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Glomeromycota

February 15, 2024

Glomeromycota (often referred to as glomeromycetes, as they include only one class, Glomeromycetes) are one of eight currently recognized divisions within the kingdom Fungi,[3] with approximately 230 described species.[4] Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) with the thalli of bryophytes and the roots of vascular land plants. Not all species have been shown to form AMs, and one, Geosiphon pyriformis, is known not to do so. Instead, it forms an endocytobiotic association with Nostoc cyanobacteria.[5] The majority of evidence shows that the Glomeromycota are dependent on land plants (Nostoc in the case of Geosiphon) for carbon and energy, but there is recent circumstantial evidence that some species may be able to lead an independent existence.[6] The arbuscular mycorrhizal species are terrestrial and widely distributed in soils worldwide where they form symbioses with the roots of the majority of plant species (>80%). They can also be found in wetlands, including salt-marshes, and associated with epiphytic plants.

Glomeromycota
Gigaspora margarita in association with Lotus corniculatus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Glomeromycota
Subdivision: Glomeromycotina
C.Walker & A.Schuessler (2001)[2]
Class: Glomeromycetes
Caval.-Sm. (1998)[1]
Orders

According to multigene phylogenetic analyses, this taxon is located as a member of the phylum Mucoromycota.[7] Currently, the phylum name Glomeromycota is invalid, and the subphylum Glomeromycotina should be used to describe this taxon.[8]

Reproduction edit

The Glomeromycota have generally coenocytic (occasionally sparsely septate) mycelia and reproduce asexually through blastic development of the hyphal tip to produce spores[2] (Glomerospores) with diameters of 80–500 μm.[9] In some, complex spores form within a terminal saccule.[2] Recently it was shown that Glomus species contain 51 genes encoding all the tools necessary for meiosis.[10] Based on these and related findings, it was suggested that Glomus species may have a cryptic sexual cycle.[10][11][12]

Colonization edit

New colonization of AM fungi largely depends on the amount of inoculum present in the soil.[13] Although pre-existing hyphae and infected root fragments have been shown to successfully colonize the roots of a host, germinating spores are considered to be the key players in new host establishment. Spores are commonly dispersed by fungal and plant burrowing herbivore partners, but some air dispersal capabilities are also known.[14] Studies have shown that spore germination is specific to particular environmental conditions such as right amount of nutrients, temperature or host availability. It has also been observed that the rate of root system colonization is directly correlated to spore density in the soil.[13] In addition, new data also suggests that AM fungi host plants also secrete chemical factors which attract and enhance the growth of developing spore hyphae towards the root system.[14]

The necessary components for the colonization of Glomeromycota include, the host's fine root system, proper development of intracellular arbuscular structures, and a well-established external fungal mycelium. Colonization is accomplished by the interactions between germinating spore hyphae and the root hairs of the host or by development of appressoria between epidermal root cells. The process is regulated by specialized chemical signaling and by changes in gene expression of both the host and AM fungi. Intracellular hyphae extend up to the cortical cells of the root and penetrate the cell walls, but not the inner cellular membrane creating an internal invagination. The penetrating hyphae develop a highly branched structure called an arbuscule which have low functional periods before degradation and absorption by host's root cells. A fully developed arbuscular mycorrhizal structure facilitates the two-way movement of nutrients between the host and mutualistic fungal partner. The symbiotic association allows the host plant to respond better to environment stresses, and the non-photosynthetic fungi to obtain carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.[14]

Phylogeny edit

Initial studies of the Glomeromycota were based on the morphology of soil-borne sporocarps (spore clusters) found in or near colonized plant roots.[15] Distinguishing features such as wall morphologies, size, shape, color, hyphal attachment and reaction to staining compounds allowed a phylogeny to be constructed.[16] Superficial similarities led to the initial placement of genus Glomus in the unrelated family Endogonaceae.[17] Following broader reviews that cleared up the sporocarp confusion, the Glomeromycota were first proposed in the genera Acaulospora and Gigaspora[18] before being accorded their own order with the three families Glomaceae (now Glomeraceae), Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae.[19]

With the advent of molecular techniques this classification has undergone major revision. An analysis of small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences[20] indicated that they share a common ancestor with the Dikarya.[2] Nowadays it is accepted that Glomeromycota consists of 4 orders.[21]

Several species which produce glomoid spores (i.e. spores similar to Glomus) in fact belong to other deeply divergent lineages[22] and were placed in the orders, Paraglomerales and Archaeosporales.[2] This new classification includes the Geosiphonaceae, which presently contains one fungus (Geosiphon pyriformis) that forms endosymbiotic associations with the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme[23] and produces spores typical to this division, in the Archaeosporales.

Work in this field is incomplete, and members of Glomus may be better suited to different genera[24] or families.[9]


Molecular biology edit

The biochemical and genetic characterization of the Glomeromycota has been hindered by their biotrophic nature, which impedes laboratory culturing. This obstacle was eventually surpassed with the use of root cultures and, most recently, a method which applies sequencing of single nucleus from spores has also been developed to circumvent this challenge.[25] The first mycorrhizal gene to be sequenced was the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA).[26] This gene is highly conserved and commonly used in phylogenetic studies so was isolated from spores of each taxonomic group before amplification through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).[27] A metatranscriptomic survey of the Sevilleta Arid Lands found that 5.4% of the fungal rRNA reads mapped to Glomeromycota. This result was inconsistent with previous PCR-based studies of community structure in the region, suggesting that previous PCR-based studies may have underestimated Glomeromycota abundance due to amplification biases.[28]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of Life". Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 73 (3): 203–266. doi:10.1017/s0006323198005167. PMID 9809012. (as "Glomomycetes")
  2. ^ a b c d e Schüßler, A.; et al. (December 2001). "A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution". Mycol. Res. 105 (12): 1413–1421. doi:10.1017/S0953756201005196.
  3. ^ Hibbett, D.S.; et al. (March 2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycol. Res. 111 (5): 509–547. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.626.9582. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.
  4. ^ Schüßler, Arthur (15 August 2011). "Glomeromycota phylogeny". www.lrz-muenchen.de. Archived from the original on 2012-05-29.
  5. ^ Schüßler, Arthur (10 March 2011). "The Geosiphon pyriformis symbiosis – fungus 'eats' cyanobacterium". www.lrz-muenchen.de. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.
  6. ^ Hempel, S.; Renker, C. & Buscot, F. (2007). "Differences in the species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in spore, root and soil communities in a grassland ecosystem". Environmental Microbiology. 9 (8): 1930–1938. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01309.x. PMID 17635540.
  7. ^ Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY, O'Donnell K, Roberson RW, Taylor TN, Uehling J, Vilgalys R, White MM, Stajich JE (2016). "A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data". Mycologia. 104 (3): 758–65. doi:10.3852/16-042. PMC 6078412. PMID 27738200.
  8. ^ Spatafora, Joseph W.; Chang, Ying; Benny, Gerald L.; Lazarus, Katy; Smith, Matthew E.; Berbee, Mary L.; Bonito, Gregory; Corradi, Nicolas; Grigoriev, Igor; Gryganskyi, Andrii; James, Timothy Y.; O’Donnell, Kerry; Roberson, Robert W.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Uehling, Jessie (2016). "A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data". Mycologia. 108 (5): 1028–1046. doi:10.3852/16-042. ISSN 0027-5514. PMC 6078412. PMID 27738200.
  9. ^ a b Simon, L.; Bousquet, J.; Levesque, C.; Lalonde, M. (1993). "Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants". Nature. 363 (6424): 67–69. Bibcode:1993Natur.363...67S. doi:10.1038/363067a0. S2CID 4319766.
  10. ^ a b Halary S, Malik SB, Lildhar L, Slamovits CH, Hijri M, Corradi N (2011). "Conserved meiotic machinery in Glomus spp., a putatively ancient asexual fungal lineage". Genome Biol Evol. 3: 950–8. doi:10.1093/gbe/evr089. PMC 3184777. PMID 21876220.
  11. ^ Halary S, Daubois L, Terrat Y, Ellenberger S, Wöstemeyer J, Hijri M (2013). "Mating type gene homologues and putative sex pheromone-sensing pathway in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a presumably asexual plant root symbiont". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80729. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880729H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080729. PMC 3834313. PMID 24260466.
  12. ^ Sanders IR (November 2011). "Fungal sex: meiosis machinery in ancient symbiotic fungi". Curr. Biol. 21 (21): R896–7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.021. PMID 22075432.
  13. ^ a b Zangaro, Waldemar, Leila Rostirola, Vergal Souza, Priscila Almeida Alves, Bochi Lescano, Ricardo Rondina, Luiz Nogueira, and Eduardo Carrenho. "Root Colonization and Spore Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Distinct Successional Stages from an Atlantic Rainforest Biome in Southern Brazil." Mycorrhiza 23.3 (2013): 221–33. Web.
  14. ^ a b c Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (2008). Mycorrhizal symbiosis (3 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 9780123705266.
  15. ^ Tulasne, L.R. & C. Tulasne (1844). "Fungi nonnulli hipogaei, novi v. minus cogniti auct". Giornale Botanico Italiano. 2: 55–63.
  16. ^ Wright, S.F. Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. 2005. In Roots and Soil Management: Interactions between roots and the soil. Ed. Zobel, R.W., Wright, S.F. USA: American Society of Agronomy. Pp 183–197.
  17. ^ Thaxter, R. (1922). "A revision of the Endogonaceae". Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 57 (12): 291–341. doi:10.2307/20025921. JSTOR 20025921.
  18. ^ J.W. Gerdemann; J.M. Trappe (1974). "The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest". Mycologia Memoirs. 5: 1–76.
  19. ^ J.B. Morton; G.L. Benny (1990). "Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae". Mycotaxon. 37: 471–491.
  20. ^ Schüßler, A.; et al. (January 2001). "Analysis of partial Glomales SSU rRNA gene sequences: implications for primer design and phylogeny". Mycol. Res. 105 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1017/S0953756200003725.
  21. ^ Redecker, D.; Schüßler, A.; Stockinger, H.; Stürmer, S. L.; Morton, J. B. & Walker, C. (2013). "An evidence-based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota)". Mycorrhiza. 23 (7): 515–531. doi:10.1007/s00572-013-0486-y. PMID 23558516. S2CID 16495856.
  22. ^ Redeker, D. (2002). "Molecular identification and phylogeny of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi". Plant and Soil. 244: 67–73. doi:10.1023/A:1020283832275. S2CID 33894668.
  23. ^ Schüßler, A. (2002). "Molecular phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution of Geosiphon pyriformis and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi". Plant and Soil. 224: 75–83. doi:10.1023/A:1020238728910. S2CID 33054919.
  24. ^ Walker, C. (1992). "Systematics and taxonomy of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) – a possible way forward" (PDF). Agronomie. 12 (10): 887–897. doi:10.1051/agro:19921026.
  25. ^ Montoliu-Nerin, Merce; Sánchez-García, Marisol; Bergin, Claudia; Grabherr, Manfred; Ellis, Barbara; Kutschera, Verena Esther; Kierczak, Marcin; Johannesson, Hanna; Rosling, Anna (2020-01-28). "Building de novo reference genome assemblies of complex eukaryotic microorganisms from single nuclei". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 1303. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.1303M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58025-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6987183. PMID 31992756.
  26. ^ Simon, L.; Lalonde, M.; Bruns, T.D. (1992). "Specific Amplification of 18S Fungal Ribosomal Genes from Vesicular-Arbuscular Endomycorrhizal Fungi Colonizing Roots". American Society for Microbiology. 58 (1): 291–295. Bibcode:1992ApEnM..58..291S. doi:10.1128/aem.58.1.291-295.1992. PMC 195206. PMID 1339260. S2CID 6480019.
  27. ^ D.W. Malloch; K.A. Pirozynski; P.H. Raven (1980). "Ecological and evolutionary significance of mycorrhizal symbioses in vascular plants (A Review)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 77 (4): 2113–2118. Bibcode:1980PNAS...77.2113M. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.4.2113. PMC 348662. PMID 16592806.
  28. ^ Hudson, Corey M.; Kirton, Edward; Hutchinson, Miriam I.; Redfern, Joanna L.; Simmons, Blake; Ackerman, Eric; Singh, Seema; Williams, Kelly P.; Natvig, Donald O.; Powell, Amy J. (December 2015). "Lignin-modifying processes in the rhizosphere of arid land grasses". Environmental Microbiology. 17 (12): 4965–4978. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13020. PMID 26279186.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glomeromycota.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Glomeromycota.

February 15, 2024
glomeromycota, often, referred, glomeromycetes, they, include, only, class, glomeromycetes, eight, currently, recognized, divisions, within, kingdom, fungi, with, approximately, described, species, members, form, arbuscular, mycorrhizas, with, thalli, bryophyt. Glomeromycota often referred to as glomeromycetes as they include only one class Glomeromycetes are one of eight currently recognized divisions within the kingdom Fungi 3 with approximately 230 described species 4 Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas AMs with the thalli of bryophytes and the roots of vascular land plants Not all species have been shown to form AMs and one Geosiphon pyriformis is known not to do so Instead it forms an endocytobiotic association with Nostoc cyanobacteria 5 The majority of evidence shows that the Glomeromycota are dependent on land plants Nostoc in the case of Geosiphon for carbon and energy but there is recent circumstantial evidence that some species may be able to lead an independent existence 6 The arbuscular mycorrhizal species are terrestrial and widely distributed in soils worldwide where they form symbioses with the roots of the majority of plant species gt 80 They can also be found in wetlands including salt marshes and associated with epiphytic plants GlomeromycotaGigaspora margarita in association with Lotus corniculatusScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision GlomeromycotaSubdivision GlomeromycotinaC Walker amp A Schuessler 2001 2 Class GlomeromycetesCaval Sm 1998 1 OrdersArchaeosporales Diversisporales Glomerales Paraglomerales Nematophytales According to multigene phylogenetic analyses this taxon is located as a member of the phylum Mucoromycota 7 Currently the phylum name Glomeromycota is invalid and the subphylum Glomeromycotina should be used to describe this taxon 8 Contents 1 Reproduction 2 Colonization 3 Phylogeny 4 Molecular biology 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksReproduction editThe Glomeromycota have generally coenocytic occasionally sparsely septate mycelia and reproduce asexually through blastic development of the hyphal tip to produce spores 2 Glomerospores with diameters of 80 500 mm 9 In some complex spores form within a terminal saccule 2 Recently it was shown that Glomus species contain 51 genes encoding all the tools necessary for meiosis 10 Based on these and related findings it was suggested that Glomus species may have a cryptic sexual cycle 10 11 12 Colonization editNew colonization of AM fungi largely depends on the amount of inoculum present in the soil 13 Although pre existing hyphae and infected root fragments have been shown to successfully colonize the roots of a host germinating spores are considered to be the key players in new host establishment Spores are commonly dispersed by fungal and plant burrowing herbivore partners but some air dispersal capabilities are also known 14 Studies have shown that spore germination is specific to particular environmental conditions such as right amount of nutrients temperature or host availability It has also been observed that the rate of root system colonization is directly correlated to spore density in the soil 13 In addition new data also suggests that AM fungi host plants also secrete chemical factors which attract and enhance the growth of developing spore hyphae towards the root system 14 The necessary components for the colonization of Glomeromycota include the host s fine root system proper development of intracellular arbuscular structures and a well established external fungal mycelium Colonization is accomplished by the interactions between germinating spore hyphae and the root hairs of the host or by development of appressoria between epidermal root cells The process is regulated by specialized chemical signaling and by changes in gene expression of both the host and AM fungi Intracellular hyphae extend up to the cortical cells of the root and penetrate the cell walls but not the inner cellular membrane creating an internal invagination The penetrating hyphae develop a highly branched structure called an arbuscule which have low functional periods before degradation and absorption by host s root cells A fully developed arbuscular mycorrhizal structure facilitates the two way movement of nutrients between the host and mutualistic fungal partner The symbiotic association allows the host plant to respond better to environment stresses and the non photosynthetic fungi to obtain carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis 14 Phylogeny editInitial studies of the Glomeromycota were based on the morphology of soil borne sporocarps spore clusters found in or near colonized plant roots 15 Distinguishing features such as wall morphologies size shape color hyphal attachment and reaction to staining compounds allowed a phylogeny to be constructed 16 Superficial similarities led to the initial placement of genus Glomus in the unrelated family Endogonaceae 17 Following broader reviews that cleared up the sporocarp confusion the Glomeromycota were first proposed in the genera Acaulospora and Gigaspora 18 before being accorded their own order with the three families Glomaceae now Glomeraceae Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae 19 With the advent of molecular techniques this classification has undergone major revision An analysis of small subunit SSU rRNA sequences 20 indicated that they share a common ancestor with the Dikarya 2 Nowadays it is accepted that Glomeromycota consists of 4 orders 21 Glomeromycota Diversisporales Glomerales Archaeosporales ParaglomeralesSeveral species which produce glomoid spores i e spores similar to Glomus in fact belong to other deeply divergent lineages 22 and were placed in the orders Paraglomerales and Archaeosporales 2 This new classification includes the Geosiphonaceae which presently contains one fungus Geosiphon pyriformis that forms endosymbiotic associations with the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme 23 and produces spores typical to this division in the Archaeosporales Work in this field is incomplete and members of Glomus may be better suited to different genera 24 or families 9 Molecular biology editThe biochemical and genetic characterization of the Glomeromycota has been hindered by their biotrophic nature which impedes laboratory culturing This obstacle was eventually surpassed with the use of root cultures and most recently a method which applies sequencing of single nucleus from spores has also been developed to circumvent this challenge 25 The first mycorrhizal gene to be sequenced was the small subunit ribosomal RNA SSU rRNA 26 This gene is highly conserved and commonly used in phylogenetic studies so was isolated from spores of each taxonomic group before amplification through the polymerase chain reaction PCR 27 A metatranscriptomic survey of the Sevilleta Arid Lands found that 5 4 of the fungal rRNA reads mapped to Glomeromycota This result was inconsistent with previous PCR based studies of community structure in the region suggesting that previous PCR based studies may have underestimated Glomeromycota abundance due to amplification biases 28 See also editPrototaxitesReferences edit Cavalier Smith T 1998 A revised six kingdom system of Life Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 73 3 203 266 doi 10 1017 s0006323198005167 PMID 9809012 as Glomomycetes a b c d e Schussler A et al December 2001 A new fungal phylum the Glomeromycota phylogeny and evolution Mycol Res 105 12 1413 1421 doi 10 1017 S0953756201005196 Hibbett D S et al March 2007 A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi Mycol Res 111 5 509 547 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 626 9582 doi 10 1016 j mycres 2007 03 004 PMID 17572334 S2CID 4686378 Schussler Arthur 15 August 2011 Glomeromycota phylogeny www lrz muenchen de Archived from the original on 2012 05 29 Schussler Arthur 10 March 2011 The Geosiphon pyriformis symbiosis fungus eats cyanobacterium www lrz muenchen de Archived from the original on 2012 08 05 Hempel S Renker C amp Buscot F 2007 Differences in the species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in spore root and soil communities in a grassland ecosystem Environmental Microbiology 9 8 1930 1938 doi 10 1111 j 1462 2920 2007 01309 x PMID 17635540 Spatafora JW Chang Y Benny GL Lazarus K Smith ME Berbee ML Bonito G Corradi N Grigoriev I Gryganskyi A James TY O Donnell K Roberson RW Taylor TN Uehling J Vilgalys R White MM Stajich JE 2016 A phylum level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome scale data Mycologia 104 3 758 65 doi 10 3852 16 042 PMC 6078412 PMID 27738200 Spatafora Joseph W Chang Ying Benny Gerald L Lazarus Katy Smith Matthew E Berbee Mary L Bonito Gregory Corradi Nicolas Grigoriev Igor Gryganskyi Andrii James Timothy Y O Donnell Kerry Roberson Robert W Taylor Thomas N Uehling Jessie 2016 A phylum level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome scale data Mycologia 108 5 1028 1046 doi 10 3852 16 042 ISSN 0027 5514 PMC 6078412 PMID 27738200 a b Simon L Bousquet J Levesque C Lalonde M 1993 Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants Nature 363 6424 67 69 Bibcode 1993Natur 363 67S doi 10 1038 363067a0 S2CID 4319766 a b Halary S Malik SB Lildhar L Slamovits CH Hijri M Corradi N 2011 Conserved meiotic machinery in Glomus spp a putatively ancient asexual fungal lineage Genome Biol Evol 3 950 8 doi 10 1093 gbe evr089 PMC 3184777 PMID 21876220 Halary S Daubois L Terrat Y Ellenberger S Wostemeyer J Hijri M 2013 Mating type gene homologues and putative sex pheromone sensing pathway in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi a presumably asexual plant root symbiont PLOS ONE 8 11 e80729 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 880729H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0080729 PMC 3834313 PMID 24260466 Sanders IR November 2011 Fungal sex meiosis machinery in ancient symbiotic fungi Curr Biol 21 21 R896 7 doi 10 1016 j cub 2011 09 021 PMID 22075432 a b Zangaro Waldemar Leila Rostirola Vergal Souza Priscila Almeida Alves Bochi Lescano Ricardo Rondina Luiz Nogueira and Eduardo Carrenho Root Colonization and Spore Abundance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Distinct Successional Stages from an Atlantic Rainforest Biome in Southern Brazil Mycorrhiza 23 3 2013 221 33 Web a b c Smith Sally E Read David J 2008 Mycorrhizal symbiosis 3 ed Academic Press ISBN 9780123705266 Tulasne L R amp C Tulasne 1844 Fungi nonnulli hipogaei novi v minus cogniti auct Giornale Botanico Italiano 2 55 63 Wright S F Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 2005 In Roots and Soil Management Interactions between roots and the soil Ed Zobel R W Wright S F USA American Society of Agronomy Pp 183 197 Thaxter R 1922 A revision of the Endogonaceae Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 57 12 291 341 doi 10 2307 20025921 JSTOR 20025921 J W Gerdemann J M Trappe 1974 The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest Mycologia Memoirs 5 1 76 J B Morton G L Benny 1990 Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Zygomycetes a new order Glomales two new suborders Glomineae and Gigasporineae and two new families Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae with an emendation of Glomaceae Mycotaxon 37 471 491 Schussler A et al January 2001 Analysis of partial Glomales SSU rRNA gene sequences implications for primer design and phylogeny Mycol Res 105 1 5 15 doi 10 1017 S0953756200003725 Redecker D Schussler A Stockinger H Sturmer S L Morton J B amp Walker C 2013 An evidence based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomeromycota Mycorrhiza 23 7 515 531 doi 10 1007 s00572 013 0486 y PMID 23558516 S2CID 16495856 Redeker D 2002 Molecular identification and phylogeny of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Plant and Soil 244 67 73 doi 10 1023 A 1020283832275 S2CID 33894668 Schussler A 2002 Molecular phylogeny taxonomy and evolution of Geosiphon pyriformis and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Plant and Soil 224 75 83 doi 10 1023 A 1020238728910 S2CID 33054919 Walker C 1992 Systematics and taxonomy of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomales a possible way forward PDF Agronomie 12 10 887 897 doi 10 1051 agro 19921026 Montoliu Nerin Merce Sanchez Garcia Marisol Bergin Claudia Grabherr Manfred Ellis Barbara Kutschera Verena Esther Kierczak Marcin Johannesson Hanna Rosling Anna 2020 01 28 Building de novo reference genome assemblies of complex eukaryotic microorganisms from single nuclei Scientific Reports 10 1 1303 Bibcode 2020NatSR 10 1303M doi 10 1038 s41598 020 58025 3 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6987183 PMID 31992756 Simon L Lalonde M Bruns T D 1992 Specific Amplification of 18S Fungal Ribosomal Genes from Vesicular Arbuscular Endomycorrhizal Fungi Colonizing Roots American Society for Microbiology 58 1 291 295 Bibcode 1992ApEnM 58 291S doi 10 1128 aem 58 1 291 295 1992 PMC 195206 PMID 1339260 S2CID 6480019 D W Malloch K A Pirozynski P H Raven 1980 Ecological and evolutionary significance of mycorrhizal symbioses in vascular plants A Review Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77 4 2113 2118 Bibcode 1980PNAS 77 2113M doi 10 1073 pnas 77 4 2113 PMC 348662 PMID 16592806 Hudson Corey M Kirton Edward Hutchinson Miriam I Redfern Joanna L Simmons Blake Ackerman Eric Singh Seema Williams Kelly P Natvig Donald O Powell Amy J December 2015 Lignin modifying processes in the rhizosphere of arid land grasses Environmental Microbiology 17 12 4965 4978 doi 10 1111 1462 2920 13020 PMID 26279186 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glomeromycota nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Glomeromycota Tree of Life Glomeromycota Glomeromycota at the International Culture Collection of VA Mycorrhizal Fungi INVAM Glomeromycota at the University of Sydney Fungal Biology s ite AMF phylogeny Glomeromycota database web site at the University of Munich Glomeromycota at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glomeromycota amp oldid 1186259356, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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