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Galaxy filament

February 25, 2023

In cosmology, galaxy filaments (subtypes: supercluster complexes, galaxy walls, and galaxy sheets)[1][2] are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of walls of gravitationally bound galaxy superclusters. These massive, thread-like formations can reach 80 megaparsecs h−1 (or of the order of 160 to 260 million light-years[3][4]) and form the boundaries between large voids.[5]

Artist's rendering of two string-like filaments of galaxies.

Formation

In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, galactic filaments form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter—also referred to as the galactic web or cosmic web.[6] It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this "normal" matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.

Discovery

Discovery of structures larger than superclusters began in the late-1980s. In 1987, astronomer R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii's Institute of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex. In 1989, the CfA2 Great Wall was discovered,[7] followed by the Sloan Great Wall in 2003.[8] On January 11, 2013, researchers led by Roger Clowes of the University of Central Lancashire announced the discovery of a large quasar group, the Huge-LQG, which dwarfs previously discovered galaxy filaments in size.[9] In November 2013, using gamma-ray bursts as reference points, astronomers discovered the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, an extremely huge filament measuring more than 10 billion light-years across.[10][11][12]

Filaments

The filament subtype of filaments have roughly similar major and minor axes in cross-section, along the lengthwise axis.

Filaments of Galaxies
Filament Date Mean distance Dimension Notes
Coma Filament The Coma Supercluster lies within the Coma Filament.[13] It forms part of the CfA2 Great Wall.[14]
Perseus–Pegasus Filament 1985 Connected to the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster, with the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster being a member of the filament.[15]
Ursa Major Filament Connected to the CfA Homunculus, a portion of the filament forms a portion of the "leg" of the Homunculus.[16]
Lynx–Ursa Major Filament (LUM Filament) 1999 from 2000 km/s to 8000 km/s in redshift space Connected to and separate from the Lynx–Ursa Major Supercluster.[16]
z=2.38 filament around protocluster ClG J2143-4423 2004 z=2.38 110 Mpc A filament the length of the Great Wall was discovered in 2004. As of 2008, it was still the largest structure beyond redshift 2.[17][18][19][20]
  • A short filament, detected by identifying an alignment of star-forming galaxies, in the neighborhood of the Milky Way and the Local Group was proposed by Adi Zitrin and Noah Brosch.[21] The reality of this filament, and the identification of a similar but shorter filament, were the result of a study by McQuinn et al. (2014) based on distance measurements using the TRGB method.[22]

Galaxy walls

The galaxy wall subtype of filaments have a significantly greater major axis than minor axis in cross-section, along the lengthwise axis.

Walls of Galaxies
Wall Date Mean distance Dimension Notes
CfA2 Great Wall (Coma Wall, Great Wall, Northern Great Wall, Great Northern Wall, CfA Great Wall) 1989 z=0.03058 251 Mpc long: 750 Mly long
250 Mly wide
20 Mly thick 		This was the first super-large large-scale structure or pseudo-structure in the universe to be discovered. The CfA Homunculus lies at the heart of the Great Wall, and the Coma Supercluster forms most of the homunculus structure. The Coma Cluster lies at the core.[23][24]
Sloan Great Wall (SDSS Great Wall) 2003 z=0.07804 433 Mpc long This was the largest known galaxy filament to be discovered,[23] until it was eclipsed by the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall found ten years later.
Sculptor Wall (Southern Great Wall, Great Southern Wall, Southern Wall) 8000 km/s long
5000 km/s wide
1000 km/s deep
(in redshift space dimensions) 		The Sculptor Wall is "parallel" to the Fornax Wall and "perpendicular" to the Grus Wall.[25][26]
Grus Wall The Grus Wall is "perpendicular" to the Fornax and Sculptor Walls.[26]
Fornax Wall The Fornax Cluster is part of this wall. The wall is "parallel" to the Sculptor Wall and "perpendicular" to the Grus Wall.[25][26]
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall 2013 z≈2[11] 3 Gpc long,[11]
150 000 km/s deep[11]
(in redshift space) 		The largest known structure in the universe.[10][11][12] This is also the first time since 1991 that a galaxy filament/great wall held the record as the largest known structure in the universe.
 
Galaxy filaments, walls and voids form web-like structures.
  • A "Centaurus Great Wall" (or "Fornax Great Wall" or "Virgo Great Wall") has been proposed, which would include the Fornax Wall as a portion of it (visually created by the Zone of Avoidance) along with the Centaurus Supercluster and the Virgo Supercluster also known as our Local Supercluster within which the Milky Way galaxy is located (implying this to be the Local Great Wall).[25][26]
  • A wall was proposed to be the physical embodiment of the Great Attractor, with the Norma Cluster as part of it. It is sometimes referred to as the Great Attractor Wall or Norma Wall.[27] This suggestion was superseded by the proposal of a supercluster, Laniakea, that would encompass the Great Attractor, Virgo Supercluster, Hydra-Centaurus Superclusters.[28]
  • A wall was proposed in 2000 to lie at z=1.47 in the vicinity of radio galaxy B3 0003+387.[29]
  • A wall was proposed in 2000 to lie at z=0.559 in the northern Hubble Deep Field (HDF North).[30][31]

Map of nearest galaxy walls

 
The Universe within 500 million light years, showing the nearest galaxy walls

Large Quasar Groups

Large quasar groups (LQGs) are some of the largest structures known.[32] They are theorized to be protohyperclusters/proto-supercluster-complexes/galaxy filament precursors.[33]

Large Quasar Groups
LQG Date Mean distance Dimension Notes
Clowes–Campusano LQG
(U1.28, CCLQG) 		1991 z=1.28
  • longest dimension: 630 Mpc
 It was the largest known structure in the universe from 1991 to 2011, until U1.11's discovery.
U1.11 2011 z=1.11
  • longest dimension: 780 Mpc
 Was the largest known structure in the universe for a few months, until Huge-LQG's discovery.
Huge-LQG 2012 z=1.27
  • characteristic size: 500 Mpc
  • longest dimension: 1.24 Gpc
It was the largest structure known in the universe,[32][33] until the discovery of the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall found one year later.[11]

Supercluster complex

Supercluster complex
Name Date Mean distance Dimension Notes
Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex 1987 1 billion ly wide,
150 million ly deep 		Contains Virgo Supercluster and Local Group

Maps of large-scale distribution

  •  

    The universe within 1 billion light-years (307 Mpc) of Earth, showing local superclusters forming filaments and voids

  •  

    Map of nearest walls, voids and superclusters

  •  

    2dF survey map, containing the SDSS Great Wall

  •  

    2MASS XSC infrared sky map

See also

References

  1. ^ Boris V. Komberg, Andrey V. Kravtsov, Vladimir N. Lukash; "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars" arXiv:astro-ph/9602090; Bibcode:1996astro.ph..2090K;
  2. ^ R.G. Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy, ASP Conference Series, vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN 1-58381-065-X ; Bibcode:2001ASPC..232..108C
  3. ^ "Convert 50 Parsecs to Light Years".
  4. ^ "Convert Megaparsec to Mile".
  5. ^ Bharadwaj, Somnath; Bhavsar, Suketu; Sheth, Jatush V (2004). "The Size of the Longest Filaments in the Universe". Astrophys J. 606 (1): 25–31. arXiv:astro-ph/0311342. Bibcode:2004ApJ...606...25B. doi:10.1086/382140. S2CID 10473973.
  6. ^ Riordan, Michael; David N. Schramm (March 1991). Shadows of Creation: Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe. W H Freeman & Co (Sd). ISBN 0-7167-2157-0.
  7. ^ Huchra, John P.; Geller, Margaret J. (17 November 1989). "M. J. Geller & J. P. Huchra, Science 246, 897 (1989)". Science. 246 (4932): 897–903. doi:10.1126/science.246.4932.897. PMID 17812575. S2CID 31328798. from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  8. ^ Sky and Telescope, "Refining the Cosmic Recipe" 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, 14 November 2003
  9. ^ Wall, Mike (2013-01-11). "Largest structure in universe discovered". Fox News. from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
  10. ^ a b Horvath, Istvan; Hakkila, Jon; Bagoly, Zsolt (2014). "Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561: id.L12. arXiv:1401.0533. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L..12H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323020. S2CID 24224684.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Horvath I., Hakkila J., and Bagoly Z.; Hakkila, J.; Bagoly, Z. (2013). "The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts". 7th Huntsville Gamma-Ray Burst Symposium, GRB 2013: Paper 33 in EConf Proceedings C1304143. 1311: 1104. arXiv:1311.1104. Bibcode:2013arXiv1311.1104H.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b Klotz, Irene (2013-11-19). "Universe's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum". discovery. from the original on 2013-11-30. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  13. ^ 'Astronomy and Astrophysics' (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 138, no. 1, Sept. 1984, pp. 85–92. Research supported by Cornell University "The Coma/A 1367 filament of galaxies" 09/1984 Bibcode:1984A&A...138...85F
  14. ^ THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 115:1745-1777, 1998 May ; THE STAR FORMATION PROPERTIES OF DISK GALAXIES: Hα IMAGING OF GALAXIES IN THE COMA SUPERCLUSTER
  15. ^ 'Astrophysical Journal', Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 299, Dec. 1, 1985, pp. 5–14. "A possible 300 megaparsec filament of clusters of galaxies in Perseus-Pegasus" 12/1985 Bibcode:1985ApJ...299....5B
  16. ^ a b The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, volume 121, issue 2, pp. 445–472. "Photometric Properties of Kiso Ultraviolet-Excess Galaxies in the Lynx-Ursa Major Region" 04/1999 Bibcode:1999ApJS..121..445T
  17. ^ NASA, GIANT GALAXY STRING DEFIES MODELS OF HOW UNIVERSE EVOLVED 2008-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, January 7, 2004
  18. ^ Palunas, Povilas; Teplitz, Harry I.; Francis, Paul J.; Williger, Gerard M.; Woodgate, Bruce E. (2004). "The Distribution of Lyα‐Emitting Galaxies at z = 2.38". The Astrophysical Journal. 602 (2): 545–554. arXiv:astro-ph/0311279. Bibcode:2004ApJ...602..545P. doi:10.1086/381145. S2CID 990891.
  19. ^ Francis, Paul J.; Palunas, Povilas; Teplitz, Harry I.; Williger, Gerard M.; Woodgate, Bruce E. (2004). "The Distribution of Lyα‐emitting Galaxies at z =2.38. II. Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 614 (1): 75–83. arXiv:astro-ph/0406413. Bibcode:2004ApJ...614...75F. doi:10.1086/423417. S2CID 118037575.
  20. ^ Relativistic Astrophysics Legacy and Cosmology - Einstein's, ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Volume . ISBN 978-3-540-74712-3. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, p. 358 "Ultraviolet-Bright, High-Redshift ULIRGS" 00/2008 Bibcode:2008ralc.conf..358W
  21. ^ Zitrin, A.; Brosch, N. (2008). "The NGC 672 and 784 galaxy groups: evidence for galaxy formation and growth along a nearby dark matter filament". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 390 (1): 408–420. arXiv:0808.1789. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.390..408Z. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13786.x. S2CID 16296617.
  22. ^ McQuinn, K.B.W.; et al. (2014). "Distance Determinations to SHIELD Galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope Imaging". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (1): 3. arXiv:1402.3723. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785....3M. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/785/1/3. S2CID 118465292.
  23. ^ a b Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. Vol. 6 (2006), No. 1, 35–42 "Super-Large-Scale Structures in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey" (PDF).
  24. ^ Scientific American, vol. 280, no. 6, pp. 30–37 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-04. (1.43 MB) 06/1999 Bibcode:1999SciAm.280f..30L
  25. ^ a b c Unveiling large-scale structures behind the Milky Way. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, vol. 67; Proceedings of a workshop at the Observatoire de Paris-Meudon; 18–21 January 1994; San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP); c1994; edited by Chantal Balkowski and R. C. Kraan-Korteweg, p.21 ; Visualization of Nearby Large-Scale Structures 2015-11-27 at the Wayback Machine ; Fairall, A. P., Paverd, W. R., & Ashley, R. P. ; 1994ASPC...67...21F
  26. ^ a b c d Astrophysics and Space Science, volume 230, issue 1–2, pp. 225–235 "Large-Scale Structures in the Distribution of Galaxies" 08/1995 Bibcode:1995Ap&SS.230..225F
  27. ^ World Science, Wall of galaxies tugs on ours, astronomers find 2007-10-28 at the Wayback Machine April 19, 2006
  28. ^ Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Hélène; Hoffman, Yehuda; Pomarède, Daniel (2 September 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies". Nature (published 4 September 2014). 513 (7516): 71–73. arXiv:1409.0880. Bibcode:2014Natur.513...71T. doi:10.1038/nature13674. PMID 25186900. S2CID 205240232.
  29. ^ The Astronomical Journal, volume 120, issue 5, pp. 2331–2337. "B3 0003+387: AGN-Marked Large-Scale Structure at Redshift 1.47?" 11/2000 Bibcode:2000AJ....120.2331T doi:10.1086/316827
  30. ^ FermiLab, "Astronomers Find Wall of Galaxies Traversing the Hubble Deep Field", DARPA, Monday, January 24, 2000
  31. ^ Vanden Berk, Daniel E.; Stoughton, Chris; Crotts, Arlin P. S.; Tytler, David; Kirkman, David (2000). "QSO[CLC]s[/CLC] and Absorption-Line Systems surrounding the Hubble Deep Field". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (6): 2571–2582. arXiv:astro-ph/0003203. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2571V. doi:10.1086/301404. S2CID 117882449.
  32. ^ a b ScienceDaily, "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across" 2018-08-09 at the Wayback Machine, Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013)
  33. ^ a b Clowes, Roger G.; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Soechting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J.; "A structure in the early universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology"; arXiv:1211.6256 ; Bibcode:2012arXiv1211.6256C ; doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497 ; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013

Further reading

  • Kevin A. Pimbblet, "Pulling Out Threads from the Cosmic Tapestry: Defining Filaments of Galaxies" (PDF)., arXiv, 14 March 2005.

External links

  • The Universe Within One Billion Light Years with List of Nearby Superclusters (from the Atlas of the Universe):

February 25, 2023
galaxy, filament, cosmology, galaxy, filaments, subtypes, supercluster, complexes, galaxy, walls, galaxy, sheets, largest, known, structures, universe, consisting, walls, gravitationally, bound, galaxy, superclusters, these, massive, thread, like, formations, . In cosmology galaxy filaments subtypes supercluster complexes galaxy walls and galaxy sheets 1 2 are the largest known structures in the universe consisting of walls of gravitationally bound galaxy superclusters These massive thread like formations can reach 80 megaparsecs h 1 or of the order of 160 to 260 million light years 3 4 and form the boundaries between large voids 5 Artist s rendering of two string like filaments of galaxies Contents 1 Formation 2 Discovery 3 Filaments 3 1 Galaxy walls 3 1 1 Map of nearest galaxy walls 3 2 Large Quasar Groups 3 3 Supercluster complex 4 Maps of large scale distribution 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksFormation EditIn the standard model of the evolution of the universe galactic filaments form along and follow web like strings of dark matter also referred to as the galactic web or cosmic web 6 It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter and it is this normal matter that astronomers see forming long thin walls of super galactic clusters Discovery EditDiscovery of structures larger than superclusters began in the late 1980s In 1987 astronomer R Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii s Institute of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces Cetus Supercluster Complex In 1989 the CfA2 Great Wall was discovered 7 followed by the Sloan Great Wall in 2003 8 On January 11 2013 researchers led by Roger Clowes of the University of Central Lancashire announced the discovery of a large quasar group the Huge LQG which dwarfs previously discovered galaxy filaments in size 9 In November 2013 using gamma ray bursts as reference points astronomers discovered the Hercules Corona Borealis Great Wall an extremely huge filament measuring more than 10 billion light years across 10 11 12 Filaments EditThe filament subtype of filaments have roughly similar major and minor axes in cross section along the lengthwise axis Filaments of Galaxies Filament Date Mean distance Dimension NotesComa Filament The Coma Supercluster lies within the Coma Filament 13 It forms part of the CfA2 Great Wall 14 Perseus Pegasus Filament 1985 Connected to the Pisces Cetus Supercluster with the Perseus Pisces Supercluster being a member of the filament 15 Ursa Major Filament Connected to the CfA Homunculus a portion of the filament forms a portion of the leg of the Homunculus 16 Lynx Ursa Major Filament LUM Filament 1999 from 2000 km s to 8000 km s in redshift space Connected to and separate from the Lynx Ursa Major Supercluster 16 z 2 38 filament around protocluster ClG J2143 4423 2004 z 2 38 110 Mpc A filament the length of the Great Wall was discovered in 2004 As of 2008 it was still the largest structure beyond redshift 2 17 18 19 20 A short filament detected by identifying an alignment of star forming galaxies in the neighborhood of the Milky Way and the Local Group was proposed by Adi Zitrin and Noah Brosch 21 The reality of this filament and the identification of a similar but shorter filament were the result of a study by McQuinn et al 2014 based on distance measurements using the TRGB method 22 Galaxy walls Edit The galaxy wall subtype of filaments have a significantly greater major axis than minor axis in cross section along the lengthwise axis Walls of Galaxies Wall Date Mean distance Dimension NotesCfA2 Great Wall Coma Wall Great Wall Northern Great Wall Great Northern Wall CfA Great Wall 1989 z 0 03058 251 Mpc long 750 Mly long 250 Mly wide 20 Mly thick This was the first super large large scale structure or pseudo structure in the universe to be discovered The CfA Homunculus lies at the heart of the Great Wall and the Coma Supercluster forms most of the homunculus structure The Coma Cluster lies at the core 23 24 Sloan Great Wall SDSS Great Wall 2003 z 0 07804 433 Mpc long This was the largest known galaxy filament to be discovered 23 until it was eclipsed by the Hercules Corona Borealis Great Wall found ten years later Sculptor Wall Southern Great Wall Great Southern Wall Southern Wall 8000 km s long 5000 km s wide 1000 km s deep in redshift space dimensions The Sculptor Wall is parallel to the Fornax Wall and perpendicular to the Grus Wall 25 26 Grus Wall The Grus Wall is perpendicular to the Fornax and Sculptor Walls 26 Fornax Wall The Fornax Cluster is part of this wall The wall is parallel to the Sculptor Wall and perpendicular to the Grus Wall 25 26 Hercules Corona Borealis Great Wall 2013 z 2 11 3 Gpc long 11 150 000 km s deep 11 in redshift space The largest known structure in the universe 10 11 12 This is also the first time since 1991 that a galaxy filament great wall held the record as the largest known structure in the universe Galaxy filaments walls and voids form web like structures A Centaurus Great Wall or Fornax Great Wall or Virgo Great Wall has been proposed which would include the Fornax Wall as a portion of it visually created by the Zone of Avoidance along with the Centaurus Supercluster and the Virgo Supercluster also known as our Local Supercluster within which the Milky Way galaxy is located implying this to be the Local Great Wall 25 26 A wall was proposed to be the physical embodiment of the Great Attractor with the Norma Cluster as part of it It is sometimes referred to as the Great Attractor Wall or Norma Wall 27 This suggestion was superseded by the proposal of a supercluster Laniakea that would encompass the Great Attractor Virgo Supercluster Hydra Centaurus Superclusters 28 A wall was proposed in 2000 to lie at z 1 47 in the vicinity of radio galaxy B3 0003 387 29 A wall was proposed in 2000 to lie at z 0 559 in the northern Hubble Deep Field HDF North 30 31 Map of nearest galaxy walls Edit The Universe within 500 million light years showing the nearest galaxy walls Large Quasar Groups Edit Large quasar groups LQGs are some of the largest structures known 32 They are theorized to be protohyperclusters proto supercluster complexes galaxy filament precursors 33 Large Quasar Groups LQG Date Mean distance Dimension NotesClowes Campusano LQG U1 28 CCLQG 1991 z 1 28 longest dimension 630 Mpc It was the largest known structure in the universe from 1991 to 2011 until U1 11 s discovery U1 11 2011 z 1 11 longest dimension 780 Mpc Was the largest known structure in the universe for a few months until Huge LQG s discovery Huge LQG 2012 z 1 27 characteristic size 500 Mpc longest dimension 1 24 Gpc It was the largest structure known in the universe 32 33 until the discovery of the Hercules Corona Borealis Great Wall found one year later 11 Supercluster complex Edit Supercluster complex Name Date Mean distance Dimension NotesPisces Cetus Supercluster Complex 1987 1 billion ly wide 150 million ly deep Contains Virgo Supercluster and Local GroupMaps of large scale distribution Edit The universe within 1 billion light years 307 Mpc of Earth showing local superclusters forming filaments and voids Map of nearest walls voids and superclusters 2dF survey map containing the SDSS Great Wall 2MASS XSC infrared sky mapSee also EditList of largest cosmic structures Galaxy Galaxy cluster Galaxy supercluster Illustris project Large scale structure List of galaxies List of galaxy groups and clusters Void astronomy References Edit Boris V Komberg Andrey V Kravtsov Vladimir N Lukash The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars arXiv astro ph 9602090 Bibcode 1996astro ph 2090K R G Clowes Large Quasar Groups A Short Review The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy ASP Conference Series vol 232 2001 Astronomical Society of the Pacific ISBN 1 58381 065 X Bibcode 2001ASPC 232 108C Convert 50 Parsecs to Light Years Convert Megaparsec to Mile Bharadwaj Somnath Bhavsar Suketu Sheth Jatush V 2004 The Size of the Longest Filaments in the Universe Astrophys J 606 1 25 31 arXiv astro ph 0311342 Bibcode 2004ApJ 606 25B doi 10 1086 382140 S2CID 10473973 Riordan Michael David N Schramm March 1991 Shadows of Creation Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe W H Freeman amp Co Sd ISBN 0 7167 2157 0 Huchra John P Geller Margaret J 17 November 1989 M J Geller amp J P Huchra Science 246 897 1989 Science 246 4932 897 903 doi 10 1126 science 246 4932 897 PMID 17812575 S2CID 31328798 Archived from the original on 2008 06 21 Retrieved 2009 09 18 Sky and Telescope Refining the Cosmic Recipe Archived 2012 03 09 at the Wayback Machine 14 November 2003 Wall Mike 2013 01 11 Largest structure in universe discovered Fox News Archived from the original on 2013 01 12 Retrieved 2013 01 12 a b Horvath Istvan Hakkila Jon Bagoly Zsolt 2014 Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two Astronomy amp Astrophysics 561 id L12 arXiv 1401 0533 Bibcode 2014A amp A 561L 12H doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201323020 S2CID 24224684 a b c d e f Horvath I Hakkila J and Bagoly Z Hakkila J Bagoly Z 2013 The largest structure of the Universe defined by Gamma Ray Bursts 7th Huntsville Gamma Ray Burst Symposium GRB 2013 Paper 33 in EConf Proceedings C1304143 1311 1104 arXiv 1311 1104 Bibcode 2013arXiv1311 1104H a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Klotz Irene 2013 11 19 Universe s Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum discovery Archived from the original on 2013 11 30 Retrieved 2013 11 22 Astronomy and Astrophysics ISSN 0004 6361 vol 138 no 1 Sept 1984 pp 85 92 Research supported by Cornell University The Coma A 1367 filament of galaxies 09 1984 Bibcode 1984A amp A 138 85F THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL 115 1745 1777 1998 May THE STAR FORMATION PROPERTIES OF DISK GALAXIES Ha IMAGING OF GALAXIES IN THE COMA SUPERCLUSTER Astrophysical Journal Part 1 ISSN 0004 637X vol 299 Dec 1 1985 pp 5 14 A possible 300 megaparsec filament of clusters of galaxies in Perseus Pegasus 12 1985 Bibcode 1985ApJ 299 5B a b The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series volume 121 issue 2 pp 445 472 Photometric Properties of Kiso Ultraviolet Excess Galaxies in the Lynx Ursa Major Region 04 1999 Bibcode 1999ApJS 121 445T NASA GIANT GALAXY STRING DEFIES MODELS OF HOW UNIVERSE EVOLVED Archived 2008 08 06 at the Wayback Machine January 7 2004 Palunas Povilas Teplitz Harry I Francis Paul J Williger Gerard M Woodgate Bruce E 2004 The Distribution of Lya Emitting Galaxies at z 2 38 The Astrophysical Journal 602 2 545 554 arXiv astro ph 0311279 Bibcode 2004ApJ 602 545P doi 10 1086 381145 S2CID 990891 Francis Paul J Palunas Povilas Teplitz Harry I Williger Gerard M Woodgate Bruce E 2004 The Distribution of Lya emitting Galaxies at z 2 38 II Spectroscopy The Astrophysical Journal 614 1 75 83 arXiv astro ph 0406413 Bibcode 2004ApJ 614 75F doi 10 1086 423417 S2CID 118037575 Relativistic Astrophysics Legacy and Cosmology Einstein s ESO Astrophysics Symposia Volume ISBN 978 3 540 74712 3 Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 p 358 Ultraviolet Bright High Redshift ULIRGS 00 2008 Bibcode 2008ralc conf 358W Zitrin A Brosch N 2008 The NGC 672 and 784 galaxy groups evidence for galaxy formation and growth along a nearby dark matter filament Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 390 1 408 420 arXiv 0808 1789 Bibcode 2008MNRAS 390 408Z doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2008 13786 x S2CID 16296617 McQuinn K B W et al 2014 Distance Determinations to SHIELD Galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope Imaging The Astrophysical Journal 785 1 3 arXiv 1402 3723 Bibcode 2014ApJ 785 3M doi 10 1088 0004 637x 785 1 3 S2CID 118465292 a b Chin J Astron Astrophys Vol 6 2006 No 1 35 42 Super Large Scale Structures in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey PDF Scientific American vol 280 no 6 pp 30 37 Mapping the Universe PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 07 04 1 43 MB 06 1999 Bibcode 1999SciAm 280f 30L a b c Unveiling large scale structures behind the Milky Way Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series vol 67 Proceedings of a workshop at the Observatoire de Paris Meudon 18 21 January 1994 San Francisco Astronomical Society of the Pacific ASP c1994 edited by Chantal Balkowski and R C Kraan Korteweg p 21 Visualization of Nearby Large Scale Structures Archived 2015 11 27 at the Wayback Machine Fairall A P Paverd W R amp Ashley R P 1994ASPC 67 21F a b c d Astrophysics and Space Science volume 230 issue 1 2 pp 225 235 Large Scale Structures in the Distribution of Galaxies 08 1995 Bibcode 1995Ap amp SS 230 225F World Science Wall of galaxies tugs on ours astronomers find Archived 2007 10 28 at the Wayback Machine April 19 2006 Tully R Brent Courtois Helene Hoffman Yehuda Pomarede Daniel 2 September 2014 The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies Nature published 4 September 2014 513 7516 71 73 arXiv 1409 0880 Bibcode 2014Natur 513 71T doi 10 1038 nature13674 PMID 25186900 S2CID 205240232 The Astronomical Journal volume 120 issue 5 pp 2331 2337 B3 0003 387 AGN Marked Large Scale Structure at Redshift 1 47 11 2000 Bibcode 2000AJ 120 2331T doi 10 1086 316827 FermiLab Astronomers Find Wall of Galaxies Traversing the Hubble Deep Field DARPA Monday January 24 2000 Vanden Berk Daniel E Stoughton Chris Crotts Arlin P S Tytler David Kirkman David 2000 QSO CLC s CLC and Absorption Line Systems surrounding the Hubble Deep Field The Astronomical Journal 119 6 2571 2582 arXiv astro ph 0003203 Bibcode 2000AJ 119 2571V doi 10 1086 301404 S2CID 117882449 a b ScienceDaily Biggest Structure in Universe Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across Archived 2018 08 09 at the Wayback Machine Royal Astronomical Society 11 January 2013 accessed 13 January 2013 a b Clowes Roger G Harris Kathryn A Raghunathan Srinivasan Campusano Luis E Soechting Ilona K Graham Matthew J A structure in the early universe at z 1 3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R W concordance cosmology arXiv 1211 6256 Bibcode 2012arXiv1211 6256C doi 10 1093 mnras sts497 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11 January 2013Further reading EditKevin A Pimbblet Pulling Out Threads from the Cosmic Tapestry Defining Filaments of Galaxies PDF arXiv 14 March 2005 External links EditPictures of the filamentary network The Universe Within One Billion Light Years with List of Nearby Superclusters from the Atlas of the Universe Portals Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Galaxy filament amp oldid 1138467973, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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