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Glaucus atlanticus

January 31, 2023

Glaucus atlanticus (common names include the blue sea dragon, sea swallow, blue angel, blue glaucus, dragon slug, blue dragon, blue sea slug and blue ocean slug) is a species of small, blue sea slug, a pelagic (open-ocean) aeolid nudibranch, a shell-less gastropod mollusk in the family Glaucidae.[2]

Glaucus atlanticus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Nudibranchia
Suborder: Cladobranchia
Family: Glaucidae
Genus: Glaucus
Species:
G. atlanticus
Binomial name
Glaucus atlanticus
Forster, 1777
Synonyms[1]
  • Doris radiata Gmelin, 1791 (synonym)
  • Glaucus distichoicus d'Orbigny, 1837
  • Glaucus flagellum Blumenblach, 1803 (synonym)
  • Glaucus hexapterigius Cuvier, 1805 (synonym)
  • Glaucus lineatus Reinhardt & Bergh, 1864
  • Glaucus longicirrhus Reinhardt & Bergh, 1864

These sea slugs are pelagic; they float upside down by using the surface tension of the water to stay up, where they are carried along by the winds and ocean currents. G. atlanticus makes use of countershading: the blue side of their body faces upwards, blending in with the blue of the water. The silver/grey side of the sea slugs faces downwards, blending in with the sunlight reflecting on the ocean's surface when viewed facing upwards underwater.

Glaucus atlanticus feed on other pelagic creatures, including the Portuguese man o' war and other venomous siphonophores. This sea slug stores stinging nematocysts from the siphonophores within its own tissues as defence against predators. Humans handling the slug may receive a very painful and potentially dangerous sting.

Taxonomy

This species looks similar to, and is closely related to, G. marginatus, which is now understood to be not one species, but a cryptic species complex of four separate species that live in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.[1][3] It shares the common name "blue dragon" with Pteraeolidia ianthina[4] and G. marginatus.[5]

Description

At maturity G. atlanticus can be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in length,[6] though larger specimens have been found.[7] It can live up to a year under the right conditions.[8] It is silvery grey on its dorsal side and dark and pale blue ventrally. It has dark blue stripes on its head. It has a flat, tapering body and six appendages that branch out into rayed, finger-like cerata.[9]

Cerata, also known as papillae, extend laterally from three different pairs of peduncles. The papillae are placed in a single row (uniseriate) and may be up to 84 inches total, (Forster, 1777).[10]

Glaucus atlanticus is usually found in tropical/subtropical areas, floating at the ocean's surface due to the stored gulped air inside their stomachs. They usually feed on cnidarians, which can be noisy due to air escaping their stomachs as they feed.[11][12][13]

The radula of this species bears serrated teeth[14] which, paired with a strong jaw and denticles, allows it to grasp and "chip down" parts of its prey.[8]

Buoyancy and coloration

See also: Ocean surface ecosystem

With the aid of a gas-filled sac in its stomach, G. atlanticus floats at the surface. Due to the location of the gas sac, this species floats upside down. The upper surface is actually the foot (the underside in other slugs and snail), and this has either a blue or blue-white coloration. The true dorsal surface (carried downwards in G. atlanticus) is completely silver-grey. This coloration is an example of countershading, which helps protect it from predators that might attack from below and from above.[15] The blue coloration is also thought to reflect harmful UV sunlight.

Distribution and habitat

 
The blue sea slug is shown here out of water, and thus collapsed; these were found on a beach. Picking up the animal can result in a painful sting, with symptoms similar to those caused by the Portuguese man o' war.
 
The slug in the water

This nudibranch is pelagic, and there is some evidence that it occurs throughout the world's oceans, in temperate and tropical waters. It has been recorded from the east and south coasts of South Africa, European waters, the east coast of Australia, and Mozambique.[3] The G. atlanticus species geographical range increased northward by 150 km in the Gulf of California.[16]

Since the middle of the 19th century, records of this species have been reported on the Azores.[7]

Glaucus atlanticus was recently found in the Humboldt Current ecosystem in Peru in 2013, and off Andhra Pradesh in India in 2012. This is in line with the known habitat characteristics of the species: they thrive in warm temperate climates in the Southern Pacific, and in circumtropical and Lusitanian environments. Before finding G. atlanticus off Andhra Pradesh, these nudibranchs were documented as having been seen in the Bay of Bengal and off the coast of Tamil Nadu, India, over 677 kilometers apart.[17]
Glaucus atlanticus was also recently found off Bermuda in January 2016,[18] and uncommonly washes ashore on east coast beaches at Barbados, Lesser Antilles.

Although these sea slugs live on the open ocean, they sometimes accidentally wash up onto the shore, and therefore they may be found on beaches.[19] In April 2022, specimens were found in the Gulf of Mexico along the Texas coast.[20]

Life history and behavior

Glaucus atlanticus preys on other larger pelagic organisms. The sea slugs can move toward prey or mates by using their cerata to make slow swimming movements.[21][22] They are known to prey on the dangerously venomous Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis); the by-the-wind-sailor (Velella velella); the blue button (Porpita porpita); and the violet snail, Janthina janthina. Occasionally, individuals attack and eat other individuals in captivity.

The species is able to feed on the Portuguese man o' war due to its immunity to the venomous nematocysts. The slug consumes chunks of the organism and appears to select and store the most venomous nematocysts for its own use against future prey.[23] The nematocysts are collected in specialized sacs (cnidosacs) at the tip of the animal's cerata, the thin feather-like "fingers" on its body. Because G. atlanticus concentrates the venom, it can produce a more powerful and deadly sting than the man o' war on which it feeds.[24]

Like almost all heterobranchs, blue dragons are hermaphrodites and their male reproductive organs have evolved to be especially large and hooked to avoid their partner's venomous cerata.[8] Unlike most nudibranchs, which mate with their right sides facing, sea swallows mate with ventral sides facing.[25] After mating, both individuals are able to lay eggs and can release up to 20 on an egg string, often laying them in wood pieces or carcasses.[8] On average, G. atlanticus can lay 55 egg strings per hour.[26] Studies have indicated that the G. atlanticus is not globally panmictic, but is localized within ocean basins. Gene flow among Afro-Eurasian and American populations is thus hindered by physical obstructions and water temperatures in the Arctic and Southern Oceans.[27]

Sting

Glaucus atlanticus is able to swallow the venomous nematocysts from siphonophores such as the Portuguese man o' war, and store them in the extremities of its finger-like cerata.[24] Picking up the animal can result in a painful sting, with symptoms similar to those caused by the Portuguese man o' war.[28] The symptoms that may appear after being stung are nausea, pain, vomiting, acute allergic contact dermatitis, erythema, urticarial papules, potential vesicle formation and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.[29]

References

  1. ^ a b "Glaucus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  2. ^ Lalli, C. M.; Gilmer, R. W. (1989). Pelagic snails: the biology of holoplanktonic gastropod mollusks. Stanford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-8047-1490-7.
  3. ^ a b Churchill, Celia K. C.; Valdés, Ángel; ó Foighil, Diarmaid (2014). "Churchill, C. K. C.; Valdés, Á; Ó Foighil, D. (2014). Molecular and morphological systematics of neustonic nudibranchs (Mollusca : Gastropoda : Glaucidae : Glaucus), with descriptions of three new cryptic species". Invertebrate Systematics. 28 (2): 174. doi:10.1071/IS13038. S2CID 84010907.
  4. ^ Rudman, W. B. (15 July 2010). "Pteraeolidia ianthina (Angas,1864)". The Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  5. ^ Salleh, Anna (12 February 2021). "Bizarre 'blue fleet' blows onto Australia's east coast". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  6. ^ . The Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Dragão Azul do Mar". RTP. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d "Blue Dragons of the Sea". Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  9. ^ Piper, R. (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 42–43. ISBN 978-0-313-33922-6.
  10. ^ Holland, Brenden (March 2012). "First record of the blue sea slug (Glaucus atlanticus) from Andhra Pradesh – India". Taprobanica: The Journal of Asian Biodiversity. 4 (1): 52. doi:10.4038/tapro.v4i1.4386. S2CID 130162921.
  11. ^ Churchill, Celia K. C.; Valdés, Ángel; Ó Foighil, Diarmaid (1 April 2014). "Afro-Eurasia and the Americas present barriers to gene flow for the cosmopolitan neustonic nudibranch Glaucus atlanticus". Marine Biology. 161 (4): 899–910. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2389-7. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 253737326.
  12. ^ Helm, Rebecca R. (14 December 2021). "Natural history of neustonic animals in the Sargasso Sea: reproduction, predation, and behavior of Glaucus atlanticus, Velella velella, and Janthina spp". Marine Biodiversity. 51 (6): 99. doi:10.1007/s12526-021-01233-5. ISSN 1867-1624. S2CID 245186096.
  13. ^ Pinotti, Raphael M.; Bom, Fabio C.; Muxagata, Erik (8 April 2019). "On the occurrence and ecology of Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1777 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) along the Southwestern Atlantic coast". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91 (1): e20180154. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920180154. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 30994760. S2CID 119501907.
  14. ^ Thompson, T. E.; McFarlane, I. D. (2008). "Observations on a collection of Glaucus from the Gulf of Aden with a critical review of published records of Glaucidae (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 178 (2): 107–123. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1967.tb00967.x.
  15. ^ "Habitat – Glaucus Atlanticus". Bluedragonslug.weebly.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  16. ^ Hernández, Luis; Munguía-Vega, Adrián; Pérez-Alarcón, Fernanda; Fernández-Rivera-Melo, Francisco J.; Angulo-Campillo, Orso (2018). "Occurrence of Glaucus atlanticus in the Midriff Islands Region, Gulf of California, Mexico". American Malacological Bulletin. 36: 145–149. doi:10.4003/006.036.0113. S2CID 89794645.
  17. ^ Uribe, Roberto A.; Nakamura, Katia; Indacochea, Aldo; Pacheco, Aldo S.; Hooker, Yuri; Schrödl, Michael (September 2013). "A review on the diversity and distribution of opisthobranch gastropods from Peru, with the addition of three new records". Spixiana. 36 (341–8391): 43–60. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  18. ^ Johnston-Barnes, Owain (25 January 2016). "Diver finds 'blue dragons' at Spittal Pond". The Royal Gazette.
  19. ^ Taprobanica. Taprobanica Private Limited. April 2012. pp. 52–53. Retrieved 24 October 2014.[dead link]
  20. ^ Patton, Mary Claire (11 April 2022). "Don't Touch: Rare blue dragons are showing up on Texas beaches again". KSAT 12.
  21. ^ Srinivasulu, Bhargavi; Srinivasulu, C.; Kumar, G. Chethan (2012). "First record of the blue sea slug (Glaucus atlanticus) from Andhra Pradesh–India". Taprobanica: The Journal of Asian Biodiversity. 4 (1): 52–53. doi:10.4038/tapro.v4i1.4386.
  22. ^ MacLellan, Amelia "Glaucus atlanticus (blue sea slug)". The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2013-04-13
  23. ^ Asmelash, Leah (9 May 2020). "Rare blue dragons are washing up on the Padre Island National Seashore". CNN. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  24. ^ a b Rudman, W. B. (6 November 1998). "Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1777". Sea Slug Forum. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  25. ^ Debelius, H.; Kuiter, R. H. (2007). Nudibranchs of the world. IKAN-Unterwasserarchiv. ISBN 978-3-939767-06-0.
  26. ^ Helm, Rebecca (14 December 2021). "Natural history of neustonic animals in the Sargasso Sea: reproduction, predation, and behavior of Glaucus atlanticus, Velella velella, and Janthina spp". Marine Biodiversity. 51 (6). doi:10.1007/s12526-021-01233-5. S2CID 245186096. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  27. ^ Churchill, Celia K. C.; Valdés, Ángel; Ó Foighil, Diarmaid (1 April 2014). "Afro-Eurasia and the Americas present barriers to gene flow for the cosmopolitan neustonic nudibranch Glaucus atlanticus". Marine Biology. 161 (4): 899–910. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2389-7. S2CID 84153330.
  28. ^ Ottuso, Patrick Thomas (May 2009). "Aquatic antagonists: Indirect nematocyst envenomation and acute allergic contact dermatitis due to nudibranchs" (PDF). Cutis. Vol. 83.
  29. ^ Pinotti, Raphael M.; Bom, Fabio C.; Muxagata, Erik; Pinotti, Raphael M.; Bom, Fabio C.; Muxagata, Erik (2019). "On the occurrence and ecology of Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1777 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) along the Southwestern Atlantic coast". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91 (1): e20180154. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920180154. PMID 30994760.

Further reading

  • Churchill, Celia K. C.; Valdés, Ángel; Foighil, Diarmaid Ó. (April 2014). "Afro-Eurasia and the Americas present barriers to gene flow for the cosmopolitan neustonic nudibranch Glaucus atlanticus". Marine Biology (Berlin). 161 (4): 899–910. doi:10.1007/s00227-014-2389-7. S2CID 84153330.
  • Valdés, Ángel; Orso Angulo Campillo (November 2004). "Systematics of Pelagic Aeolid Nudibranchs of the Family Glaucidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda)". Bulletin of Marine Science. 75 (3): 381–389.
  • MILLER, M. C. (January 1974). "Aeolid nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) of the family Glaucidae from New Zealand waters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 54 (1): 31–61. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1974.tb00792.x.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glaucus atlanticus.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Glaucidae.
  • Sea Slug Forum
  • "Glaucus atlanticus" at the Encyclopedia of Life  
  • "Blue Sea slug: Glaucus Atlanticus, Gold Coast, Australia". YouTube. 17 November 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021.

January 31, 2023
glaucus, atlanticus, common, names, include, blue, dragon, swallow, blue, angel, blue, glaucus, dragon, slug, blue, dragon, blue, slug, blue, ocean, slug, species, small, blue, slug, pelagic, open, ocean, aeolid, nudibranch, shell, less, gastropod, mollusk, fa. Glaucus atlanticus common names include the blue sea dragon sea swallow blue angel blue glaucus dragon slug blue dragon blue sea slug and blue ocean slug is a species of small blue sea slug a pelagic open ocean aeolid nudibranch a shell less gastropod mollusk in the family Glaucidae 2 Glaucus atlanticusScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass GastropodaSubclass HeterobranchiaOrder NudibranchiaSuborder CladobranchiaFamily GlaucidaeGenus GlaucusSpecies G atlanticusBinomial nameGlaucus atlanticusForster 1777Synonyms 1 Doris radiata Gmelin 1791 synonym Glaucus distichoicus d Orbigny 1837 Glaucus flagellum Blumenblach 1803 synonym Glaucus hexapterigius Cuvier 1805 synonym Glaucus lineatus Reinhardt amp Bergh 1864 Glaucus longicirrhus Reinhardt amp Bergh 1864These sea slugs are pelagic they float upside down by using the surface tension of the water to stay up where they are carried along by the winds and ocean currents G atlanticus makes use of countershading the blue side of their body faces upwards blending in with the blue of the water The silver grey side of the sea slugs faces downwards blending in with the sunlight reflecting on the ocean s surface when viewed facing upwards underwater Glaucus atlanticus feed on other pelagic creatures including the Portuguese man o war and other venomous siphonophores This sea slug stores stinging nematocysts from the siphonophores within its own tissues as defence against predators Humans handling the slug may receive a very painful and potentially dangerous sting Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Buoyancy and coloration 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Life history and behavior 6 Sting 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksTaxonomy EditThis species looks similar to and is closely related to G marginatus which is now understood to be not one species but a cryptic species complex of four separate species that live in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean 1 3 It shares the common name blue dragon with Pteraeolidia ianthina 4 and G marginatus 5 Description EditAt maturity G atlanticus can be up to 3 cm 1 2 in in length 6 though larger specimens have been found 7 It can live up to a year under the right conditions 8 It is silvery grey on its dorsal side and dark and pale blue ventrally It has dark blue stripes on its head It has a flat tapering body and six appendages that branch out into rayed finger like cerata 9 Cerata also known as papillae extend laterally from three different pairs of peduncles The papillae are placed in a single row uniseriate and may be up to 84 inches total Forster 1777 10 Glaucus atlanticus is usually found in tropical subtropical areas floating at the ocean s surface due to the stored gulped air inside their stomachs They usually feed on cnidarians which can be noisy due to air escaping their stomachs as they feed 11 12 13 The radula of this species bears serrated teeth 14 which paired with a strong jaw and denticles allows it to grasp and chip down parts of its prey 8 Buoyancy and coloration EditSee also Ocean surface ecosystem With the aid of a gas filled sac in its stomach G atlanticus floats at the surface Due to the location of the gas sac this species floats upside down The upper surface is actually the foot the underside in other slugs and snail and this has either a blue or blue white coloration The true dorsal surface carried downwards in G atlanticus is completely silver grey This coloration is an example of countershading which helps protect it from predators that might attack from below and from above 15 The blue coloration is also thought to reflect harmful UV sunlight Distribution and habitat Edit The blue sea slug is shown here out of water and thus collapsed these were found on a beach Picking up the animal can result in a painful sting with symptoms similar to those caused by the Portuguese man o war The slug in the water This nudibranch is pelagic and there is some evidence that it occurs throughout the world s oceans in temperate and tropical waters It has been recorded from the east and south coasts of South Africa European waters the east coast of Australia and Mozambique 3 The G atlanticus species geographical range increased northward by 150 km in the Gulf of California 16 Since the middle of the 19th century records of this species have been reported on the Azores 7 Glaucus atlanticus was recently found in the Humboldt Current ecosystem in Peru in 2013 and off Andhra Pradesh in India in 2012 This is in line with the known habitat characteristics of the species they thrive in warm temperate climates in the Southern Pacific and in circumtropical and Lusitanian environments Before finding G atlanticus off Andhra Pradesh these nudibranchs were documented as having been seen in the Bay of Bengal and off the coast of Tamil Nadu India over 677 kilometers apart 17 Glaucus atlanticus was also recently found off Bermuda in January 2016 18 and uncommonly washes ashore on east coast beaches at Barbados Lesser Antilles Although these sea slugs live on the open ocean they sometimes accidentally wash up onto the shore and therefore they may be found on beaches 19 In April 2022 specimens were found in the Gulf of Mexico along the Texas coast 20 Life history and behavior EditGlaucus atlanticus preys on other larger pelagic organisms The sea slugs can move toward prey or mates by using their cerata to make slow swimming movements 21 22 They are known to prey on the dangerously venomous Portuguese man o war Physalia physalis the by the wind sailor Velella velella the blue button Porpita porpita and the violet snail Janthina janthina Occasionally individuals attack and eat other individuals in captivity The species is able to feed on the Portuguese man o war due to its immunity to the venomous nematocysts The slug consumes chunks of the organism and appears to select and store the most venomous nematocysts for its own use against future prey 23 The nematocysts are collected in specialized sacs cnidosacs at the tip of the animal s cerata the thin feather like fingers on its body Because G atlanticus concentrates the venom it can produce a more powerful and deadly sting than the man o war on which it feeds 24 Like almost all heterobranchs blue dragons are hermaphrodites and their male reproductive organs have evolved to be especially large and hooked to avoid their partner s venomous cerata 8 Unlike most nudibranchs which mate with their right sides facing sea swallows mate with ventral sides facing 25 After mating both individuals are able to lay eggs and can release up to 20 on an egg string often laying them in wood pieces or carcasses 8 On average G atlanticus can lay 55 egg strings per hour 26 Studies have indicated that the G atlanticus is not globally panmictic but is localized within ocean basins Gene flow among Afro Eurasian and American populations is thus hindered by physical obstructions and water temperatures in the Arctic and Southern Oceans 27 Sting EditGlaucus atlanticus is able to swallow the venomous nematocysts from siphonophores such as the Portuguese man o war and store them in the extremities of its finger like cerata 24 Picking up the animal can result in a painful sting with symptoms similar to those caused by the Portuguese man o war 28 The symptoms that may appear after being stung are nausea pain vomiting acute allergic contact dermatitis erythema urticarial papules potential vesicle formation and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation 29 References Edit a b Glaucus WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 5 August 2012 Lalli C M Gilmer R W 1989 Pelagic snails the biology of holoplanktonic gastropod mollusks Stanford University Press p 224 ISBN 978 0 8047 1490 7 a b Churchill Celia K C Valdes Angel o Foighil Diarmaid 2014 Churchill C K C Valdes A o Foighil D 2014 Molecular and morphological systematics of neustonic nudibranchs Mollusca Gastropoda Glaucidae Glaucus with descriptions of three new cryptic species Invertebrate Systematics 28 2 174 doi 10 1071 IS13038 S2CID 84010907 Rudman W B 15 July 2010 Pteraeolidia ianthina Angas 1864 The Sea Slug Forum Australian Museum Retrieved 13 February 2021 Salleh Anna 12 February 2021 Bizarre blue fleet blows onto Australia s east coast ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 13 February 2021 Glaucus atlanticus blue sea slug The Natural History Museum Archived from the original on 27 June 2015 Retrieved 13 April 2013 a b Dragao Azul do Mar RTP Retrieved 14 November 2020 a b c d Blue Dragons of the Sea Smithsonian Museum of Natural History Retrieved 14 November 2020 Piper R 2007 Extraordinary Animals An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals Greenwood Publishing Group pp 42 43 ISBN 978 0 313 33922 6 Holland Brenden March 2012 First record of the blue sea slug Glaucus atlanticus from Andhra Pradesh India Taprobanica The Journal of Asian Biodiversity 4 1 52 doi 10 4038 tapro v4i1 4386 S2CID 130162921 Churchill Celia K C Valdes Angel o Foighil Diarmaid 1 April 2014 Afro Eurasia and the Americas present barriers to gene flow for the cosmopolitan neustonic nudibranch Glaucus atlanticus Marine Biology 161 4 899 910 doi 10 1007 s00227 014 2389 7 ISSN 1432 1793 S2CID 253737326 Helm Rebecca R 14 December 2021 Natural history of neustonic animals in the Sargasso Sea reproduction predation and behavior of Glaucus atlanticus Velella velella and Janthina spp Marine Biodiversity 51 6 99 doi 10 1007 s12526 021 01233 5 ISSN 1867 1624 S2CID 245186096 Pinotti Raphael M Bom Fabio C Muxagata Erik 8 April 2019 On the occurrence and ecology of Glaucus atlanticus Forster 1777 Mollusca Nudibranchia along the Southwestern Atlantic coast Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 91 1 e20180154 doi 10 1590 0001 3765201920180154 ISSN 0001 3765 PMID 30994760 S2CID 119501907 Thompson T E McFarlane I D 2008 Observations on a collection of Glaucus from the Gulf of Aden with a critical review of published records of Glaucidae Gastropoda Opisthobranchia Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 178 2 107 123 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8312 1967 tb00967 x Habitat Glaucus Atlanticus Bluedragonslug weebly com Retrieved 14 March 2018 Hernandez Luis Munguia Vega Adrian Perez Alarcon Fernanda Fernandez Rivera Melo Francisco J Angulo Campillo Orso 2018 Occurrence of Glaucus atlanticus in the Midriff Islands Region Gulf of California Mexico American Malacological Bulletin 36 145 149 doi 10 4003 006 036 0113 S2CID 89794645 Uribe Roberto A Nakamura Katia Indacochea Aldo Pacheco Aldo S Hooker Yuri Schrodl Michael September 2013 A review on the diversity and distribution of opisthobranch gastropods from Peru with the addition of three new records Spixiana 36 341 8391 43 60 Retrieved 24 October 2014 Johnston Barnes Owain 25 January 2016 Diver finds blue dragons at Spittal Pond The Royal Gazette Taprobanica Taprobanica Private Limited April 2012 pp 52 53 Retrieved 24 October 2014 dead link Patton Mary Claire 11 April 2022 Don t Touch Rare blue dragons are showing up on Texas beaches again KSAT 12 Srinivasulu Bhargavi Srinivasulu C Kumar G Chethan 2012 First record of the blue sea slug Glaucus atlanticus from Andhra Pradesh India Taprobanica The Journal of Asian Biodiversity 4 1 52 53 doi 10 4038 tapro v4i1 4386 MacLellan Amelia Glaucus atlanticus blue sea slug The Natural History Museum Retrieved 2013 04 13 Asmelash Leah 9 May 2020 Rare blue dragons are washing up on the Padre Island National Seashore CNN Retrieved 11 May 2020 a b Rudman W B 6 November 1998 Glaucus atlanticus Forster 1777 Sea Slug Forum Retrieved 26 February 2011 Debelius H Kuiter R H 2007 Nudibranchs of the world IKAN Unterwasserarchiv ISBN 978 3 939767 06 0 Helm Rebecca 14 December 2021 Natural history of neustonic animals in the Sargasso Sea reproduction predation and behavior of Glaucus atlanticus Velella velella and Janthina spp Marine Biodiversity 51 6 doi 10 1007 s12526 021 01233 5 S2CID 245186096 Retrieved 16 March 2022 Churchill Celia K C Valdes Angel o Foighil Diarmaid 1 April 2014 Afro Eurasia and the Americas present barriers to gene flow for the cosmopolitan neustonic nudibranch Glaucus atlanticus Marine Biology 161 4 899 910 doi 10 1007 s00227 014 2389 7 S2CID 84153330 Ottuso Patrick Thomas May 2009 Aquatic antagonists Indirect nematocyst envenomation and acute allergic contact dermatitis due to nudibranchs PDF Cutis Vol 83 Pinotti Raphael M Bom Fabio C Muxagata Erik Pinotti Raphael M Bom Fabio C Muxagata Erik 2019 On the occurrence and ecology of Glaucus atlanticus Forster 1777 Mollusca Nudibranchia along the Southwestern Atlantic coast Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 91 1 e20180154 doi 10 1590 0001 3765201920180154 PMID 30994760 Further reading EditChurchill Celia K C Valdes Angel Foighil Diarmaid o April 2014 Afro Eurasia and the Americas present barriers to gene flow for the cosmopolitan neustonic nudibranch Glaucus atlanticus Marine Biology Berlin 161 4 899 910 doi 10 1007 s00227 014 2389 7 S2CID 84153330 Valdes Angel Orso Angulo Campillo November 2004 Systematics of Pelagic Aeolid Nudibranchs of the Family Glaucidae Mollusca Gastropoda Bulletin of Marine Science 75 3 381 389 MILLER M C January 1974 Aeolid nudibranchs Gastropoda Opisthobranchia of the family Glaucidae from New Zealand waters Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 54 1 31 61 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1974 tb00792 x External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glaucus atlanticus Wikispecies has information related to Glaucidae Sea Slug Forum Glaucus atlanticus at the Encyclopedia of Life Blue Sea slug Glaucus Atlanticus Gold Coast Australia YouTube 17 November 2017 Archived from the original on 19 December 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glaucus atlanticus amp oldid 1136369929, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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