Geography of Slovenia
Slovenia is situated at the crossroads of central and southeast Europe, touching the Alps and bordering the Adriatic Sea. The Alps—including the Julian Alps, the Kamnik–Savinja Alps and the Karawank chain, as well as the Pohorje massif—dominate northern Slovenia along its long border to Austria. Slovenia's Adriatic coastline stretches approximately 47 km (29 mi) from Italy to Croatia. Its part south of Sava river belongs to Balkan peninsula – Balkans.
The term karst originated in southwestern Slovenia's Karst Plateau (Slovene: Kras), a limestone region of underground rivers, gorges, and caves, between Ljubljana and the Mediterranean.
On the Pannonian plain to the east and northeast, toward the Croatian and Hungarian borders, the landscape is essentially flat. However, the majority of Slovenian terrain is hilly or mountainous, with around 90% of the surface 200 meters or more above sea level.
Location edit
Slovenia's location is where southeastern and Central Europe meet, where the Eastern Alps border the Adriatic Sea between Austria and Croatia. The 15th meridian east almost corresponds to the middle line of the country in the direction west–east.[1]
Geographic coordinates edit
Extreme geographical points of Slovenia:
- North: 46°52′36″N 16°13′59″E / 46.87667°N 16.23306°E, Budinci, Šalovci,
- South: 45°25′19″N 15°10′0″E / 45.42194°N 15.16667°E, Kot pri Damlju, Municipality of Črnomelj,
- East: 46°28′11″N 16°36′38″E / 46.46972°N 16.61056°E, Pince–Marof, Municipality of Lendava,
- West: 46°17′53″N 13°22′32″E / 46.29806°N 13.37556°E, Robidišče, Municipality of Kobarid.
The maximum north–south distance is 1°28' or 163 km (101 mi).
The maximum east–west distance is 3°13' or 248 km (154 mi).
The geometric centre of Slovenia (GEOSS) is located at 46°07′11.8″N 14°48′55.2″E / 46.119944°N 14.815333°E.
Since 2016, the geodetic system of Slovenia with the elevation benchmark of 0 m has its origin at the Koper tide gauge station. Until then, it referred to the Sartorio mole in Trieste (see metres above the Adriatic).[2]
Area edit
- Total: 20,271 km2[3]
- Land: 20,149 km2
- Water: 122 km2
- Comparison: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Borders edit
- Land boundaries
- Coastline: 46.6 m (~ 47 km)
- Maritime claims:
The entire Slovenian coastline is located on the Gulf of Trieste. Towns along the coastline include:
Regions edit
Historical regions edit
The traditional Slovenian regions, based on the former division of Slovenia into the four Habsburg crown lands (Carniola, Carinthia, Styria, and the Littoral) and their parts, are:
- Upper Carniola (Gorenjska) (denoted on the map by U.C.)
- Styria (Štajerska) (S)
- Prekmurje (P)
- Carinthia (Koroška) (C)
- Inner Carniola (Notranjska) (I.C.)
- Lower Carniola (Dolenjska) (L.C.)
- Gorizia (Goriška) (G)
- Slovenian Istria (Slovenska Istra) (L)
The last two are usually considered together as the Littoral Region (Primorska). White Carniola (Bela krajina), otherwise part of Lower Carniola, is usually considered a separate region, as is the Central Sava Valley (Zasavje), which is otherwise a part of Upper and Lower Carniola and Styria.
Slovenian Littoral has no natural island, but there is a plan on building an artificial one.
Climate edit
Humid subtropical climate (Cfa) on the coast, oceanic climate (Cfb) in most of Slovenia, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters (Dfb) in the plateaus and mountains on the north, subpolar (Dfc) and tundra (ET) climate above the treeline on the highest mountain peaks. Precipitation is high away from the coast, with the spring being particularly prone to rainfall. Slovenia's Alps have frequent snowfalls during the winter.[4][5]
| Climate data for Ljubljana | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.8 (60.4) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.3 (75.7) | 27.8 (82.0) | 32.4 (90.3) | 35.6 (96.1) | 37.1 (98.8) | 40.2 (104.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | 25.8 (78.4) | 20.9 (69.6) | 16.7 (62.1) | 40.2 (104.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) | 6.4 (43.5) | 11.4 (52.5) | 16.1 (61.0) | 21.4 (70.5) | 24.6 (76.3) | 27.3 (81.1) | 26.7 (80.1) | 21.6 (70.9) | 15.9 (60.6) | 8.8 (47.8) | 3.8 (38.8) | 15.6 (60.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 1.9 (35.4) | 6.5 (43.7) | 10.8 (51.4) | 15.8 (60.4) | 19.1 (66.4) | 21.3 (70.3) | 20.6 (69.1) | 16.0 (60.8) | 11.2 (52.2) | 5.6 (42.1) | 1.2 (34.2) | 10.9 (51.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) | −2.0 (28.4) | 1.7 (35.1) | 5.8 (42.4) | 10.3 (50.5) | 13.7 (56.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 15.2 (59.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 7.7 (45.9) | 2.8 (37.0) | −1.1 (30.0) | 6.6 (43.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.3 (−4.5) | −23.3 (−9.9) | −14.1 (6.6) | −3.2 (26.2) | 0.2 (32.4) | 3.8 (38.8) | 7.4 (45.3) | 5.8 (42.4) | 3.1 (37.6) | −5.2 (22.6) | −14.5 (5.9) | −14.5 (5.9) | −23.3 (−9.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69 (2.7) | 70 (2.8) | 88 (3.5) | 99 (3.9) | 109 (4.3) | 144 (5.7) | 115 (4.5) | 137 (5.4) | 147 (5.8) | 147 (5.8) | 129 (5.1) | 107 (4.2) | 1,362 (53.6) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 11 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 153 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71 | 114 | 149 | 178 | 235 | 246 | 293 | 264 | 183 | 120 | 66 | 56 | 1,974 |
| Source 1: Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO)[6] (data for 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO)[7] OGIMET[8] (some extreme values for 1948–2013) | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Maribor | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.4 (63.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 26.0 (78.8) | 28.0 (82.4) | 30.9 (87.6) | 34.7 (94.5) | 35.8 (96.4) | 40.6 (105.1) | 31.4 (88.5) | 27.2 (81.0) | 21.5 (70.7) | 20.7 (69.3) | 40.6 (105.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) | 6.6 (43.9) | 11.4 (52.5) | 16.2 (61.2) | 21.3 (70.3) | 24.4 (75.9) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.1 (79.0) | 21.4 (70.5) | 16.0 (60.8) | 9.2 (48.6) | 4.4 (39.9) | 15.6 (60.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) | 1.7 (35.1) | 6.0 (42.8) | 10.8 (51.4) | 15.8 (60.4) | 19.0 (66.2) | 21.0 (69.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.7 (60.3) | 10.7 (51.3) | 5.1 (41.2) | 0.9 (33.6) | 10.8 (51.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) | −2.3 (27.9) | 1.6 (34.9) | 5.9 (42.6) | 10.5 (50.9) | 13.7 (56.7) | 15.6 (60.1) | 15.4 (59.7) | 11.3 (52.3) | 6.8 (44.2) | 1.8 (35.2) | −2.0 (28.4) | 6.2 (43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −21.0 (−5.8) | −20.2 (−4.4) | −15.2 (4.6) | −5.1 (22.8) | −1.1 (30.0) | 3.6 (38.5) | 6.3 (43.3) | 5.5 (41.9) | −1.0 (30.2) | −5.9 (21.4) | −12.7 (9.1) | −17.6 (0.3) | −21.0 (−5.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 35 (1.4) | 38 (1.5) | 57 (2.2) | 60 (2.4) | 83 (3.3) | 107 (4.2) | 94 (3.7) | 112 (4.4) | 99 (3.9) | 78 (3.1) | 69 (2.7) | 61 (2.4) | 893 (35.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 137.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 86 | 118 | 148 | 185 | 237 | 242 | 277 | 253 | 191 | 143 | 90 | 67 | 2,037 |
| Source: Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO), sunshine hours are for: Maribor Edvard Rusjan Airport 1981–2010[9] (data for 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
Terrain edit
A short coastal strip on the Adriatic Sea, an alpine mountain region adjacent to Italy and Austria, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east.
There is only one natural island in Slovenia: Bled Island in Lake Bled in the country's northwest. Lake Bled and Bled Island are Slovenia's most popular tourist destination.[10]
Elevation extremes edit
- Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m (tide gauge station in Koper)[2]
- Highest point: Triglav 2,864 m (9,396 ft)
Natural resources edit
Lignite coal, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests
Land use edit
- Arable land: 8.53%
- Permanent crops: 1.43%
- Other: 90.04% (2005)
- Irrigated land: 100 km2 (2003)
- Natural hazards: minor flooding and earthquakes
Environment edit
Current issues edit
The Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain.
International agreements edit
- Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution (MARPOL 73/78), Wetlands, Whaling
- Signed, but not ratified:
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Jenko, Marjan (2005). "O pomenu meridiana 15° vzhodno od Greenwicha" [About the Significance of the 15th Degree to the East of Greenwich Meridian] (PDF). Geodetski vestnik (in Slovenian). Vol. 49, no. 4. pp. 637–638. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ a b "S pomočjo mareografske postaje v Kopru do novega geodetskega izhodišča za Slovenijo" [With the Help of a Tide Gauge Station in Koper to A New Geodetic Origin Point for Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Slovenian Environment Agency. 23 November 2016.
- ^ "Spremembe v površini Slovenije" [Changes in the Surface of Slovenia] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 1 July 2018.
- ^ . Geckogo.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- ^ File:Slovenia Köppen.svg
- ^ "Climate normals 1981–2010" (PDF). ARSO. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- ^ "Extreme values of measured yearly, monthly and daily values of chosen meteorological parameters in 1948–2011". ARSO. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- ^ "14015: Ljubljana / Bezigrad (Slovenia)". OGIMET. 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ "Maribor Climate normals 1981–2010" (PDF). ARSO. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ^ . 22 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017.
External links edit
- – Geodesic Institute of Slovenia – Detailed Topographic and Orthophoto maps of Slovenia