German invasion of Denmark (1940)
| German invasion of Denmark | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Operation Weserübung | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Germany | Denmark | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Leonhard Kaupisch[1] | Christian X William Prior Hjalmar Rechnitzer | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Höheres Kommando XXXI:[2] 170th Infantry Division 198th Infantry Division 11th Schützen Brigade 527 aircraft (of the X. Fliegerkorps)[3] | 14,500 soldiers (Zealand, Jutland divisions, & Bornholm garrison)[4] 4 air force squadrons 2 coastal defence ships 6 torpedo boats 7 submarines 3 minelayers 9 minesweepers 4 inspection ships | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Uncertain (see Casualties) 2 captured 4 tanks damaged 12 armoured cars destroyed or damaged 1 aircraft damaged[5] 1 tugboat sunk[6] 1 battleship grounded | 16 killed[7] 20 wounded[7] 12 aircraft destroyed 14 aircraft damaged | ||||||||
The German invasion of Denmark (German: Operation Weserübung – Süd), was the German attack on Denmark on 9 April 1940, during the Second World War. The attack was a prelude to the invasion of Norway (German: Weserübung Nord, 9 April – 10 June 1940).
Denmark's strategic importance for Germany was limited. The invasion's primary purpose was to use Denmark as a staging ground for operations against Norway, and to secure supply lines to the forces about to be deployed there. An extensive network of radar systems was built in Denmark to detect British bombers bound for Germany.
The attack on Denmark was a breach of the non-aggression pact Denmark had signed with Germany less than a year earlier. The initial plan was to push Denmark to accept that German land, naval and air forces could use Danish bases, but Adolf Hitler subsequently demanded that both Norway and Denmark be invaded.
Denmark's military forces were inferior in numbers and equipment, and after a short battle were forced to surrender. After less than two hours of struggle, Danish Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning ended the opposition to the German attack, for fear that the Germans would bomb Copenhagen (København), as they had done with Warsaw during the invasion of Poland in September 1939. Due to communication difficulties, some Danish forces continued to fight, but after a further two hours, all opposition had stopped.
Lasting approximately six hours, the German ground campaign against Denmark was one of the shortest military operations of the Second World War.[8]
Background
The attack on Denmark was part of Operation Weserübung Süd, Germany's plan for the invasion of Norway. Its main purpose was to secure the iron ore that shipped from Narvik. To capture Norway, the Germans had to control the port outside Aalborg (Ålborg) in northern Jutland (Jylland).[9] The Kriegsmarine high command approved of occupying Denmark to extend the German sea-defence network northward, making it harder for British ships to outflank it from the north when attacking ships in the Atlantic.[10] Norway's fjords also provided excellent bases for German submarines in the North Atlantic. The Germans presented the invasion as an act of protection against a supposed imminent attack by the United Kingdom.[11]
German plan of attack
The German High Command planned a combined assault on Denmark to overrun the country as swiftly as possible. It included an airborne assault on the Aalborg (Ålborg) airfields, a surprise landing of infantry from naval auxiliaries at Copenhagen (København), and a simultaneous ground assault across the Jutland (Jylland) peninsula.[12] On 4 April, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, chief of the Abwehr and involved in the German resistance to Nazism, warned the Danes of an imminent invasion.[13]
Skirmishes
Although the Royal Danish Army was warned of the attack, it was denied permission to deploy or prepare defensive positions as the Danish government did not want to give the Germans any provocation for their actions. Only small and scattered units of the frontier guard and elements of the Jutland (Jylland) division were available to meet the land invasion. Believing the attack was imminent, the troops were placed on full alert at 13:30 on 8 April.[14]
Fighting in Jutland
The Danish border was breached at Sæd, Rens, Padborg, and Krusaa (Kruså) at 04:15 on the 9th. With the Kriegsmarine simultaneously landing troops at Lillebælt, Danish troops at the border were cut off at the beginning of the fighting. The alarm was sounded at 04:17, and the first Danish troops were dispatched at 04:35.[14]
Eastern flank
Lundtoftbjerg
The first clash between the Danish Army and the invading forces occurred at Lundtoftbjerg, where a Danish anti-tank platoon armed with two 20 mm guns and a light machine gun had taken up positions covering the road. A German column appeared at 04:50, and the 20mm cannons opened fire on the armoured cars while the machine gun took aim at the motorcyclists.[14] A fire started in a nearby barn, filling the air with smoke and hindering the German advance. Eventually the anti-tank platoon was forced to withdraw to Aabenraa (Åbenrå). About 1.5 km (1 mile) to the north, a bicycle platoon prepared a defence of a railway bridge, but fire from the armoured cars and strafing fighter aircraft forced them to retreat, and a third of them were captured.[14] The Germans lost two armoured cars and three motorcycles, while the Danes suffered one dead and one wounded.
Another German column reached Hokkerup a few kilometers east of Lundtoftbjerg at 05:30. They encountered a roadblock made with farm equipment, set up only 20 minutes earlier by 34 Danish soldiers.[15] The Danes knocked out the three leading armoured cars, forcing them to pull back. The Germans set up a 37 mm gun 300 meters (yards) away, but it managed to fire only one round before being knocked out by two rounds from a 20mm gun.[14] Hand-to hand combat ensued in which one Dane was killed and three wounded, one fatally.[14] With air support, the 100 or so Germans managed to surround and capture the Danish unit at 06:15.
Bjergskov
Seven kilometers (miles) north of Lundtoftbjerg, one motorcycle and two bicycle platoons arrived at Bjergskov at around 05:00. Under Lieutenant Colonel S.E. Clausen the motorcycle troops set up a roadblock with two 20 mm guns while the remaining platoons spread out in the woods.[14] A German column arrived at 06:30. Their tanks pushed the roadblock aside and opened fire. One gun returned fire until a tank drove over it. The gunner attempted to run for cover in the woods but was killed when a German aircraft strafed the road. The second gun malfunctioned. The Danes tried to escape on motorcycles[16] but the Germans surrounded them with armoured vehicles and captured them.[17] A further four Danish soldiers were wounded, while one German armored car was damaged.[14]
Central thrust
Bredevad
In an encounter between Danish and German forces at Bredevad, 10 km (6 miles) north of the border, a German vanguard of four armoured cars approached the village. The Danes arrived at 6:30 AM and, without time to build a roadblock, took cover in a garden.[18] A machine gun and a 20 mm cannon, manned by one and a half platoons, fired warning shots. When the Germans ignored this, the Danes opened fire from 300 meters (yards) out, knocking out the lead armoured car and killing its driver. A short skirmish followed. The Danes knocked out three more German armoured cars and suffered four casualties. At 07:15 a reinforcing German motorized column arrived from Tinglev, cutting off the Danes and forcing them to surrender. Two Danes were killed and five were wounded.[14]
Rabsted
A cyclist platoon from Korskro arrived at Rabsted at 6:45. While lying in wait, they managed to capture two German dispatch riders. Learning from them that Bredevad had been taken, they retreated to the northeast via secondary roads.[14]
Aabenraa (Åbenrå)
As the Danish forces at Søgaard (Søgård) army camp prepared to pull back north to Vejle, where the main force of the Jutland (Jylland) Division was preparing for battle, a short skirmish occurred at Aabenraa (Åbenrå) as the anti-tank platoon from Lundtoftbjerg attacked 15 or so pursuing German vehicles.[19] After disabling a German tank, the rearguard pulled back to Knivsberg. They rendezvoused with a bicycle platoon from Stubbæk Skov, which had suffered one killed and three wounded by German aircraft.[14] The Danish CO ordered them to northern Haderslev.
Haderslev
Haderslev had a garrison of 225 men of the Jutland (Jylland) Division under Colonel A. Hartz, which defended both the barracks in the town and the road leading to it. Troops in the town mobilized at 07:00 on hearing instructions broadcast from police loudspeaker vans.[14] Bolstered by retreating units, approximately 400 Danes defended the town. Three roadblocks were set up: one with dumping wagons, the other two from spare lumber.[14]
At about 07:50 on the southern outskirts of Haderslev, a Danish 37 mm anti-tank gun with a crew of five attacked the approaching armour.[19] Two German tanks lined up adjacent to one another and opened fire. The Danes landed all three of their shots—one in a tank's tracks—but two of the gun crew were killed and the rest wounded. One tank then drove over the gun. Around the curve on Sønderbro Street, two 20 mm cannon and a machine gun put up resistance at the wagon roadblock. The Germans laid down heavy fire. A Danish soldier was killed and two were wounded, but the Germans were effectively pinned down.[20] The fighting continued for ten minutes until the order to surrender was received from Copenhagen (København) by telephone. The Germans were then allowed to proceed into Haderslev, but the Danish garrison stationed there had not received the order to surrender and fired on them. Two German tanks and a motorcycle proceeded unsuspecting towards the barracks, which were defended by the anti-tank unit from Lundtoftbjerg.[14] They opened fire, killing the motorcyclist and blowing the tracks off one tank, sending it crashing into a house. However, the Danish garrison capitulated at 08:15 when the order to surrender finally came through.[14] One Danish soldier was killed while defending the barracks,[14] and three civilians were killed in the crossfire.[21]
Western flank
Abild and Sølsted
The first fighting in Western Jutland (Jylland) occurred against the Tønder garrison, which was dispatched to Abild and Sølsted. At Abild, a Danish 20 mm gun crew knocked out two German armoured cars of the German 11th Motorized Regiment before pulling back. At Sølsted, a Danish anti-tank unit consisting of fewer than 50 men set up a defensive position with a 20 mm gun on a road. When a force of the German 11th Motorized Regiment approached, the Danes opened fire as soon as the first German armoured car came within range. The first vehicle was knocked out and ended up in a ditch, while the next continued forward, but pulled back after being hit. It was hit several more times, but was able to fire back. German infantry attempted twice to outflank the Danish positions, but both attempts were met with heavy fire and they became bogged down. Seeing that his attack was failing, the German regimental commander radioed for support and three German Henschel Hs 126 aircraft soon appeared. They bombed and strafed the Danish force until the Danish commander ordered his troops to fall back to Bredebo. In spite of this, no Danish casualties were reported.[14] When the men of the Tønder garrison reached Bredebro, the order to capitulate had been issued and the fighting was over.
Airborne landings
At approximately 05:00, history's first paratrooper attack took place. 96 Fallschirmjäger jumped from nine Junkers Ju 52 transport aircraft to secure Storstrøm Bridge, connecting the island of Falster with Zealand (Sjælland) and the coastal fortress on Masnedø island. The elite German troops expected heavy fighting around the fortress, but much to their surprise, only two privates and an officer were found inside.[22] The landing opened the way for a battalion of the 198. Infanterie-Division to advance on Copenhagen (København) by land.[23]
Two hours later, a platoon of paratroopers from the 4th battalion of Fallschirmjäger Regiment I landed in Aalborg (Ålborg), the main city of northern Jutland (Jylland), to secure Weserübung Süd's primary target: the airfield at Aalborg (Ålborg),[23] to be used as a stepping-stone for the invasion of Norway. The Fallschirmjägers encountered no resistance, and in less than an hour German aircraft were landing there in huge numbers. More than 200 landings and takeoffs were recorded on the first day, most of them transporting troops and fuel to Fornebu Airport in Norway.[24]
In Esbjerg, a 75mm anti-aircraft gun damaged a German aircraft.[14]
In order to capture the connections between Jutland (Jylland) and Zealand (Sjælland), the Kriegsmarine landed more troops from the 198th Infantry Division at Funen (Fyn).[23]
At the same time, troops supported by the battleship Schleswig-Holstein landed in Korsør and Nyborg, cutting off connections between Funen (Fyn) and Zealand (Sjælland). Meeting no resistance, the troops in Korsør reached Copenhagen (København) at noon.[25]
Shortly earlier, at 03:55, the Germans made a surprise attack on Gedser, Denmark's southernmost city. They utilized the local ferry from Warnemünde, which they crammed with troops. Soldiers swarmed inland and cut telephone lines. Armour and motorcycles followed, and rapidly advanced to and captured the Storstrøm Bridge together with the paratroopers.[26]
Capture of Copenhagen (København)
To secure Denmark's quick surrender, the capture of the capital city was considered essential. At 04:20[27] the 2,430 ton minelayer Hansestadt Danzig, with an escort of the icebreaker Stettin and two patrol boats, entered Copenhagen (København) harbour with battle flags flying. The harbour was covered by the coastal artillery guns of Fort Middelgrund. The newly appointed Danish commander ordered a warning shot to be fired, but the recently arrived recruits could not operate the gun.[28] After landing a battalion of the 198th Infantry at 05:18, German forces captured the 70-strong garrison of the Citadel, the headquarters of the Danish Army, without a single shot. Their next target was Amalienborg Palace, residence of the Danish royal family.[23]
Amalienborg and capitulation
When the German infantry arrived at Amalienborg, they were met with determined opposition from the on-duty company of the King's Royal Guard, which repulsed the initial attack but suffered three wounded. The fighting intensified as reinforcements hastily arrived from Rosenborg Barracks equipped with multiple Madsen machine gun. The German advance was stopped dead, as intense street fighting ensued around Amalienborg. The dogged resistance of the Royal Guard gave King Christian X and his ministers time to confer with the Danish commander-in-chief General Prior.[29] During the discussions, several formations of Heinkel He 111 and Dornier Do 17 bombers from Kampfgeschwader 4 roared over the city dropping OPROP! leaflets. Faced with the explicit threat of Luftwaffe bombing Copenhagen's civilian population, all but General Prior favoured surrender. The argument for surrender was that Denmark's military position was untenable. Its land and population were too small to hold out against Germany for any sustained period, and its flat terrain would be easily overrun by German panzers. (Jutland (Jylland), for instance, was wide open to a panzer attack from Schleswig-Holstein to the south.) Unlike Norway, Denmark had no mountain ranges where a drawn-out resistance could be mounted.[30] On the other hand, Denmark had significant water obstacles between the panzers and the capital city, Copenhagen (København), a long coastline, and a significant navy that could expect help from Great Britain and France. A third option, the government going into exile as the Czechoslovakian government had done, was not chosen. The Danish government ordered a ceasefire at 06:00, and formally capitulated at 08:34[23] in exchange for retaining political independence in domestic matters.
The order of standing down and the disarmament of the Royal Guard, infuriated the Guardsmen, who was still confident that they could expel the Germans from the capital. It culminated in an uproar, where the Guardsmen attempted to rearm themselves. It was only because the officers argued that even if they succeeded in expelling the initial Germans troops from the capital, further overwhelming forces would arrive, that the Guardsmen abandoned the attempt.
Fate of the Danish Air Services
The entire four squadron Danish Army Air Service was stationed at Værløse near Copenhagen (København). In anticipation of the German invasion, they had prepared to disperse to airfields around the country, but this had not been accomplished by 05:25 when Luftwaffe aircraft appeared over the airbase.[31] As the German aircraft reached Værløse, one Fokker C.V-E reconnaissance aircraft was getting airborne,[31] but was shot down by a Messerschmitt Bf 110 flown by Hauptmann Wolfgang Falck at an altitude of 50 metres (200'). Both crew members were killed.[23][5] The German Bf 110s then strafed the base under heavy anti-aircraft fire. They destroyed 11 aircraft and badly damaged another 14 as they taxied to take-off, wiping out most of the Danish Army Air Service in one action. The Danish Navy Air Service remained at its bases and escaped damage.
1st company of the 11th battalion
While most of the Danish Army followed the order to surrender, one unit refused. Colonel Helge Bennike, commander of the 4th Regiment at Roskilde, believed that the order to surrender had been forced on the government by the Germans and that Sweden had also been attacked. Bennike and his unit boarded the ferry in Elsinore to Sweden and went into exile. When the misunderstanding was later cleared up, most of the Danish soldiers stayed in Sweden and would form the core of the Danish Brigade in Sweden in 1943.[32]
Casualties
For propaganda purposes, the German High Command tried to present the invasion of Denmark as a peaceful one, so it would be believed that Denmark did not put up any resistance to it.[33]
In his first monograph, author Kay Søren Nielsen states that in the archives of the Danish weapons manufacturer DISA (Danish Industrial Syndicate), 203 German soldiers were claimed to be killed in Jutland (Jylland). The report was made in cooperation with the German Waffenamt which gives it weight.[34] This number is also backed up by testimonies from veterans and eyewitnesses, including the veteran Frode Jensen, who after the battle was over, was told by the Germans, that they had lost 18 men while his unit had only suffered 2 casualties.
However, the number is considered an exaggeration by many historians.[35][36]
In 2015, the Journal of Military History, Krigshistorisk Tidsskrift, published an article for the Royal Danish Defence College (RDDC), in which military correspondent Lt. Col Jürgensen H.J. (ret.) summarized key points in the German invasion. He argued that actual German losses were 2-3 killed and 25-30 wounded, and that the Danish military suffered a confirmed 16 dead and 20 wounded. Casualties among the civil resistance is not certain, but are given as 10 dead and 3 wounded.[37]
Military historian David T. Zabecki notes in "Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History" that Denmark suffered 49 casualties (26 killed and 23 wounded), and that 20 German soldiers were killed or wounded.[7]
Other than the casualties at the front, a few aircraft were shot down or crashed, a tugboat sank after a collision with a German vessel in the Great Belt and the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein was temporarily grounded west of Agersø.[6]
Order of Battle
Order of Battle for both the Royal Danish Army and German Army.
Royal Danish Army
|
Heer
German Army[41] |
|---|
|
Aftermath and legacy
The Danes capitulated within six hours, resulting in a uniquely lenient occupation, as the Germans were content to leave the Aryan Danes to manage their own affairs. Danish soldiers were disarmed that afternoon, and those captured were allowed to return to their units.[14] The following day, the island of Bornholm was occupied without incident.[42] The Royal Danish Army was severely reduced after the invasion, with only a 3,300-strong "Life Guard" unit allowed to remain.[43] Many Danish merchant ships were caught out abroad following the sudden and rapid invasion. Approximately 240 of these ships were incorporated into the Allied merchant navy while ships still in Danish ports served the Germans in transporting iron ore.[44] A handful of Danish soldiers and pilots escaped to the United Kingdom either directly by plane or via neutral Sweden. Those who escaped either served amongst the RAF or SOE.[45]
Following the reported peaceful occupation of Denmark, Allied views on Denmark were contemptuous. It was alleged that a boxing commentator had said "without fighting—like a Dane" concerning a first-round knockout.[46] Danes have since adopted the saying "Aldrig mere 9 April" (transl. Never again an April 9).[46]
See also
- List of Danish military equipment of World War II
- List of German military equipment of World War II
- April 9th, a 2015 Danish film about Danish bicycle infantry during the German invasion
References
Citations
- ^ Dildy 2007, p. 15.
- ^ Dildy 2007, pp. 18, 28.
- ^ Hooton 2007, p. 29.
- ^ Dildy 2007, p. 22.
- ^ a b Hooton 2007, p. 31.
- ^ a b Lindeberg 1990, p. 98.
- ^ a b c Zabecki 2014, p. 323.
- ^ Dildy 2007, p. 34.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 8.
- ^ Dildy 2007, p. 9.
- ^ Holbraad 2017, p. 29.
- ^ Dildy 2007, p. 12.
- ^ Axelrod 2008, p. 53.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Finsted 2004.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 46.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 48.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 50.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 52.
- ^ a b Lindeberg 1990, p. 42.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 61.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 63.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e f Dildy 2007, p. 36.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 75.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 32.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 28.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 9.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 14.
- ^ Dildy 2007, p. 16.
- ^ Shirer 1990, p. 663.
- ^ a b Schrøder 1999, pp. 109, 113.
- ^ Nigel 2014, p. 5.
- ^ Lindeberg 1990, p. 79.
- ^ Nielsen 2005.
- ^ Laursen.
- ^ Nilson 2015.
- ^ Jürgensen 2015, pp. 16–25.
- ^ Pettibone 2014, p. 90-91.
- ^ Volden 2007, p. 9.
- ^ Jensen 2020, p. 19.
- ^ Niehorster.
- ^ Ziemke 1959, p. 60.
- ^ Nigel 2014, p. 6.
- ^ Holbraad 2017, p. 83-84.
- ^ Holbraad 2017, p. 125.
- ^ a b Osborn.
Bibliography
- Axelrod, Alan (2008). The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 9781402740909.
- Dildy, Douglas C. (2007). Denmark and Norway 1940: Hitler's boldest operation. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84603-117-5.
- Holbraad, Carsten (2017). Danish Reactions to German Occupation. London: UCL Press. ISBN 9781911307495.
- Hooton, Edward R. (2007). Luftwaffe at War; Gathering Storm 1933–39. Chevron/Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-903223-71-0.
- Jensen, Palle Roslyng (2020). Værnenes politik - politikernes værn. Studier i dansk militærpolitik under besættelsen 1940-45 (in Danish). Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 9788726284058.
- Jürgensen, H.J. (March 2015). Krigshistorisk Tidsskrift (in Danish). Copenhagen. 51 (1): 16–25.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - Laursen, Gert. "Den tyske besættelse af Danmark". milhist.dk (in Danish). Dansk Militærhistorie. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- Lindeberg, Lars (1990). 9. april; De så det ske (in Danish). Denmark: Sesam. ISBN 87-7258-504-8.
- Niehorster, Dr. Leo. "Höhere Kommando XXXI, 09.04.1940". niehorster.org (in German). Retrieved 4 February 2019.
- Nigel, Thomas (2014). Hitler's Blitzkrieg Enemies 1940: Denmark, Norway, Netherlands & Belgium. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-596-4.
- Nilson, Nils-Christian (9 April 2015). "Opgøret med myten: Så få tyskere slog danskerne ihjel". ekstrabladet.dk. JP/Politikens Hus A/S. Ekstra Bladet. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- Osborn, John W. Jr. "Swift Invasion of Denmark". Warfare History Network. Sovereign Media. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- Pettibone, Charles D. (2014). The Organization and Order of Battle of Militaries in World War II: Volume IX - The Overrun & Neutral Nations of Europe and Latin American Allies. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1490733869.
- Schrøder, Hans A. (1999). Angrebet på Værløse flyveplads den 9. april 1940 : flyveren Vagn Holms dagbog fra den 8. og 9. april suppleret med en omfattende dokumentation (in Danish). Denmark: Flyvevåbnets bibliotek. ISBN 87-982509-8-1.
- Shirer, William (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-45165-168-3.
- Tveskov, Peter (2003). Conquered, not defeated. Growing up in Denmark during the German Occupation of World War II. Oregon: Hellgate Press. ISBN 978-1-55571-638-7.
- Volden, S.C. (1 January 2007). Danske hærordninger efter 2. Verdenskrig i nationalt og internationalt perspektiv. HOK, 2007 (in Danish). Hærens Operative Kommando. ISBN 978-87-986756-1-7. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- Zabecki, David T. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. London: ABC-Clio Inc. ISBN 978-1-59884-980-6.
- Ziemke, Earl F. (1959). The German Northern Theater of Operations 1940-1945. ibiblio.org. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
External links
- Finsted, Per (2004). "The Danish Army on April 9th, 1940" (PDF). Chakoten.dk. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
- Nielsen, Kay S. (2005). "Besættelsen af Danmark den 9. april 1940 var ikke fredelig". Cultours.dk. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
- Ziemke, Earl F. (2000) [1960]. "The German Decision to Invade Norway and Denmark". In Kent Roberts Greenfield (ed.). Command Decisions. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 70-7.