Oriolus tenuirostris Black naped oriole Oriolus chinensis Green headed oriole Oriolus chlorocephalus Sao Tome oriole Oriolus crassirostris Western oriole Oriolus brachyrynchus Ethiopian oriole Oriolus monacha Mountain oriole Oriolus percivali Black headed oriole Oriolus larvatus Black winged oriole Oriolus nigripennis Black hooded oriole Oriolus xanthornus Black oriole Oriolus hosii Black and crimson oriole Oriolus cruentus Maroon oriole Oriolus traillii Silver oriole Oriolus mellianus Extinct genera Edit There are at least two extinct genera in the family Oriolidae Genus Turnagra piopios 2 extinct species 4 Genus Longmornis Longmornis robustirostrataDescription EditThe orioles and figbirds are medium sized passerines around 20 30 cm in length with the females only slightly smaller than the males 5 The beak is slightly curved and hooked and except in the figbirds as long again as the head The plumage of most species is bright and showy although the females often have duller plumage than the males do The plumage of many Australasian orioles mimics that of friarbirds a genus of large honeyeaters probably to reduce aggression against the smaller orioles 6 Distribution and habitat EditThe family is distributed across Africa Europe Asia and Australia The few temperate nesting species are migratory and some tropical species also show seasonal movements Behaviour and ecology EditBreeding Edit Orioles are monogamous breeding in territorial pairs although the Australasian figbird and possibly also the other figbirds breed in loose colonies 5 Nesting sites may be chosen near aggressive species such as drongos shrikes or friarbirds which confer a degree of protection The nest is a deep woven cup suspended like a hammock from a branch They usually lay two or three eggs but as many as six have been recorded Food and feeding Edit Orioles are arboreal and tend to feed in the canopy 5 Many species are able to survive in open forests and woodlands although a few are restricted to closed forest They are opportunistic omnivores with the main components of their diet being fruit berries arthropods and nectar References Edit Orioles drongos amp fantails IOC World Bird List www worldbirdnames org Retrieved 2017 02 18 Johansson Ulf Eric Pasquet Martin Irestedt 2011 The New Zealand Thrush An Extinct Oriole PLOS ONE 6 9 e24317 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 624317J doi 10 1371 journal pone 0024317 PMC 3170299 PMID 21931679 Zuccon D amp Ericson P G 2012 Molecular and morphological evidences place the extinct New Zealand endemic Turnagra capensis in the Oriolidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 1 414 26 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2011 10 013 PMID 22056604 a b Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2017 Orioles drongos amp fantails World Bird List Version 7 3 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 20 November 2017 a b c Walther B Jones P 2008 Family Oriolidae Orioles and Figbirds In Josep del Hoyo Andrew Elliott David Christie eds Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 13 Penduline tits to Shrikes Barcelona Lynx Edicions pp 692 713 ISBN 978 84 96553 45 3 Diamond J 1982 Mimicry of friarbirds by orioles PDF The Auk 99 2 187 196 Further reading EditJonsson K A Bowie R C K Moyle R G Irestedt M Christidis L Norman J A Fjeldsa J 2010 Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae Aves Passeriformes Ecography 33 2 232 241 doi 10 1111 j 1600 0587 2010 06167 x Jonsson K A Blom M P K Marki P Z Joseph L Sangster G Ericson P G P Irestedt M 2019 Complete subspecies level phylogeny of the Oriolidae Aves Passeriformes Out of Australasia and return Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 137 200 209 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2019 03 015 PMID 30914395 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oriolidae Internet Bird Collection com Oriole videos Orioles on a feeder Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Old World oriole amp oldid 1086738668, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
