The sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp or basidiome, while the fruitbody of an ascomycete is known as an ascocarp. Many shapes and morphologies are found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps; these features play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi.
Fruitbodies are termed epigeous if they grow on the ground, while those that grow underground are hypogeous. Epigeous sporocarps that are visible to the naked eye, especially fruitbodies of a more or less agaricoid morphology, are often called mushrooms. Epigeous sporocarps have mycelia that extend underground far beyond the mother sporocarp. There is a wider distribution of mycelia underground than sporocarps above ground.[2] Hypogeous fungi are usually called truffles or false truffles. There is evidence that hypogeous fungi evolved from epigeous fungi.[3] During their evolution, truffles lost the ability to disperse their spores by air currents, and propagate instead by animal consumption and subsequent defecation.
In amateur mushroom hunting, and to a large degree in academic mycology as well, identification of higher fungi is based on the features of the sporocarp.
The largest known fruitbody is a specimen of Phellinus ellipsoideus (formerly Fomitiporia ellipsoidea) found on Hainan Island, part of China. It measures up to 10.85 metres (35+1⁄2 feet) in length and is estimated to weigh between 450 and 760 kilograms (990 and 1,680 pounds).[4][5]
A wide variety of animals feed on epigeous and hypogeous fungi. The mammals that feed on fungi are as diverse as fungi themselves and are called mycophages. Squirrels and chipmunks eat the greatest variety of fungi, but there are many other mammals that also forage on fungi, such as marsupials, mice, rats, voles, lemmings, deer, shrews, rabbits, weasels, and more.[6][7][8][9] Some animals feed on fungi opportunistically, while others rely on them as a primary source of food. Hypogeous sporocarps are a highly nutritious primary food source for some small mammals like the Tasmanian bettong. Evidence of this is that the composition of fungi in the diet of Tasmanian bettong was positively correlated with body condition and growth rates of pouch young.[10] Ectomycorrhizal or hypogeous fungi form a symbiotic relationship with small mycophagous mammals. Hypogeous sporocarps depend on small fungivorous mammals to disperse their spores since they are underground and cannot utilize wind dispersal like epigeous sporocarps.[11]
Underground fungi also play a role in a three-way symbiotic relationship with small marsupials and AustralianEucalyptus forests. In Eucalyptus forests, hypogeous sporocarp dispersal is positively affected by fires. After a fire, most if not all epigeous sporocarps are wiped out, leaving hypogeous sporocarps to be the primary source of fungi for small marsupials.[12] The ability of hypogeous fungi to resist disasters, such as fire, could be due to their evolved ability to survive the digestive systems of animals in order to distribute. Sporocarps can also serve as a food source for other fungi.
Sporocarps can be hosts to diverse communities of fungicolous fungi. Short-lived sporocarps are more often hosts to fungicolous fungi than are long-lived sporocarps, which may have evolved more investment in defense mechanisms and tend to have less water content than their short-lived counterparts.[1] Resupinate sporocarps, sporocarps that have a higher surface area to volume ratio, are hosts to a higher diversity of fungicolous fungi than pileate sporocarps are.[1]
^ abcMaurice, Sundy; Arnault, Gontran; Nordén, Jenni; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Miettinen, Otto; Kauserud, Håvard (May 2021). "Fungal sporocarps house diverse and host-specific communities of fungicolous fungi". The ISME Journal. 15 (5): 1445–1457. doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00862-1. ISSN 1751-7370. PMC8115690. PMID 33432137.
^Van Der Linde, Sietse; Alexander, Ian J.; Anderson, Ian C. (2009-08-03). "Spatial distribution of sporocarps of stipitate hydnoid fungi and their belowground mycelium". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 69 (3): 344–352. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00716.x. ISSN 0168-6496. PMID 19558589.
^Bonito, Gregory; Smith, Matthew E.; Nowak, Michael; Healy, Rosanne A.; Guevara, Gonzalo; Cázares, Efren; Kinoshita, Akihiko; Nouhra, Eduardo R.; Domínguez, Laura S.; Tedersoo, Leho; Murat, Claude (2013-01-02). "Historical Biogeography and Diversification of Truffles in the Tuberaceae and Their Newly Identified Southern Hemisphere Sister Lineage". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e52765. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...852765B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052765. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC3534693. PMID 23300990.
^Cui, B.-K.; Dai, Y.-C. (2011). "Fomitiporia ellipsoidea has the largest fruitbody among the fungi". Fungal Biology. 115 (9): 813–814. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.008. PMID 21872178.
^Walker, M. (1 August 2011). . BBC. Archived from the original on 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
^Læssøe, Thomas; Hansen, Karen (2007-09-01). "Truffle trouble: what happened to the Tuberales?". Mycological Research. New Bottles for Old Wine. 111 (9): 1075–1099. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.004. ISSN 0953-7562. PMID 18022534.
^Fogel, Robert; Trappe, James (1978). "Fungus consumption (mycophagy) by small animals" (PDF). Northwest Science. 52 (1): 1–31.
^Ashkannejhad, Sara; Horton, Thomas R. (2006). "Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer". New Phytologist. 169 (2): 345–354. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 16411937.
^Frank, Jonathan L.; Barry, Seth (2006). Southworth, Darlene. "Mammal mycophagy and dispersal of mycorrhizal inoculum in Oregon white oak woodlands". Northwest Science. 80 (4): 264.
^Claridge, A. W.; Trappe, J. M.; Cork, S. J.; Claridge, D. L. (1999-04-01). "Mycophagy by small mammals in the coniferous forests of North America: nutritional value of sporocarps of Rhizopogon vinicolor, a common hypogeous fungus". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 169 (3): 172–178. doi:10.1007/s003600050208. ISSN 1432-136X. PMID 10335615. S2CID 9903609.
^Maser, Chris; Trappe, James M.; Nussbaum, Ronald A. (1978). "Fungal-Small Mammal Interrelationships with Emphasis on Oregon Coniferous Forests". Ecology. 59 (4): 799–809. doi:10.2307/1938784. ISSN 1939-9170. JSTOR 1938784.
^Johnson, C. N. (1995-12-01). "Interactions between fire, mycophagous mammals, and dispersal of ectromycorrhizal fungi in Eucalyptus forests". Oecologia. 104 (4): 467–475. Bibcode:1995Oecol.104..467J. doi:10.1007/BF00341344. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 28307662. S2CID 7915253.
Further readingedit
Zabowski, D.; Zasoski, R. J.; Littke, W.; Ammirati, J. (1990). "Metal content of fungal sporocarps from urban, rural, and sludge-treated sites". Journal of Environmental Quality. 19 (3): 372–377. doi:10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900030004x.
February 16, 2024
sporocarp, fungus, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, sporocarp, fungus, news, newspapers, books, schol. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sporocarp fungus news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2024 Learn how and when to remove this template message Fruiting body redirects here For other uses see Fruiting body disambiguation The sporocarp also known as fruiting body fruit body or fruitbody of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore producing structures such as basidia or asci are borne The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle 1 while the rest of the life cycle is characterized by vegetative mycelial growth and asexual spore production Ascocarp of Sarcoscypha austriacaThe sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp or basidiome while the fruitbody of an ascomycete is known as an ascocarp Many shapes and morphologies are found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps these features play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi Fruitbodies are termed epigeous if they grow on the ground while those that grow underground are hypogeous Epigeous sporocarps that are visible to the naked eye especially fruitbodies of a more or less agaricoid morphology are often called mushrooms Epigeous sporocarps have mycelia that extend underground far beyond the mother sporocarp There is a wider distribution of mycelia underground than sporocarps above ground 2 Hypogeous fungi are usually called truffles or false truffles There is evidence that hypogeous fungi evolved from epigeous fungi 3 During their evolution truffles lost the ability to disperse their spores by air currents and propagate instead by animal consumption and subsequent defecation In amateur mushroom hunting and to a large degree in academic mycology as well identification of higher fungi is based on the features of the sporocarp The largest known fruitbody is a specimen of Phellinus ellipsoideus formerly Fomitiporia ellipsoidea found on Hainan Island part of China It measures up to 10 85 metres 35 1 2 feet in length and is estimated to weigh between 450 and 760 kilograms 990 and 1 680 pounds 4 5 Contents 1 Ecology 2 See also 3 References 4 Further readingEcology editA wide variety of animals feed on epigeous and hypogeous fungi The mammals that feed on fungi are as diverse as fungi themselves and are called mycophages Squirrels and chipmunks eat the greatest variety of fungi but there are many other mammals that also forage on fungi such as marsupials mice rats voles lemmings deer shrews rabbits weasels and more 6 7 8 9 Some animals feed on fungi opportunistically while others rely on them as a primary source of food Hypogeous sporocarps are a highly nutritious primary food source for some small mammals like the Tasmanian bettong Evidence of this is that the composition of fungi in the diet of Tasmanian bettong was positively correlated with body condition and growth rates of pouch young 10 Ectomycorrhizal or hypogeous fungi form a symbiotic relationship with small mycophagous mammals Hypogeous sporocarps depend on small fungivorous mammals to disperse their spores since they are underground and cannot utilize wind dispersal like epigeous sporocarps 11 Underground fungi also play a role in a three way symbiotic relationship with small marsupials and Australian Eucalyptus forests In Eucalyptus forests hypogeous sporocarp dispersal is positively affected by fires After a fire most if not all epigeous sporocarps are wiped out leaving hypogeous sporocarps to be the primary source of fungi for small marsupials 12 The ability of hypogeous fungi to resist disasters such as fire could be due to their evolved ability to survive the digestive systems of animals in order to distribute Sporocarps can also serve as a food source for other fungi Sporocarps can be hosts to diverse communities of fungicolous fungi Short lived sporocarps are more often hosts to fungicolous fungi than are long lived sporocarps which may have evolved more investment in defense mechanisms and tend to have less water content than their short lived counterparts 1 Resupinate sporocarps sporocarps that have a higher surface area to volume ratio are hosts to a higher diversity of fungicolous fungi than pileate sporocarps are 1 See also editLamella the gills Sporangium Stipe the stalkReferences edit a b c Maurice Sundy Arnault Gontran Norden Jenni Botnen Synnove Smebye Miettinen Otto Kauserud Havard May 2021 Fungal sporocarps house diverse and host specific communities of fungicolous fungi The ISME Journal 15 5 1445 1457 doi 10 1038 s41396 020 00862 1 ISSN 1751 7370 PMC 8115690 PMID 33432137 Van Der Linde Sietse Alexander Ian J Anderson Ian C 2009 08 03 Spatial distribution of sporocarps of stipitate hydnoid fungi and their belowground mycelium FEMS Microbiology Ecology 69 3 344 352 doi 10 1111 j 1574 6941 2009 00716 x ISSN 0168 6496 PMID 19558589 Bonito Gregory Smith Matthew E Nowak Michael Healy Rosanne A Guevara Gonzalo Cazares Efren Kinoshita Akihiko Nouhra Eduardo R Dominguez Laura S Tedersoo Leho Murat Claude 2013 01 02 Historical Biogeography and Diversification of Truffles in the Tuberaceae and Their Newly Identified Southern Hemisphere Sister Lineage PLOS ONE 8 1 e52765 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 852765B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0052765 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3534693 PMID 23300990 Cui B K Dai Y C 2011 Fomitiporia ellipsoidea has the largest fruitbody among the fungi Fungal Biology 115 9 813 814 doi 10 1016 j funbio 2011 06 008 PMID 21872178 Walker M 1 August 2011 Giant fungus discovered in China BBC Archived from the original on 2012 11 29 Retrieved 2020 05 03 Laessoe Thomas Hansen Karen 2007 09 01 Truffle trouble what happened to the Tuberales Mycological Research New Bottles for Old Wine 111 9 1075 1099 doi 10 1016 j mycres 2007 08 004 ISSN 0953 7562 PMID 18022534 Fogel Robert Trappe James 1978 Fungus consumption mycophagy by small animals PDF Northwest Science 52 1 1 31 Ashkannejhad Sara Horton Thomas R 2006 Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes interactions involving Pinus contorta suilloid fungi and deer New Phytologist 169 2 345 354 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 2005 01593 x ISSN 1469 8137 PMID 16411937 Frank Jonathan L Barry Seth 2006 Southworth Darlene Mammal mycophagy and dispersal of mycorrhizal inoculum in Oregon white oak woodlands Northwest Science 80 4 264 Claridge A W Trappe J M Cork S J Claridge D L 1999 04 01 Mycophagy by small mammals in the coniferous forests of North America nutritional value of sporocarps of Rhizopogon vinicolor a common hypogeous fungus Journal of Comparative Physiology B 169 3 172 178 doi 10 1007 s003600050208 ISSN 1432 136X PMID 10335615 S2CID 9903609 Maser Chris Trappe James M Nussbaum Ronald A 1978 Fungal Small Mammal Interrelationships with Emphasis on Oregon Coniferous Forests Ecology 59 4 799 809 doi 10 2307 1938784 ISSN 1939 9170 JSTOR 1938784 Johnson C N 1995 12 01 Interactions between fire mycophagous mammals and dispersal of ectromycorrhizal fungi in Eucalyptus forests Oecologia 104 4 467 475 Bibcode 1995Oecol 104 467J doi 10 1007 BF00341344 ISSN 1432 1939 PMID 28307662 S2CID 7915253 Further reading editZabowski D Zasoski R J Littke W Ammirati J 1990 Metal content of fungal sporocarps from urban rural and sludge treated sites Journal of Environmental Quality 19 3 372 377 doi 10 2134 jeq1990 00472425001900030004x Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sporocarp fungus amp oldid 1194459599, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
