The crèche (from French "daycare") in zoology refers to the care of offspring in a group or colony.[1][2] Many species such as common eiders,[1]lions,[2] and penguins[3] form crèches and exhibit group behaviours. Crèches can serve different functions and purposes depending on the species and the environment. For example, some crèches may aid in defence [2] while other crèches may aid in feeding and protection from harsh weather conditions.[3] This form of group living has evolved to become advantageous to the species. Studies have shown that by participating in group living, species will increase their inclusive fitness since their young will be in a better condition to reproduce and carry on the line of descendants in the species.[4]
Common eider ducklings swimming alongside their mother
Crèche behaviour in eiders, Somateria mollissimaedit
In the Common eider population, after giving birth to their eggs, the mother will incubate them until they hatch.[1] The mothers will hear a signal from the juvenile's which will cause her to move away and open the nest for the eggs to hatch safely.[5] Once the eggs have hatched, the mother will either abandon her young, care for her young alone or join a multi-female crèche.[1] In the common eider species, if the crèche group behaviour is followed, the formation of the crèche will occur as soon as the juveniles leave the nest, and the group behaviour will last for a long period as the mother provides parental care to her young as they develop.[5] Studies have shown that while the parental care mode can change over the years, 46% of female eiders will care for their young through a multi-crèched environment.[1] Female eiders can care for their young through a true crèche or a transient crèche.[1] In a true crèche, the mother will choose a select group of females to live and care for her young with for a long period of time.[1] Contrastingly, in a transient crèche, the female and her young will not stay with the same group for a long duration and they will move through different crèches rather than stay with one permanent group.[1] These transient crèches will normally form about two weeks after the juveniles hatch so they have time to experience social interaction with their mother and siblings first.[6] The females and young in the true crèches showed a higher level of overall condition compared to the transient crèches.[1] Another study provided evidence that common eiders who do not join a crèche will maintain the best condition throughout development compared to those who did.[6]
Lion cubs feeding from mother
Crèche behaviour in lionsedit
Crèche behaviours will also develop in certain species of lions. For the first four to six weeks of development, mothers will care for their young on their own to make sure they are getting the proper care and nutrition.[7] Once they reach six weeks, female pride mate mothers will group to form a crèche.[2] Mothers will form this crèche with other mothers who have cubs of the same age.[8] These crèches could range from two to nine mothers, but they average around four to five mothers.[2] Females and their young will remain together in these crèches until the young have reached about two years of age.[2] Studies show that mothers in crèches which involve three to four females may suffer from low food intake.[2] The main advantage of crèches in lion species is for defence.[2] The mothers in a crèche will work together to defend their cubs and protect them from nomadic male lions or any other predators that may approach the pride.[2] The greater number of females in the crèche, the greater rates of male takeovers.[2] Being a member of a crèche, provides safety from predators for the cubs and ensures that the mother will forage in a group size close to optimum.[2] Studies have proven that mothers keep their cubs in crèche formations to initiate highly stable care groups that will aid in defence.[2] While crèches are great for defence, they have a contrasting impact on food intake. If there are a very high number of cubs in a crèche compared to mothers, the cubs could become severely undernourished.[8] As well, female lions without cubs will avoid a crèche as they would experience a low rate of food intake in that group living arrangement.[8] Studies have also shown that living in a crèche environment does not guarantee increased access and retrieval of resources.[7] When lions are nursing, the cubs that are raised in a crèche do not have an advantage of gaining more milk than their conspecifics who do not live in a crèche.[7]
The crèche group behaviour will also be seen in many species of penguins. This behaviour will occur when multiple adult penguins rear their chicks together in a group formation.[3] In the majority of penguin crèches there will be more chicks than adults.[9] The main advantage of the crèche formation in penguins is to aid in thermoregulation [9][10] but the formation also helps prevent predation and aggression.[3] While living in a crèche the penguin chicks will be reared in the presence of multiple adults and therefore will be protected from aggressive adults or predators.[3] The largest crèche formations are seen when weather conditions are harsh.[10] These harsh conditions normally include very low temperatures and high humidity, wind speeds and cloud cover.[9] During these times in particular, there will be increased contact between adults and chicks as they gather together to provide warmth to one another to aid in thermoregulation.[10]
Referencesedit
^ abcdefghiKilpi, Mikael; Öst, Markus; Lindström, Kai; Rita, Hannu (2001-09-01). "Female characteristics and parental care mode in the crèching system of eiders, Somateria mollissima". Animal Behaviour. 62 (3): 527–534. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1784. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53189883.
^ abcdefghijklPacker, Scheel & Pusey (1988–1989). "Why lions form groups: food is not enough". The American Naturalist. 136: 1–19. doi:10.1086/285079. S2CID 85145653 – via ScienceDirect.
^ abcdeLe Bohec, Céline; Gauthier-Clerc, Michel; Le Maho, Yvon (2005-09-01). "The adaptive significance of crèches in the king penguin". Animal Behaviour. 70 (3): 527–538. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.11.012. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53204428.
^Pollard, Kimberly Anne (2009). "Causes and Consequences of Sociality: Time Allocation, Individuality, and the Evolution of Group Size in Mammals". University of California. ProQuest 250133832.
^ abMunro, Bédard, J., J. (1977-10-01). "Crèche Formation in the Common Eider". The Auk. 94 (4): 759–771. doi:10.2307/4085272. JSTOR 4085272 – via Oxford Academic.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abÖst, Ydenberg, Lindström, Kilpi, Markus, Ron, Kai, Mikael (2003-06-07). "Body condition and the grouping behavior of brood-caring female common eiders (Somateria mollissima)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 54 (5): 451–457. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0641-0. S2CID 1075985 – via SpringerLink.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcPusey, Packer, Anne E., Craig (1994-12-01). "Non-offspring nursing in social carnivores: minimizing the costs". Behavioral Ecology. 5 (4): 362–374. doi:10.1093/beheco/5.4.362 – via Oxford Academic.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcVanderWaal, Mosser, Packer, Kimberly L., Anna, Craig (2009-04-03). "Optimal group size, dispersal decisions and post-dispersal relationships in female African lions". Animal Behaviour. 77 (4): 949–954. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.12.028. S2CID 53151179 – via Elsevier.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcDavis, Lloyd S. (2012-01-30). "Creching behaviour of Adelie penguin chicks (Pygoscelis adeliae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 9 (2): 279–285. doi:10.1080/03014223.1982.10423856.
^ abcLawless, Buttemer, Astheimer, Kerry, R. M., W. A., L. B., K. R. (2001-11-01). "The influence of thermoregulatory demand on contact crèching behaviour in Adélie Penguin chicks". Journal of Thermal Biology. 26 (6): 555–562. doi:10.1016/S0306-4565(00)00049-8 – via ScienceDirect.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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crèche, zoology, crèche, from, french, daycare, zoology, refers, care, offspring, group, colony, many, species, such, common, eiders, lions, penguins, form, crèches, exhibit, group, behaviours, crèches, serve, different, functions, purposes, depending, species. The creche from French daycare in zoology refers to the care of offspring in a group or colony 1 2 Many species such as common eiders 1 lions 2 and penguins 3 form creches and exhibit group behaviours Creches can serve different functions and purposes depending on the species and the environment For example some creches may aid in defence 2 while other creches may aid in feeding and protection from harsh weather conditions 3 This form of group living has evolved to become advantageous to the species Studies have shown that by participating in group living species will increase their inclusive fitness since their young will be in a better condition to reproduce and carry on the line of descendants in the species 4 Common eider ducklings swimming alongside their motherContents 1 Creche behaviour in eiders Somateria mollissima 2 Creche behaviour in lions 3 Creche behaviour in penguins 4 ReferencesCreche behaviour in eiders Somateria mollissima editIn the Common eider population after giving birth to their eggs the mother will incubate them until they hatch 1 The mothers will hear a signal from the juvenile s which will cause her to move away and open the nest for the eggs to hatch safely 5 Once the eggs have hatched the mother will either abandon her young care for her young alone or join a multi female creche 1 In the common eider species if the creche group behaviour is followed the formation of the creche will occur as soon as the juveniles leave the nest and the group behaviour will last for a long period as the mother provides parental care to her young as they develop 5 Studies have shown that while the parental care mode can change over the years 46 of female eiders will care for their young through a multi creched environment 1 Female eiders can care for their young through a true creche or a transient creche 1 In a true creche the mother will choose a select group of females to live and care for her young with for a long period of time 1 Contrastingly in a transient creche the female and her young will not stay with the same group for a long duration and they will move through different creches rather than stay with one permanent group 1 These transient creches will normally form about two weeks after the juveniles hatch so they have time to experience social interaction with their mother and siblings first 6 The females and young in the true creches showed a higher level of overall condition compared to the transient creches 1 Another study provided evidence that common eiders who do not join a creche will maintain the best condition throughout development compared to those who did 6 nbsp Lion cubs feeding from motherCreche behaviour in lions editCreche behaviours will also develop in certain species of lions For the first four to six weeks of development mothers will care for their young on their own to make sure they are getting the proper care and nutrition 7 Once they reach six weeks female pride mate mothers will group to form a creche 2 Mothers will form this creche with other mothers who have cubs of the same age 8 These creches could range from two to nine mothers but they average around four to five mothers 2 Females and their young will remain together in these creches until the young have reached about two years of age 2 Studies show that mothers in creches which involve three to four females may suffer from low food intake 2 The main advantage of creches in lion species is for defence 2 The mothers in a creche will work together to defend their cubs and protect them from nomadic male lions or any other predators that may approach the pride 2 The greater number of females in the creche the greater rates of male takeovers 2 Being a member of a creche provides safety from predators for the cubs and ensures that the mother will forage in a group size close to optimum 2 Studies have proven that mothers keep their cubs in creche formations to initiate highly stable care groups that will aid in defence 2 While creches are great for defence they have a contrasting impact on food intake If there are a very high number of cubs in a creche compared to mothers the cubs could become severely undernourished 8 As well female lions without cubs will avoid a creche as they would experience a low rate of food intake in that group living arrangement 8 Studies have also shown that living in a creche environment does not guarantee increased access and retrieval of resources 7 When lions are nursing the cubs that are raised in a creche do not have an advantage of gaining more milk than their conspecifics who do not live in a creche 7 Creche behaviour in penguins edit nbsp King Penguin colony found in the AntarcticThe creche group behaviour will also be seen in many species of penguins This behaviour will occur when multiple adult penguins rear their chicks together in a group formation 3 In the majority of penguin creches there will be more chicks than adults 9 The main advantage of the creche formation in penguins is to aid in thermoregulation 9 10 but the formation also helps prevent predation and aggression 3 While living in a creche the penguin chicks will be reared in the presence of multiple adults and therefore will be protected from aggressive adults or predators 3 The largest creche formations are seen when weather conditions are harsh 10 These harsh conditions normally include very low temperatures and high humidity wind speeds and cloud cover 9 During these times in particular there will be increased contact between adults and chicks as they gather together to provide warmth to one another to aid in thermoregulation 10 References edit a b c d e f g h i Kilpi Mikael Ost Markus Lindstrom Kai Rita Hannu 2001 09 01 Female characteristics and parental care mode in the creching system of eiders Somateria mollissima Animal Behaviour 62 3 527 534 doi 10 1006 anbe 2001 1784 ISSN 0003 3472 S2CID 53189883 a b c d e f g h i j k l Packer Scheel amp Pusey 1988 1989 Why lions form groups food is not enough The American Naturalist 136 1 19 doi 10 1086 285079 S2CID 85145653 via ScienceDirect a b c d e Le Bohec Celine Gauthier Clerc Michel Le Maho Yvon 2005 09 01 The adaptive significance of creches in the king penguin Animal Behaviour 70 3 527 538 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2004 11 012 ISSN 0003 3472 S2CID 53204428 Pollard Kimberly Anne 2009 Causes and Consequences of Sociality Time Allocation Individuality and the Evolution of Group Size in Mammals University of California ProQuest 250133832 a b Munro Bedard J J 1977 10 01 Creche Formation in the Common Eider The Auk 94 4 759 771 doi 10 2307 4085272 JSTOR 4085272 via Oxford Academic a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Ost Ydenberg Lindstrom Kilpi Markus Ron Kai Mikael 2003 06 07 Body condition and the grouping behavior of brood caring female common eiders Somateria mollissima Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54 5 451 457 doi 10 1007 s00265 003 0641 0 S2CID 1075985 via SpringerLink a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Pusey Packer Anne E Craig 1994 12 01 Non offspring nursing in social carnivores minimizing the costs Behavioral Ecology 5 4 362 374 doi 10 1093 beheco 5 4 362 via Oxford Academic a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c VanderWaal Mosser Packer Kimberly L Anna Craig 2009 04 03 Optimal group size dispersal decisions and post dispersal relationships in female African lions Animal Behaviour 77 4 949 954 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2008 12 028 S2CID 53151179 via Elsevier a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Davis Lloyd S 2012 01 30 Creching behaviour of Adelie penguin chicks Pygoscelis adeliae New Zealand Journal of Zoology 9 2 279 285 doi 10 1080 03014223 1982 10423856 a b c Lawless Buttemer Astheimer Kerry R M W A L B K R 2001 11 01 The influence of thermoregulatory demand on contact creching behaviour in Adelie Penguin chicks Journal of Thermal Biology 26 6 555 562 doi 10 1016 S0306 4565 00 00049 8 via ScienceDirect a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link nbsp This article about ornithology is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This ethology article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Creche zoology amp oldid 1206493017, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
