Fritillaria imperialis, the crown imperial, imperial fritillary or Kaiser's crown, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, native to a wide stretch from the Anatolian plateau of Turkey, Iraq and Iran (i.e. Kurdistan[2][3][4]) to Afghanistan, Pakistan, Northern India and the Himalayan foothills.[5] It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental and reportedly naturalized in Austria, Sicily, and Washington State, USA.[6][5][7] The common names and also the epithet "imperialis", literally "of the emperor", refer to the large circle of golden flowers, reminiscent of an emperor's crown.[8]
Fritillaria imperialis grows to about 1 m (3 ft) in height, and bears lance-shaped, glossy leaves at intervals along the stem. It bears a prominent whorl of downward facing flowers at the top of the stem, topped by a 'crown' of small leaves, hence the name. While the wild form is usually orange-red, various colours are found in cultivation, ranging from nearly a true scarlet through oranges to yellow. The pendulous flowers make a bold statement in the late spring garden; in the northern hemisphere, flowering takes place in late spring, accompanied by a distinctly foxy odour that repels mice, moles and other small animals.[8][9]
Owing to its large size, F. imperialis is pollinated by the Eurasian blue tit, which makes it a rare example of ornithophily at northern latitudes.[10]
The flower has a long and deep connection with the history, religion, mythology and folklore of its native Iran and, as a result, has acquired a wealth of evocative vernacular names, often referencing the pendent form of the blossoms and the tear-like nectar drops borne by the six nectaries. In Iranian folklore the nodding flowers are described (in comparison with the upright flowers of tulips) as being 'upside-down', this curious posture being attributed to the plant's bowing its (originally upright) 'head' in sorrow upon the death of a mythological or religious personage. Likewise, the glistening drops of nectar at the base of each flower are described as the tears which the plant weeps in mourning the departed. Depictions of the distinctive inflorescences may be seen on the sculpted capitals of Sassanid columns, as at Taq-e Bostan. F. imperialis is linked to the legend of the tragic death of Siyâvash, (a semi-divine hero in Ferdowsi's prodigious national epicShahnameh) - whence the common name Ashk-e Sivash ('Tear of Siyâvash').[14][15]
^Kiani, Mahmoud; Mohammadi, Shirin; Babaei, Alireza; Sefidkon, Fatemeh; Naghavi, Mohamad Reza; Ranjbar, Mojtaba; Razavi, Seyed Ali; Saeidi, Keramatollah; Jafari, Hadi; Asgari, Davoud; Potter, Daniel (2017-10-01). "Iran supports a great share of biodiversity and floristic endemism for Fritillaria spp. (Liliaceae): A review". Plant Diversity. 39 (5): 245–262. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.002. ISSN 2468-2659. PMC6112302. PMID 30159518.
^Pieroni, Andrea; Zahir, Hawre; Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim M.; Sõukand, Renata (2019-11-27). "Where tulips and crocuses are popular food snacks: Kurdish traditional foraging reveals traces of mobile pastoralism in Southern Iraqi Kurdistan". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 15 (1): 59. doi:10.1186/s13002-019-0341-0. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC6882212. PMID 31775812.
^Sharifi-Tehrani, M., Advay, M., & Shabani, L. (2015). "Fritillaria (Liliaceae) in Iran: distribution and Nomenclature". Taxonomy and Biosystematics. 22 (7): 49–70.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abKew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^Altervista Flora Italiana, Meleagride imperiale, Fritillaria imperialis L.
^Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
^ abcRHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN978-1405332965.
fritillaria, imperialis, crown, imperial, imperial, fritillary, kaiser, crown, species, flowering, plant, lily, family, liliaceae, native, wide, stretch, from, anatolian, plateau, turkey, iraq, iran, kurdistan, afghanistan, pakistan, northern, india, himalayan. Fritillaria imperialis the crown imperial imperial fritillary or Kaiser s crown is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae native to a wide stretch from the Anatolian plateau of Turkey Iraq and Iran i e Kurdistan 2 3 4 to Afghanistan Pakistan Northern India and the Himalayan foothills 5 It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental and reportedly naturalized in Austria Sicily and Washington State USA 6 5 7 The common names and also the epithet imperialis literally of the emperor refer to the large circle of golden flowers reminiscent of an emperor s crown 8 Fritillaria imperialisScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsOrder LilialesFamily LiliaceaeSubfamily LilioideaeTribe LilieaeGenus FritillariaSpecies F imperialisBinomial nameFritillaria imperialisL Synonyms 1 Synonymy Fritillaria aintabensis PostFritillaria corona imperialis Panz Fritillaria corona imperialis Gaertn Fritillaria imperialis var longipetala auct Fritillaria imperialis var maxima EedenFritillaria imperialis var rubra maxima auct Imperialis comosa MoenchImperialis coronata Dum Cours Imperialis superba Mirb Lilium persicum E H L KrausePetilium imperiale L J St Hil Petilium imperiale Jaume Contents 1 Description 2 Cultivation 3 Taxonomy 4 Role in the culture of Iran 5 Gallery 6 ReferencesDescription Edit Fritillaria Imperialis in Dena Iran Fritillaria imperialis grows to about 1 m 3 ft in height and bears lance shaped glossy leaves at intervals along the stem It bears a prominent whorl of downward facing flowers at the top of the stem topped by a crown of small leaves hence the name While the wild form is usually orange red various colours are found in cultivation ranging from nearly a true scarlet through oranges to yellow The pendulous flowers make a bold statement in the late spring garden in the northern hemisphere flowering takes place in late spring accompanied by a distinctly foxy odour that repels mice moles and other small animals 8 9 Owing to its large size F imperialis is pollinated by the Eurasian blue tit which makes it a rare example of ornithophily at northern latitudes 10 Cultivation EditThe species 11 and the yellow flowered Maximea Lutea 12 have both gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 13 Other cultivars in shades of red yellow and orange are available Like other members of the lily family F imperialis is susceptible to depredation by the scarlet lily beetle Lilioceris lilii 8 Taxonomy EditA few names have been coined for taxa once considered as belonging to Fritillaria imperialis but now regarded as distinct species Fritillaria imperialis var chitralensis now called Fritillaria chitralensis Fritillaria imperialis var eduardii now called Fritillaria eduardii Fritillaria imperialis var inodora now called Fritillaria eduardii var inodora Fritillaria imperialis var inodora purpurea now called Fritillaria eduardii var eduardii Crown imperial plain Fars IranRole in the culture of Iran EditThe flower has a long and deep connection with the history religion mythology and folklore of its native Iran and as a result has acquired a wealth of evocative vernacular names often referencing the pendent form of the blossoms and the tear like nectar drops borne by the six nectaries In Iranian folklore the nodding flowers are described in comparison with the upright flowers of tulips as being upside down this curious posture being attributed to the plant s bowing its originally upright head in sorrow upon the death of a mythological or religious personage Likewise the glistening drops of nectar at the base of each flower are described as the tears which the plant weeps in mourning the departed Depictions of the distinctive inflorescences may be seen on the sculpted capitals of Sassanid columns as at Taq e Bostan F imperialis is linked to the legend of the tragic death of Siyavash a semi divine hero in Ferdowsi s prodigious national epic Shahnameh whence the common name Ashk e Sivash Tear of Siyavash 14 15 Gallery Edit Fritillaria imperialis in botanic garden Germany Rubra Maxima Kurdistan Iran Kurdistan Iran Kurdistan Iran View of the whole plant Keukenhof Lisse Netherlands Charlottenburg Palace garden Fritillaria imperials in Siirt Turkey Illustration in John Edwards The British Herbal 1769 Khansar Iran This picture shows the six nectaries dark spots each with a drop of nectar Fritillaria Imperialis in Dena IranReferences Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fritillaria imperialis The Plant List Kiani Mahmoud Mohammadi Shirin Babaei Alireza Sefidkon Fatemeh Naghavi Mohamad Reza Ranjbar Mojtaba Razavi Seyed Ali Saeidi Keramatollah Jafari Hadi Asgari Davoud Potter Daniel 2017 10 01 Iran supports a great share of biodiversity and floristic endemism for Fritillaria spp Liliaceae A review Plant Diversity 39 5 245 262 doi 10 1016 j pld 2017 09 002 ISSN 2468 2659 PMC 6112302 PMID 30159518 Pieroni Andrea Zahir Hawre Amin Hawraz Ibrahim M Soukand Renata 2019 11 27 Where tulips and crocuses are popular food snacks Kurdish traditional foraging reveals traces of mobile pastoralism in Southern Iraqi Kurdistan Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 15 1 59 doi 10 1186 s13002 019 0341 0 ISSN 1746 4269 PMC 6882212 PMID 31775812 Sharifi Tehrani M Advay M amp Shabani L 2015 Fritillaria Liliaceae in Iran distribution and Nomenclature Taxonomy and Biosystematics 22 7 49 70 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Altervista Flora Italiana Meleagride imperiale Fritillaria imperialis L Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map a b c RHS A Z encyclopedia of garden plants United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley 2008 p 1136 ISBN 978 1405332965 Linnaeus Carl 1753 Species Plantarum 1 303 Duthie David 9 September 1989 Bluetits pollinate the plants other creatures cannot reach New Scientist retrieved 16 April 2021 Fritillaria imperialis RHS Retrieved 27 February 2020 Fritillaria imperialis Maximea Lutea RHS Retrieved 27 February 2020 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 39 Retrieved 27 February 2018 https www visitiran ir attraction plain overturned tulips fritillaria Retrieved at 12 10 on 16 6 21 https www heritageinstitute com zoroastrianism pdf usefulPlantsOfIranIraq pdf Retrieved at 00 08 on 17 6 21 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fritillaria imperialis amp oldid 1100286008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
