Qods Mohajer
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The Qods Mohajer (Persian: مهاجر, "Immigrant"; loanword is Arabic for "holy migrant" or "sacred migrant") is an Iranian single-engine tactical unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) built by the Qods Aviation Industry Company in four main variants from the 1980s to the present day. The Mohajer family is primarily used for reconnaissance, and is among the most mature and well-known Iranian UAVs.[citation needed]
| Qods Mohajer | |
|---|---|
| An Iranian Mohajer-2 in 2014 | |
| Role | Light/medium intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR)[1] |
| National origin | Iran |
| Manufacturer | Qods Aviation Industry Company, Tehran[2] |
| Design group | Qods Aviation Industry Company |
| First flight | 1985 |
| Introduction | February 1986[citation needed] |
| Status | In service |
| Primary users | Iran Syria Venezuela Hezbollah |
| Produced | 1980s–present |
| Number built | 253 (mid-2000s)[citation needed] |
The Mohajer-1 was used during the Iran–Iraq War for battlefield surveillance. The Mohajer-2 was developed in the 1990s with improved avionics and range, and remains in service today. The Mohajer-4 is another evolutionary improvement with again improved range, endurance, and surveillance.[citation needed] The last major variant, the Mohajer-6 (UAV), is an unmanned combat aerial vehicle that carries two munitions.
The Mohajer is used by both the Iranian Army and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC). It has been exported to Iranian allies in the Middle East and has been used in the Syrian and Iraqi civil wars. In addition, the Mohajer-2 is license-built in Venezuela as the Arpia.
Mohajer-1 edit
The Mohajer was Iran's first drone to enter series production and was used during the Iran–Iraq War. The Mohajer-1 was known simply as "Mohajer" through the 80s and 90s, when it was re-designated "Mohajer-1" as other Mohajer variants had been developed.
Design edit
The Mohajer-1 had a narrow cylindrical fuselage, twin tailbooms, and straight wings mounted high and to the rear of the body. It had a single engine (unknown model) in a pusher configuration, and was guided by ailerons on the wings, an elevator on the horizontal stabilizer, and rudders on the tailbooms. The Mohajer-1 had three fixed landing gear for launch and recovery. It could also be recovered by parachute.[citation needed] The Mohajer-1 was about 8 feet long and had a wingspan of about 10 feet.
The Mohajer-1 carried a single still camera, probably carrying photographic film developed after the drone landed.[citation needed] It was controlled by hobby-class radio, which was easily jammed.[citation needed] In addition, Iran attempted to arm it with six RPG-7 rockets, three under each wing, though this was not very successful.[2][3]
Performance edit
The Mohajer-1's range is not definitively known, but was severely limited by the hobbyist radio link and lack of an autopilot system, which meant that the aircraft could only surveil Iraqi positions when operated from the Iranian front lines.[citation needed] One source suggests the Mohajer-1 was only able to penetrate 3 km into Iraqi lines.[4] On the other hand, another source says the Mohajer-1 had a range of 50 km,[5] and still another source lists a range of 30 km;[citation needed] this may reflect a difference between the aircraft's theoretical range and its real-world performance. There are no details on the Mohajer-1's airspeed, endurance, or ceiling.
Operational history edit
Qods Aviation was formed in 1985[citation needed] and four Mohajer-1s were built that year.[4] The Mohajer-1 was operated by the IRGC's Raad Brigade and was used to correct artillery fire and photograph enemy positions.[citation needed] The Mohajer-1's first known use was in Operation Dawn 8 in 1986.[citation needed] It was also used Karbala 5 in 1987.[4] Mohajer UAVs photographed Iraqi lines until the end of the war and completed 619 sorties by the war's end, taking 53,772 photographs in total.[4] The Mohajer-1 is out of service today.
Though the Mohjajer-1 is primitive by today's standards and was essentially a hobbyist-class drone, the Iranians were satisfied with its performance, as it was one of only two Iranian surveillance assets in the war, along with RF-4s.[6]
Mohajer-2 edit
Following the successful use of the Mohajer-1, Iran wanted a version with more range and endurance. This version, which would later be named the Mohajer-2, also had an auto pilot system to fly beyond the line-of-control of its command center. The Mohajer-2 was developed in the 1990s and first seen in 1996.[citation needed] It was designed for surveillance use[4] and as of 2011[update] more than 200 Mohajer-2s had been built.[4]
Design edit
The Mohajer-2 has a bullet-shaped fuselage, mid-mounted, untapered wings, twin tailbooms, twin rudders, belly skids, and a horizontal tail.[2] The belly skids are non-retractable, but can compress on landing to reduce shock.[4] Apart from the skids, it is essentially a refinement of the Mohajer-1 design.[citation needed] Its airframe is composed substantially of composite materials.[2] The Mohajer-2 is 2.91m long and has a wingspan of 3.8 meters. It is powered by a 25 hp WAE-342 two-cylinder engine.[citation needed]
The Mohajer-2 has an autopilot system, which is able to maintain airspeed, altitude, and stability in flight.[4] The autopilot system can control the aircraft's course via waypoints, or it can be controlled in real time from a ground control station.[citation needed] Like other Iranian drones, the Mohajer-2 lacks over-the-horizon guidance.[citation needed] The Mohajer-2 has a still or video (color or monochrome) camera,[2] either fixed downwards for aerial surveying or mounted on a gimbal for surveillance.[citation needed] In addition, it has a fixed forwards-facing camera for navigation.[citation needed][a] There is no evidence the Mohajer-2 has been fitted with an infrared camera.[citation needed] It has an onboard digital processor and can downlink sensor imagery.[2] The Mohajer-2 has two stub antenna in the under 10 GHz range, one on each wing, for real-time control.[citation needed] Prototype Mohajer-2s were fitted with two rocket pods for 12 RPG-7 rockets, similar to the Mohajer-1's, but this model did not enter production.[citation needed] The Mohajer-2 has a GPS guidance system.[7]
The Mohajer-2 is launched from a PL3 pneumatic catapult, which can be truck-mounted, wheeled, or ship-mounted.[2] It can also be launched from a JATO platform, though this is uncommon.[citation needed] It is recovered by skid landing or parachute.[citation needed]
Performance edit
Has an endurance of 1.5 hours and range of 50 km.[2] The Mohajer-2 is about ten feet long and has a wingspan of about 12 feet. The tail wingspan is exactly 3 ft.[2]
Operational history edit
During the 1990s Afghan civil war, Mohajer drones reportedly monitored the situation.[8] A Mohajer (unknown variant) may have been shot down over Iraq on 19 April 2001.[2] The Mohajer-2 is also known to be operated by Hezbollah. There are also inconclusive reports Mohajer-2s have been used over Syria.[citation needed]
In addition to its military use, the Mohajer-2 can also be used for weather reporting.[4]
It is possible, but unconfirmed, that the Raad-85 is a variant of the Mohajer-2.[citation needed]
Arpia edit
In 2007, Venezuela signed an agreement with Iran to assemble 12 Mohajer-2 UAVs from knock-down kits supplied by Quds.[9] Venezuelan state-owned defense contractor CAVIM began assembling the drones by 2009.[10] US satellite imagery revealed the facility manufacturing the drones in 2010, and they were unveiled to the public as the CAVIM Arpia in 2012.[11] Venezuela signed a $28 million contract to manufacture the UAVs, though it is unclear why, because this far exceeds the drones' value.[12]
Mohajer-2N edit
In 2014, Iran introduced the Mohajer-2N, which shares the same design as the Mohajer-2 but has far improved performance.[13] The Mohajer-2N replaces the electronics of the Mohajer-2 with more modern versions and has also has improved flight characteristics. The Mohajer-2N has a range of 150 km and flight endurance of 6 hours. It is believed this is accomplished through fuel tanks in the wings combined with weight savings elsewhere.[citation needed] Cruise speed is 180 km/h.[14] Body material is composite.[14] The Mohajer-2N is also capable of transmitting imagery in real time.[13] Like most Mohajer-2s, the Mohajer-2N has two cameras; one under the nose for navigation, and a second on a gimbal under the body for surveillance.[13]
Visually, the Mohajer-2N is nearly identical to the Mohajer-2.[citation needed] It is mainly "distinguished" by being 1 cm longer, having a wingspan 2 cm wider, and being five kg heavier.[15] It can be fitted with the Mohajer-2's landing skids or with wheeled landing gear.[citation needed] The Mohajer-2N is recovered by skid landing or parachute.[16]
Mohajer-3 edit
The Mohajer-3, also known as the Dorna, was designed with a new airframe for better performance.[17] It had a square body and featured a low-mounted horizontal stabilizer flush with the main wing, the only member of the Mohajer family configured this way.[17] The Mohajer-3 could be fitted with fixed landing gear, for a runway takeoff, or with skids for a JATO launch.[17] It was recovered by parachute or skid landing.[17] It was powered by an unidentified 25 hp (18.6 kW) piston engine.[2] The Mohajer-3 was announced in 1999.[citation needed]
The Mohajer-3 had a color/monochrome still or video camera,[2] and was able to send images in real time.[17][2] and It had a range of 100 km,[17] an endurance of 2–3 hours, and a cruise speed of 180 km/h.[citation needed] It did not have GPS guidance.[2]
It was developed contemporaneously with the Mohajer-4 and did not enter service.[18]
Mohajer-4 edit
The Mohajer-4 was designed for both the Iranian Army and the IRGC[17] and entered service in late 1997.[2][17] It may have entered mass production in 1999.[19] It was first documented in 2003.[citation needed] Sources differ slightly on how many have been built; one sources says that 40 have been built as of 2006,[17] while another says that as of the mid-2000s, 34 had been built.[citation needed]
Design edit
The Mohajer-4 features a squarish body and low-mounted trapezoidal wings with upward-canted wingtips to lessen drag.[17] It is powered by a two-bladed Limbach L550E four-cylinder, two-stroke 50 hp engine in a pusher configuration.[citation needed][b] The Mohajer-4 is constructed of composite material.[17] It is 3.64 m long and has a wingspan of 5.3 m.[17] The Mohajer-4 has a modular design, and components such as the body, wings, and tailbooms can be detached and recombined.[citation needed]
It has three landing skids. The Mohajer-4 can land via landing gear or a parachute.[17]
The Mohajer-4 has a Hyarat 3 guidance and control system, which includes GPS navigation.[2] It normally follows a preprogrammed flight path,[2] but its mission profile can also be updated in flight via radio uplink.[2] The Mohajer-4 has a fixed forward-facing camera for navigation and either a downward-facing camera for aerial surveying or a gimbal-mounted video camera for surveillance.[citation needed] Sources disagree[citation needed] on whether the Mojajer-4 can carry an infrared camera.[2] Like the Mohajer-2, it has an onboard digital processor and can downlink sensor imagery.[2] The Mohajer-4 is also reportedly capable of being fitted for communications relay and has an 'impressive' electronic warfare capability.[2]
Performance edit
Operational range is increased to 150 km, altitude to 18000 feet and endurance to 7 hours.[2] With a MTOW of 175 kg,[2] the Mohajer-4 is almost double the weight of older versions.[17]
The Mohajer-4 and 4B are operated by a crew of 5-7 men, including two operators.[citation needed] One operator controls the UAV's camera and the ground control station's directional antenna for real time video transfer. The other operator controls the UAV's flight using a software program called FliteMap, which is COTS American software.[citation needed]
In common with other Qods Aviation products, the Mohajer-4 can be ineffectively armed with unguided rockets, in this case a total of two Hydra 70 rockets under the wings.[citation needed]
Operational history edit
On November 7, 2004, Hezbollah flew a UAV over northern Israel for about 5 minutes. The UAV entered Israeli airspace at more than 100 knots and an altitude of about 1,000 feet, flew briefly over the seaside city of Nahariya, and fell into the sea. Some sources have identified the UAV as a Mohajer-4.[20] There are reports that Iran sold eight Mohajer-4s to Hezbollah.[21]
Mohajer-4s have been used in the civil wars in Iraq and Syria.[citation needed] On 16 May 2015, the Turkish Air Force shot down a Mohajer-4 that violated its airspace.[22] Mohajer-4s have also crashed, or been shot down, over Islamic State-held territories.[23] A Mohajer-4 in Iraqi markings was downed over Iraq, but it is not clear if the UAV was actually being operated by the Iraqi Armed Forces.[citation needed]
Mohajer-4s are located at Iran's Konorak Air Base[24] and at Bandar Jask.[25] There is a designation of the Mohajer-4 called "Shahin", which may be a sub-variant with unknown differences, or a designation for the Mohajer-4 in Iranian Army Ground service.[citation needed] There is also another sub-variant with unknown differences called the "Hodhod A/100".[4][17]
In addition, Mohajer-4s are used by Iran's border guard to interdict drug smuggling.[2]
Mohajer-4B edit
Also known as the Sadiq, the Mohajer-4B is a significant evolution of the Mohajer-4 platform with a square fuselage, twin tailbooms, a top-mounted horizontal stabilizer, uncanted wingtips, new landing skids, and straight wings mounted high and to the mid of the body.[citation needed] It was introduced in late 2014.[citation needed] All serial numbers begin "P062A–".
The Mohajer-4B was designed for reconnaissance[citation needed] and has a fixed, forward-facing camera for navigation.[citation needed] With an expanded payload bay, it can carry an IR/EO sensor mounted on a gimbal and a downward-facing surveying camera at the same time, unlike the Mohajer-2 and Mohajer-4, which could only carry one at a time.[citation needed] The Mohajer-4B has a flight ceiling of 15,000 feet, a (max) speed of 200 km/h, and an operational radius of 200 km.[citation needed] It weighs 242 kg and has an endurance of 6 hours.[citation needed] It may have a wingspan of approximately 7 meters.[26]
An estimated 36 Mohajer-4Bs have been built as of 2015.[citation needed] Mohajer-4Bs have been used over Syria.[citation needed] A Mohajer-4B flew over, and was reportedly shot down by, the USS Boxer on 18 July 2019.[citation needed]
Sadegh-1 edit
The Sadegh-1 ("Honest-1"),[27] also known as the QOM-1,[28] is simply a Mohajer-4B with two MANPADS mounted on pylons.[29] It was tested in late 2014[30] and was used to harass a US Navy jet fighter in 2017.[28] The integration work is believed to be performed by Shahid Shah Abhady Industrial Complex.[27] Independent assessments of the Sadgh-1 range from "it probably doesn’t work very well" to "fakery."[31] Another source speculates it might be useful for air defense for Iranian-backed militia groups in Lebanon and Gaza.[27]
Mohajer-6 edit
The Mohajer-6 (Persian: پهپاد مهاجر-6) retains the same form as prior Mohajer versions, but is significantly larger. It is capable of carrying guided bombs and more advanced surveillance equipment.[32] It has been used in combat by Iran and exported to several Iranian allies. See the main article for more details.
Mohajer 10 edit
Operators edit
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (March 2021) |
- Iran
- IRGC: Mohajer-1 (former)[citation needed] Mohajer-4, Mohajer-6[citation needed] and Sadegh-1.[31]
- IRGC Ground Forces: Mohajer-2, Mohajer-4 and Mohajer-6.[citation needed]
- Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces: Mohajer-2[citation needed] Mohajer-2N,[15] Mohajer-4,[15] Mohajer-4B[33] and Mohajer-6
- Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force: Mohajer-4, Mohajer-6.[citation needed]
- Islamic Republic of Iran Border Guard Command: Mohajer-2,[34][better source needed] Mohajer-4[2]
- IRGC: Mohajer-1 (former)[citation needed] Mohajer-4, Mohajer-6[citation needed] and Sadegh-1.[31]
- Iraq:
- Popular Mobilisation Force: Mohajer-6[35]
- Russia:Mohajer-6 Bought and used by Russia during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
- Sudan: Mohajer-6
- Syria: Mohajer-2, Mohajer-4, Mohajer-6[1]
- Tajikistan: Mohajer-2
- Venezuela: Licensed design of the Mohajer-2,[36] known locally as Arpia.[37] 12 were acquired.[38]Mohajer-6
- PDVSA
- Venezuelan Air Force, 83rd UAV Squadron[39]
- Ethiopia: Mohajer-6 used by Ethiopia.[40]
Non-state operators edit
- Hezbollah: Mohajer-2[18] and Mohajer-4[33]
- Libyan National Army: Mohajer-2[41]
Specifications (Mohajer-2) edit
Data from Galen Wright[citation needed]
General characteristics
- Crew: none
- Capacity: 15 kg payload
- Length: 2.91 m (9 ft 7 in)
- Wingspan: 3.8 m (12 ft 6 in)
- Empty weight: 70 kg (154 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 85 kg (187 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × WAE-342 twin-cylinder piston engine, 19 kW (25 hp)
- Propellers: 2-bladed
Performance
- Maximum speed: 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn)
- Range: 50 km (31 mi, 27 nmi)
- Endurance: 1.5h
- Service ceiling: 3,350 m (10,990 ft)
See also edit
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- HESA Ababil[c]
- SAGEM Crecerelle
- Altec MART/Altec S-MART
- Aerosonde Mk 4.7
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ Early Mohajer-2s lack this camera.
- ^ Some prototypes were equipped with different engines.[citation needed]
- ^ The Ababil-2 compares with the Mohajer-2; the Ababil-3 compares with the Mohajer-4.[citation needed]
External references edit
- ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (14 February 2018). "The Military Balance 2018". The Military Balance. 118. Routledge.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Martin Streetly, ed. (2014). Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Unmanned 2014–2015. London: IHS Jane's. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-0-7106-3096-4.
- ^ "کرار؛مهاجم خستگی ناپذیر در برد1000 کیلومتری". mashreghnews.ir. 28 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "نگاهی به نقش ناشناخته "تلاش" و "مهاجر" در کربلای 5 و والفجر 8". mashreghnews.ir. 1 October 2011.
- ^ . en.farsnews.com. Tehran. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
- ^ Cooper, Tom; Bishop, Farzad (2002). Iran-Iraq War in the Air, 1980-1988. Schiffer Military.
- ^ "Mohajer 2 – Uav Surveillance System". MINDEX – Ministry of Defence Export Center.
- ^ Pike, John. "Mohajer". www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^ . lewis.armscontrolwonk.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ "Cómo Venezuela se convirtió con la ayuda de Irán en el "único país latinoamericano que cuenta con drones armados"". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-13.
- ^ Cenciotti, David (June 12, 2012). "Iranian Mohajer-2 drone appears in Venezuela. Chavez's building his own drone fleet with the help of Tehran".
- ^ Committee on Foreign Affairs (18 March 2015). "Iran and Hezbollah in the Western Hemisphere". Government Publishing Office – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c Hossein Delirian. "رونمایی از عضو جدید خانواده پهپادهای مهاجر/ مهاجر۲ "نوین" شد + ویژگیها و تصاویر". www.tasnimnews.com (in Persian).
- ^ a b "گزارش|استقرار پرنده های جدید نزاجا در مرز ایران و افغانستان/ ارتش به پهپادهای 2هزار کیلومتری مجهز شد- اخبار سیاسی - اخبار تسنیم - Tasnim". خبرگزاری تسنیم - Tasnim.
- ^ a b c Rawnsley, Adam (6 January 2015). "The Artesh Ground Forces Vali-e-Asr Drone Group (Updated)". rawnsl notebook.
- ^ "Iran Showcases New Version of Mohajer-Class Drone". Tehran: Tasnim News Agency. 22 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "مهاجر3 و 4 مجوز ورود ایران به لیگ برتر هواپیماهای بدون سرنشین + عکس". mashreghnews.ir. 9 October 2011.
- ^ a b "2019-09-01 Iran - Mohajer-6 UAV Strikes Targets in Iraq (Michael Rubin)". APAN Community.
- ^ "Iran says military to mass produce drones". Tehran. Reuters. 19 July 1999.
- ^ Eugene Miasnikov (6 December 2004). "Terrorists Develop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles". Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies at MIPT.
- ^ Gary Ackerman; Jeremy Tamsett, Jihadists and Weapons of Mass Destruction. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420069648. p. 122.
- ^ Rufiz Hafizoglu (18 May 2015). . Baku, Azerbaijan: Trend News Agency. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
- ^ Rawnsley, Adam (24 January 2015). "Iran's Drones Are Back in Iraq".
- ^ Chris Biggers (30 April 2015). "Satellite Imagery Confirms Iran Deploying Additional UAVs along the Coast". bellingcat.
- ^ Rawnsley, Adam; Biggers, Chris (2 April 2015). "We Found Iran's Secretive Drone Base". The Daily Beast – via www.thedailybeast.com.
- ^ "Iran Relocates Radar and Expands UAV Airfield on Qeshm". bellingcat. 13 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Pyruz, Mark. "Iran's Sadegh-1 UCAV armed with air-to-air missiles".
- ^ a b Andrew deGrandpre (8 August 2017). "Iranian drone that harassed Navy fighter jet is capable of carrying missiles, but was unarmed, official says". Washington Post.
- ^ "Adam Rawnsley on Twitter". Twitter. 9 Aug 2017.
- ^ "جهان نيوز - انهدام پهپاد مهاجم فرضی توسط نخستین پهپاد جدید ایران +فیلم". jahannews.com. 23 September 2014.
- ^ a b Rawnsley, Adam (24 September 2014). "Iran Has a Dogfighting Drone".
- ^ Keshavarz and Bunker (March 2018). "Iran Develops UAS with 'Smart Bomb' Capability". Operational Environment Watch: Foreign News & Perspectives of the Operational Environment. 8 (3). Foreign Military Studies Office: 18.
- ^ a b "Mohajer".
- ^ lemon, Green (21 January 2016). "#Iran Iranian Mohajer 2 (serial P04oA-18) landed in Iranian Balochistan. Via @jeashulnasr".
- ^ London, The New Arab Staff ــ (2023-06-16). "Iraq's PMF unveil high-tech Iranian M6 attack drone". www.newarab.com/. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
- ^ "A-short-history-of-the-Iranian-drone-program" (PDF). www.aei.org.
- ^ "Venezuela | Countries | NTI". The Nuclear Threat Initiative.
- ^ "Forecast International".
- ^ "Orbats". www.scramble.nl.
- ^ "Ethiopia may have Iranian UAVs". www.janes.com.
- ^ "LIBYA : Haftar's strange Iranian drone". Africa Intelligence. 5 October 2017.