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Frequency-dependent selection

January 01, 1970

Frequency-dependent selection is an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype depends on the phenotype or genotype composition of a given population.

  • In positive frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype or genotype increases as it becomes more common.
  • In negative frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype or genotype decreases as it becomes more common. This is an example of balancing selection.
  • More generally, frequency-dependent selection includes when biological interactions make an individual's fitness depend on the frequencies of other phenotypes or genotypes in the population.[1]

Frequency-dependent selection is usually the result of interactions between species (predation, parasitism, or competition), or between genotypes within species (usually competitive or symbiotic), and has been especially frequently discussed with relation to anti-predator adaptations. Frequency-dependent selection can lead to polymorphic equilibria, which result from interactions among genotypes within species, in the same way that multi-species equilibria require interactions between species in competition (e.g. where αij parameters in Lotka-Volterra competition equations are non-zero). Frequency-dependent selection can also lead to dynamical chaos when some individuals' fitnesses become very low at intermediate allele frequencies.[2][3]

Negative edit

 
Anvil stone, where a thrush has broken open shells of polymorphic Cepaea snails; its selection of morphs may be frequency-dependent.[4]

The first explicit statement of frequency-dependent selection appears to have been by Edward Bagnall Poulton in 1884, on the way that predators could maintain color polymorphisms in their prey.[5][6]

Perhaps the best known early modern statement of the principle is Bryan Clarke's 1962 paper on apostatic selection (a synonym of negative frequency-dependent selection).[7] Clarke discussed predator attacks on polymorphic British snails, citing Luuk Tinbergen's classic work on searching images as support that predators such as birds tended to specialize in common forms of palatable species.[8] Clarke later argued that frequency-dependent balancing selection could explain molecular polymorphisms (often in the absence of heterosis) in opposition to the neutral theory of molecular evolution.[citation needed]

Another example is plant self-incompatibility alleles. When two plants share the same incompatibility allele, they are unable to mate. Thus, a plant with a new (and therefore, rare) allele has more success at mating, and its allele spreads quickly through the population.[9]

A similar example is the csd alleles of the honey bee. A larva that is homozygous at csd is inviable. Therefore rare alleles spread through the population, pushing the gene pool toward an ideal equilibrium where every allele is equally common.[10]

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in the recognition of foreign antigens and cells.[11] Frequency-dependent selection may explain the high degree of polymorphism in the MHC.[12]

In behavioral ecology, negative frequency-dependent selection often maintains multiple behavioral strategies within a species. A classic example is the Hawk-Dove model of interactions among individuals in a population. In a population with two traits A and B, being one form is better when most members are the other form. As another example, male common side-blotched lizards have three morphs, which either defend large territories and maintain large harems of females, defend smaller territories and keep one female, or mimic females in order to sneak matings from the other two morphs. These three morphs participate in a rock paper scissors sort of interaction such that no one morph completely outcompetes the other two.[13][14] Another example occurs in the scaly-breasted munia, where certain individuals become scroungers and others become producers.[15]

A common misconception is that negative frequency-dependent selection causes the genetic diversity of influenza haemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins. This is not an example of negative frequency-dependent selection. This is because the rate at which a particular influenza strain will spread is linked to absolute abundance, not relative abundance.[16]

Positive edit

 
Müllerian mimetic species of Heliconius from South America
 
Harmless scarlet kingsnake mimics the coral snake, but its pattern varies less where the coral snake is rare.

Positive frequency-dependent selection gives an advantage to common phenotypes. A good example is warning coloration in aposematic species. Predators are more likely to remember a common color pattern that they have already encountered frequently than one that is rare. This means that new mutants or migrants that have color patterns other than the common type are eliminated from the population by differential predation. Positive frequency-dependent selection provides the basis for Müllerian mimicry, as described by Fritz Müller,[17] because all species involved are aposematic and share the benefit of a common, honest signal to potential predators.[citation needed]

Another, rather complicated example occurs in the Batesian mimicry complex between a harmless mimic, the scarlet kingsnake (Lampropeltis elapsoides), and the model, the eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius), in locations where the model and mimic were in deep sympatry, the phenotype of the scarlet kingsnake was quite variable due to relaxed selection. But where the pattern was rare, the predator population was not 'educated', so the pattern brought no benefit. The scarlet kingsnake was much less variable on the allopatry/sympatry border of the model and mimic, most probably due to increased selection since the eastern coral snake is rare, but present, on this border. Therefore, the coloration is only advantageous once it has become common.[18]

 
Venomous coral snake's warning coloration can benefit harmless mimics, depending on their relative frequency.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Lewontin, Richard (1958). "A general method for investigating the equilibrium of gene frequency in a population". Genetics. 43 (3): 419–434. PMC 1209891. PMID 17247767.
  2. ^ Altenberg, Lee (1991). "Chaos from Linear Frequency-Dependent Selection". American Naturalist. 138: 51–68. doi:10.1086/285204.
  3. ^ Doebeli, Michael; Ispolatov, Iaroslav (2014). "Chaos and unpredictability in evolution". Evolution. 68 (5): 1365–1373. arXiv:1309.6261. doi:10.1111/evo.12354. PMID 24433364. S2CID 12598843.
  4. ^ Tucker, G.M. (June 1991). "Apostatic selection by song thrushes (Turdus philomelos) feeding on the snail Cepaea hortensis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 43 (2): 149–156. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00590.x.
  5. ^ Poulton, E. B. 1884. Notes upon, or suggested by, the colours, markings and protective attitudes of certain lepidopterous larvae and pupae, and of a phytophagous hymenopterous larva. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1884: 27–60.
  6. ^ Allen, J.A.; Clarke, B.C. (1984). "Frequency-dependent selection -- homage to Poulton, E.B". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 23: 15–18. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00802.x.
  7. ^ Clarke, B. 1962. Balanced polymorphism and the diversity of sympatric species. Pp. 47-70 in D. Nichols ed. Taxonomy and Geography. Systematics Association, Oxford.
  8. ^ Tinbergen, L. 1960. The natural control of insects in pinewoods. I. Factors influencing the intensity of predation in songbirds. Archs.Neerl.Zool. 13:265-343.
  9. ^ Brisson, Dustin (2018). "Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection is Frequently Confounding". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00010. PMC 8360343.
  10. ^ "How an invasive bee managed to thrive in Australia". The Scientist Magazine®.
  11. ^ Takahata, N.; Nei, M. (1990). "Allelic genealogy under overdominant and frequency-dependent selection and polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex loci". Genetics. 124 (4): 967–78. PMC 1203987. PMID 2323559.
  12. ^ Borghans, JA; Beltman, JB; De Boer, RJ. (Feb 2004). "MHC polymorphism under host-pathogen coevolution". Immunogenetics. 55 (11): 732–9. doi:10.1007/s00251-003-0630-5. hdl:1874/8562. PMID 14722687. S2CID 20103440.
  13. ^ Sinervo, B.; C.M. Lively (1996). "The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies". Nature. 380 (6571): 240–243. Bibcode:1996Natur.380..240S. doi:10.1038/380240a0. S2CID 205026253.
  14. ^ Sinervo, Barry; Donald B. Miles; W. Anthony Frankino; Matthew Klukowski; Dale F. DeNardo (2000). "Testosterone, Endurance, and Darwinian Fitness: Natural and Sexual Selection on the Physiological Bases of Alternative Male Behaviors in Side-Blotched Lizards". Hormones and Behavior. 38 (4): 222–233. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1622. PMID 11104640. S2CID 5759575.
  15. ^ Barnard, C.J.; Sibly, R.M. (1981). "Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows". Animal Behaviour. 29 (2): 543–550. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80117-0. S2CID 53170850.
  16. ^ Brisson, Dustin (2018). "Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection Is Frequently Confounding". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 6. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00010. ISSN 2296-701X. PMC 8360343.
  17. ^ Müller, F. (1879). "Ituna and Thyridia; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London: 20–29.
  18. ^ Harper, G. R.; Pfennig, D. W. (22 August 2007). "Mimicry on the edge: why do mimics vary in resemblance to their model in different parts of their geographical range?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1621): 1955–1961. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0558. PMC 2275182. PMID 17567563.

Bibliography edit

January 01, 1970
frequency, dependent, selection, evolutionary, process, which, fitness, phenotype, genotype, depends, phenotype, genotype, composition, given, population, positive, frequency, dependent, selection, fitness, phenotype, genotype, increases, becomes, more, common. Frequency dependent selection is an evolutionary process by which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype depends on the phenotype or genotype composition of a given population In positive frequency dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype or genotype increases as it becomes more common In negative frequency dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype or genotype decreases as it becomes more common This is an example of balancing selection More generally frequency dependent selection includes when biological interactions make an individual s fitness depend on the frequencies of other phenotypes or genotypes in the population 1 Frequency dependent selection is usually the result of interactions between species predation parasitism or competition or between genotypes within species usually competitive or symbiotic and has been especially frequently discussed with relation to anti predator adaptations Frequency dependent selection can lead to polymorphic equilibria which result from interactions among genotypes within species in the same way that multi species equilibria require interactions between species in competition e g where aij parameters in Lotka Volterra competition equations are non zero Frequency dependent selection can also lead to dynamical chaos when some individuals fitnesses become very low at intermediate allele frequencies 2 3 Contents 1 Negative 2 Positive 3 See also 4 References 5 BibliographyNegative edit nbsp Anvil stone where a thrush has broken open shells of polymorphic Cepaea snails its selection of morphs may be frequency dependent 4 The first explicit statement of frequency dependent selection appears to have been by Edward Bagnall Poulton in 1884 on the way that predators could maintain color polymorphisms in their prey 5 6 Perhaps the best known early modern statement of the principle is Bryan Clarke s 1962 paper on apostatic selection a synonym of negative frequency dependent selection 7 Clarke discussed predator attacks on polymorphic British snails citing Luuk Tinbergen s classic work on searching images as support that predators such as birds tended to specialize in common forms of palatable species 8 Clarke later argued that frequency dependent balancing selection could explain molecular polymorphisms often in the absence of heterosis in opposition to the neutral theory of molecular evolution citation needed Another example is plant self incompatibility alleles When two plants share the same incompatibility allele they are unable to mate Thus a plant with a new and therefore rare allele has more success at mating and its allele spreads quickly through the population 9 A similar example is the csd alleles of the honey bee A larva that is homozygous at csd is inviable Therefore rare alleles spread through the population pushing the gene pool toward an ideal equilibrium where every allele is equally common 10 The major histocompatibility complex MHC is involved in the recognition of foreign antigens and cells 11 Frequency dependent selection may explain the high degree of polymorphism in the MHC 12 In behavioral ecology negative frequency dependent selection often maintains multiple behavioral strategies within a species A classic example is the Hawk Dove model of interactions among individuals in a population In a population with two traits A and B being one form is better when most members are the other form As another example male common side blotched lizards have three morphs which either defend large territories and maintain large harems of females defend smaller territories and keep one female or mimic females in order to sneak matings from the other two morphs These three morphs participate in a rock paper scissors sort of interaction such that no one morph completely outcompetes the other two 13 14 Another example occurs in the scaly breasted munia where certain individuals become scroungers and others become producers 15 A common misconception is that negative frequency dependent selection causes the genetic diversity of influenza haemagglutinin HA glycoproteins This is not an example of negative frequency dependent selection This is because the rate at which a particular influenza strain will spread is linked to absolute abundance not relative abundance 16 Positive edit nbsp Mullerian mimetic species of Heliconius from South America nbsp Harmless scarlet kingsnake mimics the coral snake but its pattern varies less where the coral snake is rare Positive frequency dependent selection gives an advantage to common phenotypes A good example is warning coloration in aposematic species Predators are more likely to remember a common color pattern that they have already encountered frequently than one that is rare This means that new mutants or migrants that have color patterns other than the common type are eliminated from the population by differential predation Positive frequency dependent selection provides the basis for Mullerian mimicry as described by Fritz Muller 17 because all species involved are aposematic and share the benefit of a common honest signal to potential predators citation needed Another rather complicated example occurs in the Batesian mimicry complex between a harmless mimic the scarlet kingsnake Lampropeltis elapsoides and the model the eastern coral snake Micrurus fulvius in locations where the model and mimic were in deep sympatry the phenotype of the scarlet kingsnake was quite variable due to relaxed selection But where the pattern was rare the predator population was not educated so the pattern brought no benefit The scarlet kingsnake was much less variable on the allopatry sympatry border of the model and mimic most probably due to increased selection since the eastern coral snake is rare but present on this border Therefore the coloration is only advantageous once it has become common 18 nbsp Venomous coral snake s warning coloration can benefit harmless mimics depending on their relative frequency See also editApostatic selection Evolutionary game theory Evolutionarily stable strategy Frequency dependent foraging by pollinators Fluctuating Selection Mimicry Tit for tatReferences edit Lewontin Richard 1958 A general method for investigating the equilibrium of gene frequency in a population Genetics 43 3 419 434 PMC 1209891 PMID 17247767 Altenberg Lee 1991 Chaos from Linear Frequency Dependent Selection American Naturalist 138 51 68 doi 10 1086 285204 Doebeli Michael Ispolatov Iaroslav 2014 Chaos and unpredictability in evolution Evolution 68 5 1365 1373 arXiv 1309 6261 doi 10 1111 evo 12354 PMID 24433364 S2CID 12598843 Tucker G M June 1991 Apostatic selection by song thrushes Turdus philomelos feeding on the snail Cepaea hortensis Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 43 2 149 156 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8312 1991 tb00590 x Poulton E B 1884 Notes upon or suggested by the colours markings and protective attitudes of certain lepidopterous larvae and pupae and of a phytophagous hymenopterous larva Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1884 27 60 Allen J A Clarke B C 1984 Frequency dependent selection homage to Poulton E B Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 23 15 18 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8312 1984 tb00802 x Clarke B 1962 Balanced polymorphism and the diversity of sympatric species Pp 47 70 in D Nichols ed Taxonomy and Geography Systematics Association Oxford Tinbergen L 1960 The natural control of insects in pinewoods I Factors influencing the intensity of predation in songbirds Archs Neerl Zool 13 265 343 Brisson Dustin 2018 Negative Frequency Dependent Selection is Frequently Confounding Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 6 doi 10 3389 fevo 2018 00010 PMC 8360343 How an invasive bee managed to thrive in Australia The Scientist Magazine Takahata N Nei M 1990 Allelic genealogy under overdominant and frequency dependent selection and polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex loci Genetics 124 4 967 78 PMC 1203987 PMID 2323559 Borghans JA Beltman JB De Boer RJ Feb 2004 MHC polymorphism under host pathogen coevolution Immunogenetics 55 11 732 9 doi 10 1007 s00251 003 0630 5 hdl 1874 8562 PMID 14722687 S2CID 20103440 Sinervo B C M Lively 1996 The rock paper scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies Nature 380 6571 240 243 Bibcode 1996Natur 380 240S doi 10 1038 380240a0 S2CID 205026253 Sinervo Barry Donald B Miles W Anthony Frankino Matthew Klukowski Dale F DeNardo 2000 Testosterone Endurance and Darwinian Fitness Natural and Sexual Selection on the Physiological Bases of Alternative Male Behaviors in Side Blotched Lizards Hormones and Behavior 38 4 222 233 doi 10 1006 hbeh 2000 1622 PMID 11104640 S2CID 5759575 Barnard C J Sibly R M 1981 Producers and scroungers A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows Animal Behaviour 29 2 543 550 doi 10 1016 S0003 3472 81 80117 0 S2CID 53170850 Brisson Dustin 2018 Negative Frequency Dependent Selection Is Frequently Confounding Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 6 doi 10 3389 fevo 2018 00010 ISSN 2296 701X PMC 8360343 Muller F 1879 Ituna and Thyridia a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 20 29 Harper G R Pfennig D W 22 August 2007 Mimicry on the edge why do mimics vary in resemblance to their model in different parts of their geographical range Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 274 1621 1955 1961 doi 10 1098 rspb 2007 0558 PMC 2275182 PMID 17567563 Bibliography editRobert H Tamarin 2001 Principles of Genetics 7th edition McGraw Hill Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Frequency dependent selection amp oldid 1193518320, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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