fbpx
Wikipedia

Gee's golden langur

October 29, 2023

Gee's golden langur (Trachypithecus geei), also known as simply the golden langur, is an Old World monkey found in a small region of Western Assam, India and in the neighboring foothills of the Black Mountains of Bhutan. Long considered sacred by many Himalayan people, the golden langur was first brought to the attention of the Western world by the naturalist Edward Pritchard Gee in the 1950s. Adult males have a cream to golden coat with darker flanks while the females and juveniles are lighter. It has a black face and a long tail up to 50 cm (19.69 in) in length. It lives in high trees and has a herbivorous diet of fruits, leaves, seeds, buds and flowers. The average group size is eight individuals, with a ratio of several females to each adult male. It is one of the most endangered primate species of India and Bhutan.

Gee's golden langur[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Trachypithecus
Species:
T. geei
Binomial name
Trachypithecus geei
(Khajuria, 1956)
Subspecies[1]
  • Trachypithecus geei geei Khajuria, 1956
  • Trachypithecus geei bhutanensis Wangchuk, 2003
Gee's golden langur geographic range

Discovery and etymology edit

The earliest record of the golden langur is in an 1838 paper by Robert Boileau Pemberton which states that "Griffith observed these monkeys near Tongso in Central Bhutan."[4][5] However, since Pemberton's work was lost and not rediscovered until the 1970s, the scientific discovery of the golden langur unfolded differently. In 1907, Edward Oswald Shebbeare—who was out with some hunters and forest rangers—reported seeing a "cream coloured langur" in the vicinity of the Jamduar.[6][nb 1] However, neither a photograph nor a live or dead specimen was presented at that time. The first reference to the golden langur in print, as an animal of unidentified taxonomic status, was in a 1919 publication that stated: "Pithecus sp? – A pale yellow coloured langur is common in the adjoining district of Goalpara (Assam). Jerdon reported one from Terai, the adjacent district on the (west) side, which Blanford suggested might be P. entellus."[7][8]

In February 1947, in the Forest Rest House visitors' book in Raimona, a few miles south of Jamduar, C. G. Baron reported seeing some langurs whose "whole body and tail is one colour – a light silvery-gold, somewhat like the hair of a blonde." A year later, back in Jamduar, H. E. Tyndale, a tea planter, reported seeing "Sankosh cream langurs."[8] However, it wasn't until a few years later that a focused effort to identify the golden langur was mounted by Gee, who traveled back to Jamduar in November 1953. His team were able to observe three groups of golden langurs, all on the east bank of the Sankosh river. The first group was observed on the Bhutan side of the border; the second group, a large one of 30 to 40 individuals, a mile north of Jamduar on the Indian side; and a third group four to five miles (6.44 km to 8.05 km) south near Raimona. Colour movies of the second group were made by Gee.[8]

In August 1954, Gee reported his findings to an expert at the Zoological Society of London, who advised that the golden langur might be a new species. In January 1955, Gee also reported his results to the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and, after showing his movies of the golden langurs, suggested that Jamduar be included in the then-upcoming ZSI-survey of that region.[9] The suggestion received the support of Dr. Sunder Lal Hora, then Director of ZSI, and later that year six specimens of the golden langur were collected by the survey party.[8] The following year, Dr. H. Khajuria, a taxonomist who studied the specimens, described the new species naming it Presbystis geei in honour of Gee.[10][nb 2]

Taxonomy edit

There are two subspecies of this species:[1]

  • Trachypithecus geei geei Khajuria, 1956
  • Trachypithecus geei bhutanensis Wangchuk, 2003[11]

The subspecies are separated by a geological fault in the Himalayas called the Main Frontal Thrust. T. g. bhutanensis occurs in the northern part of the species range in Bhutan and T. g. geei is found in the south of Bhutan and in Assam in northern India.

In Bhutan, it has hybridised with T. pileatus, the capped langur.[12][13] This is believed to be due to the construction of permanent bridges across the Chamkar river, a tributary of the Mangde river which separates the two species.[14]

Physical description edit

 
Closeup of face

The coat of the adult golden langur ranges from cream to golden, on its flanks and chest the hairs are darker and often rust coloured while the coats of the juveniles and females are lighter, silvery white to light buff.[15] The coat changes color seasonally, from white or cream coloured in the summer to dark golden or chestnut in the winter. Their long whiskers protect their eyes from rain during monsoon.[citation needed] The golden langur has a black face and large whorl of hair on its crown.[10]

Gee's golden langur exhibits sexual dimorphism. Males are larger and more robust than females. Adult males weigh 10.8 kilograms (24 lb) on average and adult females weigh 9.5 kilograms (21 lb).[16] The length of the head and body ranges from 50–75 centimetres (20–30 in),[17] while the relatively long tail is 70–100 centimetres (28–39 in) in length.[11][17]

Distribution edit

Gee's golden langur is found in an area of approximately 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi), much of which is unsuitable habitat,[18] bounded on the south by the Brahmaputra River, on the east by the Manas River, on the west by the Sankosh River, in Assam, India, and on the north by the Black Mountains of Bhutan.[19] These biogeographical barriers are believed to have led to the radiation of species from the closely related capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus).[20] In 1988, two captive groups of Gee's golden langur were released into the wild in Tripura state in north-eastern India, an area outside of their natural range.[21] One of the groups, released into Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary, survives and has adapted to the wild.[22]

Behavior and ecology edit

For the most part, the langur is confined to high trees where its long tail serves as a balancer when it leaps across branches. During the rainy season it obtains water from dew and rain drenched leaves. Its diet is herbivorous, consisting of ripe and unripe fruits, mature and young leaves, seeds, buds and flowers. It generally lives in troops of about 8, with a ratio of several females to each adult male. The smallest golden langur troop was composed of four individuals, while the largest had 22, giving an average value of 8.2 individuals per troop. The adult gender ratio was 2.3 females to every male, although the majority of groups had only one adult male.[23]

Conservation edit

Gee's golden langur is currently endangered with a decreasing population trend; the total population of mature adults has been estimated as 6000–6500.[24] It is one of the most endangered primate species of India and Bhutan.[25] In India 93% of the population is found in forest reserves (Chirang, Manas and Ripu) and the western part of Manas National Park, and the remaining occur in several small isolated fragments.[13] The population has declined by more than 30% in the last 30 years, and is expected to decline further in the near future. Golden langurs are protected by law in their range. The species is listed in Appendix I of CITES,[26] and in Schedule I of both, the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 of India,[27] and the Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan, 1995.[28]

Within India edit

On 5 June 2019, the district authorities of Bongaigaon district in Assam launched a project under the MGNREGA to plant guava, mango, blackberry and other fruit trees to ensure that the resident golden langurs of the Kakoijana reserved forest do not have to risk their lives to find food. Several golden langurs have died due to electrocution and in road accidents while looking for food beyond the reserve forests.[29] In 1988, two captive groups of golden langurs were released into two protected areas of the western region of the state of Tripura, India. As of 2000, one of these groups, consisting of six (and possibly eight) individuals in the Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary, had survived.[21] The relative death of infants and juveniles indicate a declining population with the habitat being degraded by human activity. A fragmented but protected population in a rubber plantation in the Nayakgaon, Kokrajhar, district of Assam increased in population from 38 individuals in 1997 to 52 in 2002. The population has also adapted to feeding on dry rubber seeds.[30]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Jamduar was a village in the early 1900s, which is now a part of the town of Kokrajhar
  2. ^ The new name, Presbystis geei, came to be inadvertently included in Gee's 1955 short note which was published two months before Khajuria's 1956 paper proposing the name.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 176. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Das, J.; Medhi, R. & Molur, S. (2008). "Trachypithecus geei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T22037A9348940. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T22037A9348940.en.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  4. ^ Pemberton 1838.
  5. ^ Khajuria 1978.
  6. ^ a b Gee 1961.
  7. ^ Inglis et al. 1919.
  8. ^ a b c d Gee 1961, pp. 1–4.
  9. ^ Gee 1955.
  10. ^ a b Khajuria 1956.
  11. ^ a b Wangchuk, Inouye & Hare 2003.
  12. ^ Choudhury 2008.
  13. ^ a b Ram et al. 2016.
  14. ^ Wangchuk 2005, p. 4.
  15. ^ Prater 1971, p. 42.
  16. ^ Fleagle 1999.
  17. ^ a b Gurung & Singh 1996.
  18. ^ Srivastava et al. 2001.
  19. ^ Srivastava et al. 2001, p. 15.
  20. ^ Wangchuk, Inouye & Hare 2008.
  21. ^ a b Gupta & Chivers 2000.
  22. ^ Gupta & Mukherjee 1994.
  23. ^ Srivastava et al. 2001, p. 18.
  24. ^ "Gee's golden langur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  25. ^ Srivastava et al. 2001, pp. 15–23.
  26. ^ "CITES Appendices I, II and III". from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  27. ^ Government of India (Ministry of Law). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  28. ^ Government of Bhutan (1995). "Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan 1995". www.asianlii.org. from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  29. ^ Rahul Karmakar (9 June 2019). "Golden langur to get fruits of MGNREGA". The Hindu.
  30. ^ Medhi et al. 2004.

Literature cited edit

  • Choudhury, A. U. (1988a). "Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates". Oryx. 22 (2): 89–94. doi:10.1017/S0030605300027551.
  • Choudhury, A. U. (1988b). "Conservation in Manas Tiger Reserve". Tigerpaper. 15 (2): 23–27.
  • Choudhury, A. U. (1990). "Primates in Bhutan". Oryx. 24 (3): 125. doi:10.1017/S0030605300033834.
  • Choudhury, A. U. (2002). "S.O.S. Golden langur". The Rhino Found. NE India Newsletter. 4: 24–25.
  • Choudhury, A. U. (2008). "Primates of Bhutan and observations of hybrid langurs". Primate Conservation. 23: 65–73. doi:10.1896/052.023.0107.
  • Fleagle, J. G. (1999). Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-080-49213-1. OCLC 40543995.
  • Gee, E. P. (1955). "A new species of langur in Assam". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 53 (2): 252–254.
  • Gee, E. P. (1961). "The distribution and feeding habit of the golden langur, Presbytis geei Gee (Khajuria, 1956)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 58 (1): 1–12.
  • Gupta, A.; Chivers, D. J. (2000). "Feeding ecology and conservation of golden langur Trachypithecus geei Khajuria in Tripura, Northeast India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 97 (3): 349–362.
  • Gupta, A. K.; Mukherjee, S. K. (1994). "A note on the release of golden langur (Presbytis geei, Khajuria) into the wild in Tripura, India". Indian Forester. 120 (10): 915–919.
  • Gurung, K. K.; Singh, R., eds. (1996). Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0123093509.
  • Inglis, C. M.; Travers, W. L.; O'Donel, H. V.; Shebbeare, E. O. (1919). "A tentative list of the vertebrates of the Jalpaiguri District, Bengal". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 26 (4): 819–825.
  • Israel, S.; Sinclair, T., eds. (2001). Indian Wildlife. Discovery Channel and APA Publications. ISBN 978-981-234-555-4.
  • Khajuria, H. (1956). "A new langur (Primates: Colobidae) from Goalpara District, Assam". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (98): 86–88. doi:10.1080/00222935608655728.
  • Khajuria, H. (1978). "The golden langur, Presbytis geei Khajuria: Its discovery, authorship, taxonomic status, and bibliography". Primates. 19: 237–324. doi:10.1007/BF02373243. S2CID 24146936.
  • Medhi, R.; Chetry, D.; Bhattacharjee, P. C.; Patiri, B. N. (2004). "Status of Trachypithecus geei in a rubber plantation in Western Assam, India". International Journal of Primatology. 25 (6): 1331. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000043965.38722.63. S2CID 25843853.
  • Mukherjee, R. P.; Saha, S. S. (1974). "The golden langurs (Presbytis geei Khajuria, 1956) of Assam". Primates. 15 (4): 327. doi:10.1007/BF01791670. S2CID 42076853.
  • Pemberton, R. B. (1838). Report on Bootan Indian Studies Past and Present. Calcutta: G. G. Huttman, Bengal Military Orphan Press.
  • Prater, S. H. (1971). The book of Indian Animals. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-19-562169-3.
  • Ram, M. S.; Kittur, S.; Biswas, J.; Nag, S.; Shil, J.; Umapath, G. (2016). "Genetic diversity and structure among isolated populations of the endangered Gee's golden langur in Assam, India". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): e0161866. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161866R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161866. PMC 5001631. PMID 27564405.
  • Srivastava, A.; Biswas, J.; Das, J.; Bujarbarua, P. (2001). "Status and distribution of golden langurs (Trachypithecus geei) in Assam, India". American Journal of Primatology. 55 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1002/ajp.1035. PMID 11536313. S2CID 21377476.
  • Srivastava, Arun (2006). (PDF). Primate Conservation. 2006 (21): 163–170. doi:10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.163. S2CID 55191171. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012.
  • Wangchuk, T.; Inouye, D. W.; Hare, M. P. (2003). "A new subspecies of golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) from Bhutan". Folia Primatologica. 74 (2): 104–108. doi:10.1159/000070007. PMID 12778923. S2CID 46809693.
  • Wangchuk, T. (2005). The evolution, phylogeography, and conservation of the golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) in Bhutan (PDF) (Ph.D.). College Park, MD: Digital Repository of the University of Maryland. p. 325.
  • Wangchuk, T.; Inouye, D. W.; Hare, M. P. (2008). "The emergence of an endangered species: evolution and phylogeny of the Trachypithecus geei of Bhutan". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (3): 565–582. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9258-5. S2CID 11717614.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trachypithecus geei.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Gee's golden langur.
  • ARKive -
  • The Primata: Golden langur (Trachypithecus geei)

October 29, 2023
golden, langur, trachypithecus, geei, also, known, simply, golden, langur, world, monkey, found, small, region, western, assam, india, neighboring, foothills, black, mountains, bhutan, long, considered, sacred, many, himalayan, people, golden, langur, first, b. Gee s golden langur Trachypithecus geei also known as simply the golden langur is an Old World monkey found in a small region of Western Assam India and in the neighboring foothills of the Black Mountains of Bhutan Long considered sacred by many Himalayan people the golden langur was first brought to the attention of the Western world by the naturalist Edward Pritchard Gee in the 1950s Adult males have a cream to golden coat with darker flanks while the females and juveniles are lighter It has a black face and a long tail up to 50 cm 19 69 in in length It lives in high trees and has a herbivorous diet of fruits leaves seeds buds and flowers The average group size is eight individuals with a ratio of several females to each adult male It is one of the most endangered primate species of India and Bhutan Gee s golden langur 1 Conservation statusEndangered IUCN 3 1 2 CITES Appendix I CITES 3 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesSuborder HaplorhiniInfraorder SimiiformesFamily CercopithecidaeGenus TrachypithecusSpecies T geeiBinomial nameTrachypithecus geei Khajuria 1956 Subspecies 1 Trachypithecus geei geei Khajuria 1956 Trachypithecus geei bhutanensis Wangchuk 2003Gee s golden langur geographic range Contents 1 Discovery and etymology 1 1 Taxonomy 2 Physical description 3 Distribution 4 Behavior and ecology 5 Conservation 5 1 Within India 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Literature cited 8 External linksDiscovery and etymology editThe earliest record of the golden langur is in an 1838 paper by Robert Boileau Pemberton which states that Griffith observed these monkeys near Tongso in Central Bhutan 4 5 However since Pemberton s work was lost and not rediscovered until the 1970s the scientific discovery of the golden langur unfolded differently In 1907 Edward Oswald Shebbeare who was out with some hunters and forest rangers reported seeing a cream coloured langur in the vicinity of the Jamduar 6 nb 1 However neither a photograph nor a live or dead specimen was presented at that time The first reference to the golden langur in print as an animal of unidentified taxonomic status was in a 1919 publication that stated Pithecus sp A pale yellow coloured langur is common in the adjoining district of Goalpara Assam Jerdon reported one from Terai the adjacent district on the west side which Blanford suggested might be P entellus 7 8 In February 1947 in the Forest Rest House visitors book in Raimona a few miles south of Jamduar C G Baron reported seeing some langurs whose whole body and tail is one colour a light silvery gold somewhat like the hair of a blonde A year later back in Jamduar H E Tyndale a tea planter reported seeing Sankosh cream langurs 8 However it wasn t until a few years later that a focused effort to identify the golden langur was mounted by Gee who traveled back to Jamduar in November 1953 His team were able to observe three groups of golden langurs all on the east bank of the Sankosh river The first group was observed on the Bhutan side of the border the second group a large one of 30 to 40 individuals a mile north of Jamduar on the Indian side and a third group four to five miles 6 44 km to 8 05 km south near Raimona Colour movies of the second group were made by Gee 8 In August 1954 Gee reported his findings to an expert at the Zoological Society of London who advised that the golden langur might be a new species In January 1955 Gee also reported his results to the Zoological Survey of India ZSI and after showing his movies of the golden langurs suggested that Jamduar be included in the then upcoming ZSI survey of that region 9 The suggestion received the support of Dr Sunder Lal Hora then Director of ZSI and later that year six specimens of the golden langur were collected by the survey party 8 The following year Dr H Khajuria a taxonomist who studied the specimens described the new species naming it Presbystis geei in honour of Gee 10 nb 2 Taxonomy edit There are two subspecies of this species 1 Trachypithecus geei geei Khajuria 1956 Trachypithecus geei bhutanensis Wangchuk 2003 11 The subspecies are separated by a geological fault in the Himalayas called the Main Frontal Thrust T g bhutanensis occurs in the northern part of the species range in Bhutan and T g geei is found in the south of Bhutan and in Assam in northern India In Bhutan it has hybridised with T pileatus the capped langur 12 13 This is believed to be due to the construction of permanent bridges across the Chamkar river a tributary of the Mangde river which separates the two species 14 Physical description edit nbsp Closeup of faceThe coat of the adult golden langur ranges from cream to golden on its flanks and chest the hairs are darker and often rust coloured while the coats of the juveniles and females are lighter silvery white to light buff 15 The coat changes color seasonally from white or cream coloured in the summer to dark golden or chestnut in the winter Their long whiskers protect their eyes from rain during monsoon citation needed The golden langur has a black face and large whorl of hair on its crown 10 Gee s golden langur exhibits sexual dimorphism Males are larger and more robust than females Adult males weigh 10 8 kilograms 24 lb on average and adult females weigh 9 5 kilograms 21 lb 16 The length of the head and body ranges from 50 75 centimetres 20 30 in 17 while the relatively long tail is 70 100 centimetres 28 39 in in length 11 17 Distribution editGee s golden langur is found in an area of approximately 30 000 square kilometres 12 000 sq mi much of which is unsuitable habitat 18 bounded on the south by the Brahmaputra River on the east by the Manas River on the west by the Sankosh River in Assam India and on the north by the Black Mountains of Bhutan 19 These biogeographical barriers are believed to have led to the radiation of species from the closely related capped langur Trachypithecus pileatus 20 In 1988 two captive groups of Gee s golden langur were released into the wild in Tripura state in north eastern India an area outside of their natural range 21 One of the groups released into Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary survives and has adapted to the wild 22 Behavior and ecology editFor the most part the langur is confined to high trees where its long tail serves as a balancer when it leaps across branches During the rainy season it obtains water from dew and rain drenched leaves Its diet is herbivorous consisting of ripe and unripe fruits mature and young leaves seeds buds and flowers It generally lives in troops of about 8 with a ratio of several females to each adult male The smallest golden langur troop was composed of four individuals while the largest had 22 giving an average value of 8 2 individuals per troop The adult gender ratio was 2 3 females to every male although the majority of groups had only one adult male 23 Conservation editGee s golden langur is currently endangered with a decreasing population trend the total population of mature adults has been estimated as 6000 6500 24 It is one of the most endangered primate species of India and Bhutan 25 In India 93 of the population is found in forest reserves Chirang Manas and Ripu and the western part of Manas National Park and the remaining occur in several small isolated fragments 13 The population has declined by more than 30 in the last 30 years and is expected to decline further in the near future Golden langurs are protected by law in their range The species is listed in Appendix I of CITES 26 and in Schedule I of both the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 of India 27 and the Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan 1995 28 Within India edit On 5 June 2019 the district authorities of Bongaigaon district in Assam launched a project under the MGNREGA to plant guava mango blackberry and other fruit trees to ensure that the resident golden langurs of the Kakoijana reserved forest do not have to risk their lives to find food Several golden langurs have died due to electrocution and in road accidents while looking for food beyond the reserve forests 29 In 1988 two captive groups of golden langurs were released into two protected areas of the western region of the state of Tripura India As of 2000 one of these groups consisting of six and possibly eight individuals in the Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary had survived 21 The relative death of infants and juveniles indicate a declining population with the habitat being degraded by human activity A fragmented but protected population in a rubber plantation in the Nayakgaon Kokrajhar district of Assam increased in population from 38 individuals in 1997 to 52 in 2002 The population has also adapted to feeding on dry rubber seeds 30 Notes edit Jamduar was a village in the early 1900s which is now a part of the town of Kokrajhar The new name Presbystis geei came to be inadvertently included in Gee s 1955 short note which was published two months before Khajuria s 1956 paper proposing the name 6 References edit a b c Groves C P 2005 Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press p 176 ISBN 0 801 88221 4 OCLC 62265494 Das J Medhi R amp Molur S 2008 Trachypithecus geei IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008 e T22037A9348940 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2008 RLTS T22037A9348940 en Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 14 January 2022 Pemberton 1838 Khajuria 1978 a b Gee 1961 Inglis et al 1919 a b c d Gee 1961 pp 1 4 Gee 1955 a b Khajuria 1956 a b Wangchuk Inouye amp Hare 2003 Choudhury 2008 a b Ram et al 2016 Wangchuk 2005 p 4 Prater 1971 p 42 Fleagle 1999 a b Gurung amp Singh 1996 Srivastava et al 2001 Srivastava et al 2001 p 15 Wangchuk Inouye amp Hare 2008 a b Gupta amp Chivers 2000 Gupta amp Mukherjee 1994 Srivastava et al 2001 p 18 Gee s golden langur IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Srivastava et al 2001 pp 15 23 CITES Appendices I II and III Archived from the original on 19 January 2021 Retrieved 4 February 2021 Government of India Ministry of Law Wildlife Protection Act 1972 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 8 March 2018 Retrieved 8 March 2018 Government of Bhutan 1995 Forest and Nature Conservation Act of Bhutan 1995 www asianlii org Archived from the original on 5 September 2019 Retrieved 4 February 2021 Rahul Karmakar 9 June 2019 Golden langur to get fruits of MGNREGA The Hindu Medhi et al 2004 Literature cited edit Choudhury A U 1988a Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates Oryx 22 2 89 94 doi 10 1017 S0030605300027551 Choudhury A U 1988b Conservation in Manas Tiger Reserve Tigerpaper 15 2 23 27 Choudhury A U 1990 Primates in Bhutan Oryx 24 3 125 doi 10 1017 S0030605300033834 Choudhury A U 2002 S O S Golden langur The Rhino Found NE India Newsletter 4 24 25 Choudhury A U 2008 Primates of Bhutan and observations of hybrid langurs Primate Conservation 23 65 73 doi 10 1896 052 023 0107 Fleagle J G 1999 Primate Adaptation and Evolution Academic Press ISBN 978 0 080 49213 1 OCLC 40543995 Gee E P 1955 A new species of langur in Assam Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 53 2 252 254 Gee E P 1961 The distribution and feeding habit of the golden langur Presbytis geei Gee Khajuria 1956 Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 58 1 1 12 Gupta A Chivers D J 2000 Feeding ecology and conservation of golden langur Trachypithecus geei Khajuria in Tripura Northeast India Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 97 3 349 362 Gupta A K Mukherjee S K 1994 A note on the release of golden langur Presbytis geei Khajuria into the wild in Tripura India Indian Forester 120 10 915 919 Gurung K K Singh R eds 1996 Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent San Diego Academic Press ISBN 978 0123093509 Inglis C M Travers W L O Donel H V Shebbeare E O 1919 A tentative list of the vertebrates of the Jalpaiguri District Bengal Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 26 4 819 825 Israel S Sinclair T eds 2001 Indian Wildlife Discovery Channel and APA Publications ISBN 978 981 234 555 4 Khajuria H 1956 A new langur Primates Colobidae from Goalpara District Assam Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 98 86 88 doi 10 1080 00222935608655728 Khajuria H 1978 The golden langur Presbytis geei Khajuria Its discovery authorship taxonomic status and bibliography Primates 19 237 324 doi 10 1007 BF02373243 S2CID 24146936 Medhi R Chetry D Bhattacharjee P C Patiri B N 2004 Status of Trachypithecus geei in a rubber plantation in Western Assam India International Journal of Primatology 25 6 1331 doi 10 1023 B IJOP 0000043965 38722 63 S2CID 25843853 Mukherjee R P Saha S S 1974 The golden langurs Presbytis geei Khajuria 1956 of Assam Primates 15 4 327 doi 10 1007 BF01791670 S2CID 42076853 Pemberton R B 1838 Report on Bootan Indian Studies Past and Present Calcutta G G Huttman Bengal Military Orphan Press Prater S H 1971 The book of Indian Animals Mumbai Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press p 324 ISBN 978 0 19 562169 3 Ram M S Kittur S Biswas J Nag S Shil J Umapath G 2016 Genetic diversity and structure among isolated populations of the endangered Gee s golden langur in Assam India PLOS ONE 11 8 e0161866 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1161866R doi 10 1371 journal pone 0161866 PMC 5001631 PMID 27564405 Srivastava A Biswas J Das J Bujarbarua P 2001 Status and distribution of golden langurs Trachypithecus geei in Assam India American Journal of Primatology 55 1 15 23 doi 10 1002 ajp 1035 PMID 11536313 S2CID 21377476 Srivastava Arun 2006 Ecology and conservation of the golden langur Trachypithecus geei in Assam India PDF Primate Conservation 2006 21 163 170 doi 10 1896 0898 6207 21 1 163 S2CID 55191171 Archived from the original PDF on 6 February 2012 Wangchuk T Inouye D W Hare M P 2003 A new subspecies of golden langur Trachypithecus geei from Bhutan Folia Primatologica 74 2 104 108 doi 10 1159 000070007 PMID 12778923 S2CID 46809693 Wangchuk T 2005 The evolution phylogeography and conservation of the golden langur Trachypithecus geei in Bhutan PDF Ph D College Park MD Digital Repository of the University of Maryland p 325 Wangchuk T Inouye D W Hare M P 2008 The emergence of an endangered species evolution and phylogeny of the Trachypithecus geei of Bhutan International Journal of Primatology 29 3 565 582 doi 10 1007 s10764 008 9258 5 S2CID 11717614 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trachypithecus geei nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Gee s golden langur ARKive images and movies of the golden langur Trachypithecus geei The Primata Golden langur Trachypithecus geei Golden langur Trachypithecus geei video clips from the BBC archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gee 27s golden langur amp oldid 1171100172, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.