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Gartok

October 27, 2023

Gartok (Tibetan: སྒར་ཐོག, Wylie: sGar-thog)[a] is made of twin encampment settlements of Gar Günsa and Gar Yarsa (Tibetan: སྒར་དབྱར་ས, Wylie: sGar-dbyar-sa, Wade–Giles: Ka-erh-ya-sha) in the Gar County in the Ngari Prefecture of Tibet. Gar Gunsa served as the winter encampment and Gar Yarsa as the summer encampment. But in British nomenclature, the name Gartok was applied only to Gar Yarsa and the practice continues to date.[3]

Gartok
Gar Yarsa
Gartok
Coordinates: 31°43′41″N 80°20′14″E / 31.7280°N 80.3371°E / 31.7280; 80.3371
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceTibet Autonomous Region
PrefectureNgari Prefecture
CountyGar County
Elevation
4,450 m (14,600 ft)
Time zoneUTC+8 (CST)

Gartok was established as Lhasa's administrative headquarters for Western Tibet (Ngari) after it conquered it from Ladakh in 1684. A senior official called Garpön was stationed here. Gartok (Gar Yarsa) also served as Western Tibet's principal trade-market. But the village itself was small and is said to have been quite poor. After the Chinese annexation of Tibet, the headquarters of Western Tibet was moved to Shiquanhe.

Gar Yarsa is situated on the bank of the Gartang River, one of the headwaters of the Indus River, at the base of the Kailash Range, at an elevation of 4,460 metres (14,630 ft).

Name edit

 
Gartok and vicinity
 
Map of the Gar valley by Strachey (1851) showing Gar Gunsa and Gar Yarsa. The Gartang river joins Senge Zangbu at a location called Tagle, with Langmar and Rala nearby.
 
Map of the Gar valley in a Survey of India map (1936), showing Gartok (Gar Yarsa) and Gar Dzong (Gar Gunsa)

Gar (Wylie: sGar) means "encampment". During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Karma Kagyu lamas moved through the length and breadth of Tibet in "Great Encampments" or garchen.[4][5] The term is also often used for military camps.[6][7]

British sources interpreted "Gar Yarsa" as the "summer camp".[8][9] However, the ninth century bilingual text Mahāvyutpatti translated yarsa as Sanskrit वार्षिकावासः (vārṣikāvāsaḥ), literally, the residence of the rainy season.[10][b] Even though Gar Yarsa has acquired the name "Gartok" in popular parlance, officially, "Gartok" consists of both Gar Yarsa and Gar Gunsa (the "winter camp"). The latter is forty miles downstream on Gartang at a lower altitude.[3]

The Lhasan administrators of Western Tibet based at Gartok were called Garpöns.[11] They lived in Gar Gunsa for nine months of the year, and stayed at Gar Yarsa August–October.[12]

Description edit

Gar Yarsa lies on the road between Ladakh and Shigatse,[c] northeast of the present day Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, with all of which it has had trade relations.[14][15] William Moorcroft regarded the Gar Valley as part of Changtang, whose main occupation was the production of pashmina wool.[2]

By all accounts, Gar Yarsa appears to have been a small village. Moorcroft wrote that it was little more than an encampment, with a number of blanket tents and a few houses built of sun-dried bricks.[13] Ladakhi envoy Abdul Wahid Radhu stated that nomad tents outnumbered solid houses.[16] British explorer Cecil Rawling stated that Gartok had only "three good sized houses and twelve miserable hovels". The Garpons resided there for three months a year, during which Gartok became a busy centre of commerce.[12] No less than 500 nomads and merchants would congregate there at any given time.[17]

The village also has a small temple referred to as "Gar Yarsa gompa".[16]

History edit

Tibet–Ladakh-Mughal War edit

The rise of Gartok as the seat of Lhasa's authority in western Tibet occurred after the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War (1681–1684). Prior to this, the Gar Valley was part of Guge, which was either independent or under the control of Ladakh. In 1630, Ladakh had annexed the entire kingdom of Guge, including the Gar Valley. Through the war, Central Tibet, based in Lhasa, challenged Ladakh's supremacy.

During the war, the large army of Galdan Chhewang, Tibet's general, is said to have encamped in the Gar Valley.[18] The first clash with Ladakhi forces took place near the confluence of the Gartang and Sengge Zangbo, with the locations Langmar and Rala mentioned in the sources.[19]

After the end of the war, Galdan Chhewang organised the administration of the new province Ngari, and appointed Lozang Péma (Wylie: blo bzang pad ma) as governor (gzim dpon) before returning to Lhasa.[20][d] The Tibetan government appointed prefects (rdzoṅ sdod) to the traditional districts of Purang, Tsaparang and Tashigang.[22] But eventually Tashigang lost its importance, and Gartok took its place. Lhasa-appointed governors for the whole of Ngari, called Garpons, took their seat at Gartok.

Commercially, Gartok had the advantage of being equidistant between the Changthang, whose shepherds brought pashmina wool for sale, and their buyers in Ladakh and Bashahr.

19th century edit

William Moorcroft was the first British official to set foot in western Tibet. He arrived in Daba in 1812, along with another adventurer Hearshey, disguised as an Indian gosain merchant. He was hoping to find Central Asian horses for East India Company's stud as well as any other profitable merchandise such as the pashmina wool. The officials in Daba sent him on to Gartok. The Garpon received them civilly and agreed to sell the goods they wanted. He was later punished by Lhasa with three years imprisonment, for permitting foreigners into the country.[23]

The prohibition against foreigners did not apply to customary traders from Indian borderlands. However the sale of pashmina wool was limited to Ladakhis, as per the Treaty of Tingmosgang of 1684.[23] Some wool did make it to Bashahr, which was an ally of Tibet during the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War, as well as Zanskar (along with its territories of Lahul and Spiti), which was part of the family of west Tibetan kingdoms. The British tried to exploit these connections later for acquiring pashmina wool.

In 1817, after the Anglo-Nepalese War, W. J. Webb, the East Indian Company's surveyor of Kumaon and Garhwal, also made efforts to enter Tibet for the purpose of surveying. He earned the trust of the Tibetan officials and was permitted limited entry, beyond which the officials said permission would be needed from Lhasa and Peking.[24]

Early 20th century edit

Following the Younghusband Expedition to Tibet, the Convention of Lhasa was signed in 1904 between Tibet and the British Empire. As per the Convention, Gartok, together with Yatung and Gyantse, were to have trade marts for traders from British India, as well as British trade agents who would supervise the trade and resolve any issues. A British party under Captain C. H. D. Ryder, returned from Lhasa to India via Gartok, to ascertain its suitability as a trade agency. They found only a few dozen people in winter quarters, their houses being in the midst of a bare plain. They spent only one day at Gartok and found it deserted at that time of the year.[14][25]

The British Empire elected to appoint a native Indian trade agent at Gartok, the first being Thakur Jai Chand. Jai Chand found the conditions harsh, living in "extreme isolation and discomfort" in a three-room mud hut, along with a medical assistant and a clerk. Having no authority and access to the region's leaders, Jai Chand was able to achieve little. The medical dispensary was however said to have been utilised to some extent.[25] By 1907, it was clear that Gartok trade agency was a "dead end", but the British continued to maintain it in order to assert their treaty rights.[26] Scholar Alex McKay remarks that Purang would have been the right place for a trade agency, being the trading and administrative centre. However, Gartok was chosen due to lack of knowledge at the time of the Younghusband expedition.[27]

Post-World War period edit

In 1950, as the People's Republic of China sent forces to Lhasa in order to annex Tibet, it also sent a small force from Khotan in Xinjiang to Western Tibet, taking its people by surprise.[28] According to Indian intelligence, the force travelled via the Keriya Pass to Gartok via a tedious route, arriving there in June 1951.[29] Chinese accounts seem to corroborate this information. In October 1951, the Chinese started to explore the possibility of opening a road route between Xinjiang and Rudok (through Keriya La).[29] In late 1952, the 2nd Cavalry Regiment based at Gartok garrisoned Rudok with 150 men and 800 camels.[30] The Indian trade agent at Gartok was denied permission to visit trade marts at Rudok.[31] By 1953, the Chinese had a motorable jeep track between Xinjiang and Rudok.[29]

In 1954, the Indian government and the Chinese government negotiated a new trade agreement, whereby India continued to maintain the three trade agencies, and China obtained the reciprocal right to operate trade agencies in India (which were in Delhi, Calcutta and Kalimpong).[32] China declined to allow trade between Ladakh and Rudok, bringing to an end a centuries-old trading relationship.[33] Instead, the "customary route" via Demchok and Tashigang was the only one allowed.[34]

Sometime around this, China also appears to have changed course regarding the road from Xinjiang to Western Tibet, and chosen a route from Karghilik passing through the Karakash Valley and the Indian-claimed Aksai Chin region. The Indian trade agent was told by Chinese officials in September 1955 that they were constructing a Xinjiang–Gartok road via Rudok. In March 1957, the road was announced to have been completed.[35] The Chinese action led to the Sino-Indian border dispute and the eventual war between the two countries.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Variants of the spelling include Gartog,[1] Gardokh, Gartokh, Ghertope, while Garo appears to be an alternative form of the name.[2]
  2. ^ Mahāvyutpatti gives a different term for summer residence: Sanskrit ग्रैष्मिकावासः (graiṣmikāvāsaḥ) is said to correspond to Tibetan: དཔྱིད་ས་, Wylie: dpyid sa.
  3. ^ Moorcroft writes that the road from Ladakh was a six days' journey, along the course of the Indus river, which was "tolerably level" and "thinly coated with coarse pasturage".[13]
  4. ^ This appears to have been Blo-bzan‐padma-bkra-śis-lde (Losang Béma Tashidé, 1676-1743), the last member of Guge's dynasty. He moved to Central Tibet in 1692 and remained there till his death.[21]

References edit

  1. ^ Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya (2001), p. 203.
  2. ^ a b Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1 (1841), p. 362.
  3. ^ a b Rawling, The Great Plateau (1905), p. 272: "Gartok in reality consists of two distinct places situated forty miles apart. The one we visited is known as Gar Yarsa or Summer Quarters, and the other, which is also on the Indus but at a lower altitude, Gar Gunsa or Winter Quarters."
  4. ^ Sullivan, Brenton (2020), Building a Religious Empire: Tibetan Buddhism, Bureaucracy, and the Rise of the Gelukpa, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 37–38, ISBN 978-0-8122-5267-5: "During this pivotal period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, [Gyelwang Karmapa's] power was manifest in his Great Encampment, garchen in Tibetan. The garchen's influence included even outposts in Ngari of far western Tibet and it maintained a significant presence at the major pilgrimage site of Tsari, or Crystal Mountain, along the border with Arunachal Pradesh."
  5. ^ Chakraverty, Anjan (1998), Sacred Buddhist Painting, Lustre Press, p. 66, ISBN 978-81-7436-042-7: "Karmapa lamas who used to be on the move constantly lived in large tent cities with great pomp. The mobile Karmapa encampments were known as Karma Garchen and thus the style patronised in the encampments was labelled the Karma Gadri style (the style of the Karma encampment)."
  6. ^ Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 122–123 – via archive.org.
  7. ^ Eric Teichman, Travels of a Consular Officer in Eastern Tibet: Together with a History of the Relations Between China, Tibet and India (Cambridge: The University Press, 1922), p. 130.
  8. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 10 (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1973; ISBN 0852291736), p. 3.
  9. ^ John Keay, History of World Exploration (The Royal Geographical Society; Mallard Press, 1991), p. 76.
  10. ^ Mahāvyutpatti: 5600-5699, Eyes of Worlds website, retrieved 20 July 2021.
  11. ^ Waller, Derek (2015), The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia, University Press of Kentucky, pp. 100–101, ISBN 978-0-8131-4904-2
  12. ^ a b Rawling, The Great Plateau (1905), p. 272.
  13. ^ a b Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1 (1841), pp. 362–363.
  14. ^ a b   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gartok". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 480.
  15. ^ Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1 (1841), pp. 362–363: "it is, in fact, little more than a trading station, or mart, where in the summer months the natural productions of Tibet and China are exchanged for those of Hindustan [i.e., Himachal Pradesh] and Kashmir [i.e., Ladakh]."
  16. ^ a b Lange, An Atlas of the Himalayas (2020), pp. 292–295.
  17. ^ Rawling, The Great Plateau (1905), p. 273.
  18. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977), p. 76.
  19. ^ Petech, The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War (1947), p. 178.
  20. ^ Petech, The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War (1947), p. 190.
  21. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977), p. 45.
  22. ^ Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977), p. 78.
  23. ^ a b Meyer & Brysac, Tournament of Shadows (2009), Chapter 1.
  24. ^ "Sur l'Elévation des Montagnes de l'Inde, par Alexandre de Humboldt" [On the Elevation of the Mountains of India], The Quarterly Review, London: John Murray: 416–430, 1820. The Garpon is referred to as "Gertop" in this article.
  25. ^ a b McKay, The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies (1992), pp. 410–411.
  26. ^ McKay, The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies (1992), p. 411.
  27. ^ McKay, The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies (1992), p. 416.
  28. ^ Richardson, Hugh E. (1984), Tibet and its History (Second ed.), Boulder/London: Shambala, pp. 183–184 – via archive.org
  29. ^ a b c Mullik, My Years with Nehru 1971, pp. 196–197.
  30. ^ Claude Arpi, We shut our eyes once, let's not do so again, The Pioneer, 23 March 2017. ProQuest 1879722382
  31. ^ Mullik, My Years with Nehru 1971, p. 150.
  32. ^ Hsiao, Gene T. (2021), The Foreign Trade of China: Policy, Law, and Practice, Univ of California Press, p. 116, ISBN 9780520315754
  33. ^ Bhasin, Nehru, Tibet and China 2021, Chapter 7. "India felt it was imperative to open the two passes, Rudok and Rawang, which directly linked Ladakh to Tibet, in order to facilitate Ladakh’s links with Tibet.... India, presenting a draft of the agreement to the Chinese, included the two passes. China [..] refused to consider Ladakh’s links with Tibet, suggesting it to be 'impossible even if there is a deadlock'."
  34. ^ Bhasin, Nehru, Tibet and China 2021, Chapter 7.
  35. ^ Mullik, My Years with Nehru (1971), pp. 197–198.

Bibliography edit

  • Bhasin, Avtar Singh (2021), Nehru, Tibet and China, Penguin Random House, ISBN 9780670094134
  • Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963), Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, Praeger – via archive.org
  • Handa, O. C. (2001), Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-124-5
  • Lange, Diana (2020), An Atlas of the Himalayas by a 19th Century Tibetan Lama: A Journey of Discovery, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-41688-8
  • McKay, A. C. (1992), "The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies in Tibet: A Survey", JRAS: 399–421, doi:10.1017/S1356186300003023
  • Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (2009), Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7867-3678-2
  • Moorcroft, William; Trebeck, George (2004), Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Punjab in Ladakh and Kashmir: In Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz and Bokhara from 1819 to 1825, Volume 1, London: John Murray, ISBN 978-81-206-0497-1 – via archive.org
  • Mullik, B. N. (1971), My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal, Allied Publishers – via archive.org
  • Petech, Luciano (September 1947), "The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War of 1681-83", The Indian Historical Quarterly, 23 (3): 169– – via archive.org
  • Petech, Luciano (1977), The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D., Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via archive.org
  • Rawling, C. G. (1905), The Great Plateau, being an Account of Exploration in Central Tibet, 1903, and of the Gartok Expedition, 1904—1905, London: E. Arnold – via archive.org
  • Wakefield, E. B. (1961), "A Journey to Western Tibet, 1929" (PDF), The Alpine Journal: 118–133

October 27, 2023
gartok, tibetan, wylie, sgar, thog, made, twin, encampment, settlements, günsa, yarsa, tibetan, དབ, wylie, sgar, dbyar, wade, giles, county, ngari, prefecture, tibet, gunsa, served, winter, encampment, yarsa, summer, encampment, british, nomenclature, name, ap. Gartok Tibetan ས ར ཐ ག Wylie sGar thog a is made of twin encampment settlements of Gar Gunsa and Gar Yarsa Tibetan ས ར དབ ར ས Wylie sGar dbyar sa Wade Giles Ka erh ya sha in the Gar County in the Ngari Prefecture of Tibet Gar Gunsa served as the winter encampment and Gar Yarsa as the summer encampment But in British nomenclature the name Gartok was applied only to Gar Yarsa and the practice continues to date 3 Gartok Gar YarsaGartokCoordinates 31 43 41 N 80 20 14 E 31 7280 N 80 3371 E 31 7280 80 3371CountryPeople s Republic of ChinaProvinceTibet Autonomous RegionPrefectureNgari PrefectureCountyGar CountyElevation4 450 m 14 600 ft Time zoneUTC 8 CST Gartok was established as Lhasa s administrative headquarters for Western Tibet Ngari after it conquered it from Ladakh in 1684 A senior official called Garpon was stationed here Gartok Gar Yarsa also served as Western Tibet s principal trade market But the village itself was small and is said to have been quite poor After the Chinese annexation of Tibet the headquarters of Western Tibet was moved to Shiquanhe Gar Yarsa is situated on the bank of the Gartang River one of the headwaters of the Indus River at the base of the Kailash Range at an elevation of 4 460 metres 14 630 ft Contents 1 Name 2 Description 3 History 3 1 Tibet Ladakh Mughal War 3 2 19th century 3 3 Early 20th century 3 4 Post World War period 4 Notes 5 References 6 BibliographyName edit nbsp Gartok and vicinity nbsp Map of the Gar valley by Strachey 1851 showing Gar Gunsa and Gar Yarsa The Gartang river joins Senge Zangbu at a location called Tagle with Langmar and Rala nearby nbsp Map of the Gar valley in a Survey of India map 1936 showing Gartok Gar Yarsa and Gar Dzong Gar Gunsa Gar Wylie sGar means encampment During the 15th and 16th centuries the Karma Kagyu lamas moved through the length and breadth of Tibet in Great Encampments or garchen 4 5 The term is also often used for military camps 6 7 British sources interpreted Gar Yarsa as the summer camp 8 9 However the ninth century bilingual text Mahavyutpatti translated yarsa as Sanskrit व र ष क व स varṣikavasaḥ literally the residence of the rainy season 10 b Even though Gar Yarsa has acquired the name Gartok in popular parlance officially Gartok consists of both Gar Yarsa and Gar Gunsa the winter camp The latter is forty miles downstream on Gartang at a lower altitude 3 The Lhasan administrators of Western Tibet based at Gartok were called Garpons 11 They lived in Gar Gunsa for nine months of the year and stayed at Gar Yarsa August October 12 Description editGar Yarsa lies on the road between Ladakh and Shigatse c northeast of the present day Indian state of Himachal Pradesh with all of which it has had trade relations 14 15 William Moorcroft regarded the Gar Valley as part of Changtang whose main occupation was the production of pashmina wool 2 By all accounts Gar Yarsa appears to have been a small village Moorcroft wrote that it was little more than an encampment with a number of blanket tents and a few houses built of sun dried bricks 13 Ladakhi envoy Abdul Wahid Radhu stated that nomad tents outnumbered solid houses 16 British explorer Cecil Rawling stated that Gartok had only three good sized houses and twelve miserable hovels The Garpons resided there for three months a year during which Gartok became a busy centre of commerce 12 No less than 500 nomads and merchants would congregate there at any given time 17 The village also has a small temple referred to as Gar Yarsa gompa 16 History editTibet Ladakh Mughal War edit The rise of Gartok as the seat of Lhasa s authority in western Tibet occurred after the Tibet Ladakh Mughal War 1681 1684 Prior to this the Gar Valley was part of Guge which was either independent or under the control of Ladakh In 1630 Ladakh had annexed the entire kingdom of Guge including the Gar Valley Through the war Central Tibet based in Lhasa challenged Ladakh s supremacy During the war the large army of Galdan Chhewang Tibet s general is said to have encamped in the Gar Valley 18 The first clash with Ladakhi forces took place near the confluence of the Gartang and Sengge Zangbo with the locations Langmar and Rala mentioned in the sources 19 After the end of the war Galdan Chhewang organised the administration of the new province Ngari and appointed Lozang Pema Wylie blo bzang pad ma as governor gzim dpon before returning to Lhasa 20 d The Tibetan government appointed prefects rdzoṅ sdod to the traditional districts of Purang Tsaparang and Tashigang 22 But eventually Tashigang lost its importance and Gartok took its place Lhasa appointed governors for the whole of Ngari called Garpons took their seat at Gartok Commercially Gartok had the advantage of being equidistant between the Changthang whose shepherds brought pashmina wool for sale and their buyers in Ladakh and Bashahr 19th century edit William Moorcroft was the first British official to set foot in western Tibet He arrived in Daba in 1812 along with another adventurer Hearshey disguised as an Indian gosain merchant He was hoping to find Central Asian horses for East India Company s stud as well as any other profitable merchandise such as the pashmina wool The officials in Daba sent him on to Gartok The Garpon received them civilly and agreed to sell the goods they wanted He was later punished by Lhasa with three years imprisonment for permitting foreigners into the country 23 The prohibition against foreigners did not apply to customary traders from Indian borderlands However the sale of pashmina wool was limited to Ladakhis as per the Treaty of Tingmosgang of 1684 23 Some wool did make it to Bashahr which was an ally of Tibet during the Tibet Ladakh Mughal War as well as Zanskar along with its territories of Lahul and Spiti which was part of the family of west Tibetan kingdoms The British tried to exploit these connections later for acquiring pashmina wool In 1817 after the Anglo Nepalese War W J Webb the East Indian Company s surveyor of Kumaon and Garhwal also made efforts to enter Tibet for the purpose of surveying He earned the trust of the Tibetan officials and was permitted limited entry beyond which the officials said permission would be needed from Lhasa and Peking 24 Early 20th century edit Following the Younghusband Expedition to Tibet the Convention of Lhasa was signed in 1904 between Tibet and the British Empire As per the Convention Gartok together with Yatung and Gyantse were to have trade marts for traders from British India as well as British trade agents who would supervise the trade and resolve any issues A British party under Captain C H D Ryder returned from Lhasa to India via Gartok to ascertain its suitability as a trade agency They found only a few dozen people in winter quarters their houses being in the midst of a bare plain They spent only one day at Gartok and found it deserted at that time of the year 14 25 The British Empire elected to appoint a native Indian trade agent at Gartok the first being Thakur Jai Chand Jai Chand found the conditions harsh living in extreme isolation and discomfort in a three room mud hut along with a medical assistant and a clerk Having no authority and access to the region s leaders Jai Chand was able to achieve little The medical dispensary was however said to have been utilised to some extent 25 By 1907 it was clear that Gartok trade agency was a dead end but the British continued to maintain it in order to assert their treaty rights 26 Scholar Alex McKay remarks that Purang would have been the right place for a trade agency being the trading and administrative centre However Gartok was chosen due to lack of knowledge at the time of the Younghusband expedition 27 Post World War period edit In 1950 as the People s Republic of China sent forces to Lhasa in order to annex Tibet it also sent a small force from Khotan in Xinjiang to Western Tibet taking its people by surprise 28 According to Indian intelligence the force travelled via the Keriya Pass to Gartok via a tedious route arriving there in June 1951 29 Chinese accounts seem to corroborate this information In October 1951 the Chinese started to explore the possibility of opening a road route between Xinjiang and Rudok through Keriya La 29 In late 1952 the 2nd Cavalry Regiment based at Gartok garrisoned Rudok with 150 men and 800 camels 30 The Indian trade agent at Gartok was denied permission to visit trade marts at Rudok 31 By 1953 the Chinese had a motorable jeep track between Xinjiang and Rudok 29 In 1954 the Indian government and the Chinese government negotiated a new trade agreement whereby India continued to maintain the three trade agencies and China obtained the reciprocal right to operate trade agencies in India which were in Delhi Calcutta and Kalimpong 32 China declined to allow trade between Ladakh and Rudok bringing to an end a centuries old trading relationship 33 Instead the customary route via Demchok and Tashigang was the only one allowed 34 Sometime around this China also appears to have changed course regarding the road from Xinjiang to Western Tibet and chosen a route from Karghilik passing through the Karakash Valley and the Indian claimed Aksai Chin region The Indian trade agent was told by Chinese officials in September 1955 that they were constructing a Xinjiang Gartok road via Rudok In March 1957 the road was announced to have been completed 35 The Chinese action led to the Sino Indian border dispute and the eventual war between the two countries Notes edit Variants of the spelling include Gartog 1 Gardokh Gartokh Ghertope while Garo appears to be an alternative form of the name 2 Mahavyutpatti gives a different term for summer residence Sanskrit ग र ष म क व स graiṣmikavasaḥ is said to correspond to Tibetan དཔ ད ས Wylie dpyid sa Moorcroft writes that the road from Ladakh was a six days journey along the course of the Indus river which was tolerably level and thinly coated with coarse pasturage 13 This appears to have been Blo bzan padma bkra sis lde Losang Bema Tashide 1676 1743 the last member of Guge s dynasty He moved to Central Tibet in 1692 and remained there till his death 21 References edit Handa Buddhist Western Himalaya 2001 p 203 a b Moorcroft amp Trebeck Travels in the Himalayan Provinces Vol 1 1841 p 362 a b Rawling The Great Plateau 1905 p 272 Gartok in reality consists of two distinct places situated forty miles apart The one we visited is known as Gar Yarsa or Summer Quarters and the other which is also on the Indus but at a lower altitude Gar Gunsa or Winter Quarters Sullivan Brenton 2020 Building a Religious Empire Tibetan Buddhism Bureaucracy and the Rise of the Gelukpa University of Pennsylvania Press pp 37 38 ISBN 978 0 8122 5267 5 During this pivotal period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Gyelwang Karmapa s power was manifest in his Great Encampment garchen in Tibetan The garchen s influence included even outposts in Ngari of far western Tibet and it maintained a significant presence at the major pilgrimage site of Tsari or Crystal Mountain along the border with Arunachal Pradesh Chakraverty Anjan 1998 Sacred Buddhist Painting Lustre Press p 66 ISBN 978 81 7436 042 7 Karmapa lamas who used to be on the move constantly lived in large tent cities with great pomp The mobile Karmapa encampments were known as Karma Garchen and thus the style patronised in the encampments was labelled the Karma Gadri style the style of the Karma encampment Stein R A 1972 Tibetan Civilization London Faber and Faber pp 122 123 via archive org Eric Teichman Travels of a Consular Officer in Eastern Tibet Together with a History of the Relations Between China Tibet and India Cambridge The University Press 1922 p 130 Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 10 Encyclopaedia Britannica 1973 ISBN 0852291736 p 3 John Keay History of World Exploration The Royal Geographical Society Mallard Press 1991 p 76 Mahavyutpatti 5600 5699 Eyes of Worlds website retrieved 20 July 2021 Waller Derek 2015 The Pundits British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia University Press of Kentucky pp 100 101 ISBN 978 0 8131 4904 2 a b Rawling The Great Plateau 1905 p 272 a b Moorcroft amp Trebeck Travels in the Himalayan Provinces Vol 1 1841 pp 362 363 a b nbsp One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Gartok Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 11 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 480 Moorcroft amp Trebeck Travels in the Himalayan Provinces Vol 1 1841 pp 362 363 it is in fact little more than a trading station or mart where in the summer months the natural productions of Tibet and China are exchanged for those of Hindustan i e Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir i e Ladakh a b Lange An Atlas of the Himalayas 2020 pp 292 295 Rawling The Great Plateau 1905 p 273 Petech The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977 p 76 Petech The Tibetan Ladakhi Moghul War 1947 p 178 Petech The Tibetan Ladakhi Moghul War 1947 p 190 Petech The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977 p 45 Petech The Kingdom of Ladakh 1977 p 78 a b Meyer amp Brysac Tournament of Shadows 2009 Chapter 1 Sur l Elevation des Montagnes de l Inde par Alexandre de Humboldt On the Elevation of the Mountains of India The Quarterly Review London John Murray 416 430 1820 The Garpon is referred to as Gertop in this article a b McKay The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies 1992 pp 410 411 McKay The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies 1992 p 411 McKay The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies 1992 p 416 Richardson Hugh E 1984 Tibet and its History Second ed Boulder London Shambala pp 183 184 via archive org a b c Mullik My Years with Nehru 1971 pp 196 197 Claude Arpi We shut our eyes once let s not do so again The Pioneer 23 March 2017 ProQuest 1879722382 Mullik My Years with Nehru 1971 p 150 Hsiao Gene T 2021 The Foreign Trade of China Policy Law and Practice Univ of California Press p 116 ISBN 9780520315754 Bhasin Nehru Tibet and China 2021 Chapter 7 India felt it was imperative to open the two passes Rudok and Rawang which directly linked Ladakh to Tibet in order to facilitate Ladakh s links with Tibet India presenting a draft of the agreement to the Chinese included the two passes China refused to consider Ladakh s links with Tibet suggesting it to be impossible even if there is a deadlock Bhasin Nehru Tibet and China 2021 Chapter 7 Mullik My Years with Nehru 1971 pp 197 198 Bibliography editBhasin Avtar Singh 2021 Nehru Tibet and China Penguin Random House ISBN 9780670094134 Fisher Margaret W Rose Leo E Huttenback Robert A 1963 Himalayan Battleground Sino Indian Rivalry in Ladakh Praeger via archive org Handa O C 2001 Buddhist Western Himalaya A politico religious history Indus Publishing ISBN 978 81 7387 124 5 Lange Diana 2020 An Atlas of the Himalayas by a 19th Century Tibetan Lama A Journey of Discovery BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 41688 8 McKay A C 1992 The Establishment of the British Trade Agencies in Tibet A Survey JRAS 399 421 doi 10 1017 S1356186300003023 Meyer Karl E Brysac Shareen Blair 2009 Tournament of Shadows The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia Basic Books ISBN 978 0 7867 3678 2 Moorcroft William Trebeck George 2004 Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Punjab in Ladakh and Kashmir In Peshawar Kabul Kunduz and Bokhara from 1819 to 1825 Volume 1 London John Murray ISBN 978 81 206 0497 1 via archive org Mullik B N 1971 My Years with Nehru The Chinese Betrayal Allied Publishers via archive org Petech Luciano September 1947 The Tibetan Ladakhi Moghul War of 1681 83 The Indian Historical Quarterly 23 3 169 via archive org Petech Luciano 1977 The Kingdom of Ladakh c 950 1842 A D Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente via archive org Rawling C G 1905 The Great Plateau being an Account of Exploration in Central Tibet 1903 and of the Gartok Expedition 1904 1905 London E Arnold via archive org Wakefield E B 1961 A Journey to Western Tibet 1929 PDF The Alpine Journal 118 133 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gartok amp oldid 1173176820, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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