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Cometopuli dynasty

January 02, 2023

The Kometopuli dynasty (Bulgarian: Династия на комитопулите, Dinastiya na komitopulite Bulgarian; ; Byzantine Greek: Δυναστεία Κομητoπούλων, Dynasteía Kometopoulon) was the last royal dynasty in the First Bulgarian Empire, ruling from ca. 976 until the fall of Bulgaria under Byzantine rule in 1018.[1] The most notable member of the dynasty, Tsar Samuel, is famous for successfully resisting Byzantine conquest for more than 40 years. Sometimes the realm of the Cometopuli is called Western Bulgarian Kingdom or Western Bulgarian Empire.[2][3]

Territory of Bulgaria under the Kometopuli (around 1,000 AD.)
Territory of former Bulgaria ca 1045 as theme.

Origin and members

The actual name of the dynasty is not known. Cometopuli (Bulgarian: Комитопули, Komitopuli; Byzantine Greek: Κομητόπουλοι, Kometópouloi[a]) is merely the nickname which is used by Byzantine historians to address rulers from the dynasty as its founder, Nicholas, was a komes (governor, cognate to "count"; Byzantine Greek: κóμης, kómes,[b] from the Latin comes; Bulgarian: комита, komita) either of the region of Sredets (the present-day capital of Bulgaria, Sofia) or of the region of Prespa.[4] According to the 11th century Armenian historian, Stepanos Asoghik, the dynasty was of Armenian origin.[5] In 969 AD and following the Russo-Byzantine conquest of Eastern Bulgaria, count Nikola assumed control of the Bulgarian lands west of the rivers Iskar and Struma. By the time of the Byzantine conquest of Preslav and the dethronement of Tsar Boris II in 972, Nikola had been killed and the rule assumed by his four sons, David, Aaron, Moses, and Samuil. David led the defence of southwestern Bulgaria and resided in Prespa, Moses of southeastern Bulgaria residing in Strumica, Aaron ruled over the region of Sredetz, whereas Samuel was in charge of northern Bulgaria with the town of Bdin (Vidin).

Both David and Moses lost their lives early – David was murdered by wandering Vlachs, whereas Moses died during the siege of Serres. A conflict broke out between Samuil and Aaron as the latter grew more and more pro-Byzantine and on 14 June 976 Aaron was executed near Dupnitza. Later the same year, the dethroned Boris II and his brother, Roman, managed to escape from captivity in Constantinople and reached the borders of Bulgaria. Boris II was, however, killed by mistake by the border guards. As a result, it was Roman who was crowned as Bulgarian Tsar although real power and the control of the army lay in the hands of Samuel.

Samuel proved to be a successful leader inflicting a major defeat on the Byzantine army commanded by Basil II at the Gates of Trajan and retaking north-eastern Bulgaria. His successful campaigns expanded the Bulgarian borders into Thessaly and Epirus and in 998 he conquered the principality of Duklja. In 997 Samuel was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria after the death of the legitimate ruler, Roman.

After the death of Samuel in 1014, the crown passed on to his son, Gavril Radomir (1014 – 1015). In 1015, he was murdered by his first cousin and son of Aaron, Ivan Vladislav. With his own death in 1018 the First Bulgarian Empire came to an end. Ivan Vladislav's sons Presian, Alusian and Aaron surrendered shortly after and were integrated into the court nobility in Constantinople. An attempt at restoration of Bulgarian independence was made some 20 years later by Peter (II) Delyan (1040-1041), son of Gavril Radomir. He, aided by his cousin Alusian organised an uprising and managed to push away the Byzantines from Ohrid for a short period, but was eventually betrayed by Alusian. Alusian's heirs were given noble titles and land in the Byzantine Empire.

Family tree

After the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria, the Cometopuli assumed important positions in the Byzantine court after they were resettled and given lands in Asia Minor and Armenia. Catherine, daughter of Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Vladislav, became empress of Byzantium. Peter II Delyan, son of Bulgarian Emperor Gavril Radomir and grandson of Emperor Samuel, led an attempt to restore the Bulgarian Empire after a major uprising in 1040 – 1041. Two other women of the dynasty became Byzantine empresses,[6] while many nobles served in the army as strategos or became governors of various provinces. Through his maternal grandmother Maria of Bulgaria, the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos was a descendant of Emperor Ivan Vladislav.

Nomenclature

 
The Bitola inscription of Ivan Vladislav, where he claims Bulgarian origin to himself and to his people.

There has been a debate among historians, in which some view the Kingdom of the Cometopuli, as a separate entity from the First Bulgarian Empire. The Cometopuli kept the title "Emperor of Bulgarians", but some aspects that appeared during their reign, made their state differ from the Bulgarian empire.[7][8] Its centres (Skopje, Ohrid, Prespa and Bitola) were located in what today is referred to as the geographical region of Macedonia, but at that period, they were in a province of the First Bulgarian Empire, called Kutmichevitsa. The Byzantinologist George Ostrogorsky discusses the issue and concludes that to its creators and to the Byzantines it was simply Bulgarian kingdom, but for various geographical, political and religious factors he labels their state Macedonian Empire.[9][10] Dimitri Obolensky, another Byzantinologist, refers to Samuil's state as an "independent empire of Western Bulgaria" that originated in Macedonia.[11] Some other authors also distinguish it as a Western Bulgarian Empire, but most of the scholars see the dynasty as a direct continuation of the First Bulgarian Empire. However, in North Macedonia the official historiography refers to it as "Slavic Macedonian" Empire,[12] but this view is an instance for backdated modern nationalism.[13]

Notes

  1. ^ Greek: Κομητόπουλοι, Komitópouloi
  2. ^ Greek: κóμης, kómis

References

  1. ^ Byzantium's Balkan frontier: a political study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204, Author Paul Stephenson, Publisher Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-77017-3, pp. 58-66.
  2. ^ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon, J. B. Bury, Wildside Press LLC, 2004, ISBN 0-8095-9240-1, p. 142.
  3. ^ A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966, Stephen Clissold, Henry Clifford Darby, CUP Archive, 1968, ISBN 0-521-09531-X, p. 140
  4. ^ Dennis P. Hupchick, The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies, Springer, 2017, p. 250, ISBN 3319562061.
  5. ^ On his writings of the 11th-century historian Asoghik wrote that Samuil had only one brother. According to Asoghik who lived in Derjan, located in an Armenian region of the Byzantine Empire, Samuil was also from Derjan and had Armenian origin.
  6. ^ "V. Zlatarski - Istorija 1 B - Priturka 15". Retrieved 2008-09-10.
  7. ^ In The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism, Obolensky discusses the connection between the Bogomils and the Cometopuli, and traces the origin of both in Macedonia.
  8. ^ The probable toleration of heretics for political motives, may well have given rise to popular legend associating Tsar Samuel with Bogomilism, Obolensky, The Bogomils...
  9. ^ Georgije Ostrogorski, Geschichte des Byzantinischen Staates. C.H.Beck, 1963, ISBN 3-406-01414-3, s. 250-255.
  10. ^ "Politically and ecclestistically the new empire was direct descendant of the empire of Simeon and Peter, and was regarded by Samuel and the Byzantines alike as being simply the Bulgarian Empire. For apart from Byzantium, only Bulgaria at that time possessed a tradition of empire with a patriarchate of its own". George Ostrogorsky, "The history of the Byzantine State" (Chapter VI - 6. The Apogee of Byzantine power - Basil II) pp. 301-302. Rutgers University Press, 1957.
  11. ^ In The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism, Obolensky discusses the connection between the Bogomils and the Cometopuli, and traces the origin of both in Macedonia.
  12. ^ An outline of Macedonian history from ancient times to 1991. Macedonian Embassy London. Retrieved on 2007-04-28.
  13. ^ Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-85065-534-0, p. 20.

Literature

  • Nicholas, Adontz (1965). "Samuel l'Arménien, roi des Bulgares". Études Arméno -byzantines. Lisbon. pp. 347–407.
  • Lang, David M. The Bulgarians, London, 1976.
  • Lang, David M. The Armenians. A People in Exile. London, 1981.
  • Ostrogorsky, George, History of the Byzantine State. tr. (from the German) by Joan Hussey, rev. ed., Rutgers Univ. Press, 1969.
  • Dimitry Obolensky, "The Bogomils: A study in Balkan Neo-Manicheism", Cambridge University Press 1948
  • Greenwood, Tim (2017). The Universal History of Step'anos Tarōnec'i. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198792512.

See also

January 02, 2023
cometopuli, dynasty, kometopuli, dynasty, bulgarian, Династия, на, комитопулите, dinastiya, komitopulite, bulgarian, byzantine, greek, Δυναστεία, Κομητoπούλων, dynasteía, kometopoulon, last, royal, dynasty, first, bulgarian, empire, ruling, from, until, fall, . The Kometopuli dynasty Bulgarian Dinastiya na komitopulite Dinastiya na komitopulite Bulgarian Byzantine Greek Dynasteia Komhtopoylwn Dynasteia Kometopoulon was the last royal dynasty in the First Bulgarian Empire ruling from ca 976 until the fall of Bulgaria under Byzantine rule in 1018 1 The most notable member of the dynasty Tsar Samuel is famous for successfully resisting Byzantine conquest for more than 40 years Sometimes the realm of the Cometopuli is called Western Bulgarian Kingdom or Western Bulgarian Empire 2 3 Territory of Bulgaria under the Kometopuli around 1 000 AD Territory of former Bulgaria ca 1045 as theme Contents 1 Origin and members 2 Family tree 3 Nomenclature 4 Notes 5 References 6 Literature 7 See alsoOrigin and members EditThe actual name of the dynasty is not known Cometopuli Bulgarian Komitopuli Komitopuli Byzantine Greek Komhtopoyloi Kometopouloi a is merely the nickname which is used by Byzantine historians to address rulers from the dynasty as its founder Nicholas was a komes governor cognate to count Byzantine Greek komhs komes b from the Latin comes Bulgarian komita komita either of the region of Sredets the present day capital of Bulgaria Sofia or of the region of Prespa 4 According to the 11th century Armenian historian Stepanos Asoghik the dynasty was of Armenian origin 5 In 969 AD and following the Russo Byzantine conquest of Eastern Bulgaria count Nikola assumed control of the Bulgarian lands west of the rivers Iskar and Struma By the time of the Byzantine conquest of Preslav and the dethronement of Tsar Boris II in 972 Nikola had been killed and the rule assumed by his four sons David Aaron Moses and Samuil David led the defence of southwestern Bulgaria and resided in Prespa Moses of southeastern Bulgaria residing in Strumica Aaron ruled over the region of Sredetz whereas Samuel was in charge of northern Bulgaria with the town of Bdin Vidin Both David and Moses lost their lives early David was murdered by wandering Vlachs whereas Moses died during the siege of Serres A conflict broke out between Samuil and Aaron as the latter grew more and more pro Byzantine and on 14 June 976 Aaron was executed near Dupnitza Later the same year the dethroned Boris II and his brother Roman managed to escape from captivity in Constantinople and reached the borders of Bulgaria Boris II was however killed by mistake by the border guards As a result it was Roman who was crowned as Bulgarian Tsar although real power and the control of the army lay in the hands of Samuel Samuel proved to be a successful leader inflicting a major defeat on the Byzantine army commanded by Basil II at the Gates of Trajan and retaking north eastern Bulgaria His successful campaigns expanded the Bulgarian borders into Thessaly and Epirus and in 998 he conquered the principality of Duklja In 997 Samuel was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria after the death of the legitimate ruler Roman After the death of Samuel in 1014 the crown passed on to his son Gavril Radomir 1014 1015 In 1015 he was murdered by his first cousin and son of Aaron Ivan Vladislav With his own death in 1018 the First Bulgarian Empire came to an end Ivan Vladislav s sons Presian Alusian and Aaron surrendered shortly after and were integrated into the court nobility in Constantinople An attempt at restoration of Bulgarian independence was made some 20 years later by Peter II Delyan 1040 1041 son of Gavril Radomir He aided by his cousin Alusian organised an uprising and managed to push away the Byzantines from Ohrid for a short period but was eventually betrayed by Alusian Alusian s heirs were given noble titles and land in the Byzantine Empire Family tree EditAfter the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria the Cometopuli assumed important positions in the Byzantine court after they were resettled and given lands in Asia Minor and Armenia Catherine daughter of Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Vladislav became empress of Byzantium Peter II Delyan son of Bulgarian Emperor Gavril Radomir and grandson of Emperor Samuel led an attempt to restore the Bulgarian Empire after a major uprising in 1040 1041 Two other women of the dynasty became Byzantine empresses 6 while many nobles served in the army as strategos or became governors of various provinces Through his maternal grandmother Maria of Bulgaria the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos was a descendant of Emperor Ivan Vladislav ComitaNikolaRipsimiaof ArmeniaDavidMosesAronSamuelof BulgariaAgathaIvanVladislavMariaothersMiroslavaunknowndaughterunknowndaughterGavrilRadomirPresianAronAlusianTroianCatherineIsaac IKomnenosPeterDelyanNomenclature Edit The Bitola inscription of Ivan Vladislav where he claims Bulgarian origin to himself and to his people There has been a debate among historians in which some view the Kingdom of the Cometopuli as a separate entity from the First Bulgarian Empire The Cometopuli kept the title Emperor of Bulgarians but some aspects that appeared during their reign made their state differ from the Bulgarian empire 7 8 Its centres Skopje Ohrid Prespa and Bitola were located in what today is referred to as the geographical region of Macedonia but at that period they were in a province of the First Bulgarian Empire called Kutmichevitsa The Byzantinologist George Ostrogorsky discusses the issue and concludes that to its creators and to the Byzantines it was simply Bulgarian kingdom but for various geographical political and religious factors he labels their state Macedonian Empire 9 10 Dimitri Obolensky another Byzantinologist refers to Samuil s state as an independent empire of Western Bulgaria that originated in Macedonia 11 Some other authors also distinguish it as a Western Bulgarian Empire but most of the scholars see the dynasty as a direct continuation of the First Bulgarian Empire However in North Macedonia the official historiography refers to it as Slavic Macedonian Empire 12 but this view is an instance for backdated modern nationalism 13 Notes Edit Greek Komhtopoyloi Komitopouloi Greek komhs komisReferences Edit Byzantium s Balkan frontier a political study of the Northern Balkans 900 1204 Author Paul Stephenson Publisher Cambridge University Press 2000 ISBN 0 521 77017 3 pp 58 66 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon J B Bury Wildside Press LLC 2004 ISBN 0 8095 9240 1 p 142 A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966 Stephen Clissold Henry Clifford Darby CUP Archive 1968 ISBN 0 521 09531 X p 140 Dennis P Hupchick The Bulgarian Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony Silver Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies Springer 2017 p 250 ISBN 3319562061 On his writings of the 11th century historian Asoghik wrote that Samuil had only one brother According to Asoghik who lived in Derjan located in an Armenian region of the Byzantine Empire Samuil was also from Derjan and had Armenian origin V Zlatarski Istorija 1 B Priturka 15 Retrieved 2008 09 10 In The Bogomils A Study in Balkan Neo Manichaeism Obolensky discusses the connection between the Bogomils and the Cometopuli and traces the origin of both in Macedonia The probable toleration of heretics for political motives may well have given rise to popular legend associating Tsar Samuel with Bogomilism Obolensky The Bogomils Georgije Ostrogorski Geschichte des Byzantinischen Staates C H Beck 1963 ISBN 3 406 01414 3 s 250 255 Politically and ecclestistically the new empire was direct descendant of the empire of Simeon and Peter and was regarded by Samuel and the Byzantines alike as being simply the Bulgarian Empire For apart from Byzantium only Bulgaria at that time possessed a tradition of empire with a patriarchate of its own George Ostrogorsky The history of the Byzantine State Chapter VI 6 The Apogee of Byzantine power Basil II pp 301 302 Rutgers University Press 1957 In The Bogomils A Study in Balkan Neo Manichaeism Obolensky discusses the connection between the Bogomils and the Cometopuli and traces the origin of both in Macedonia An outline of Macedonian history from ancient times to 1991 Macedonian Embassy London Retrieved on 2007 04 28 Who are the Macedonians Hugh Poulton C Hurst amp Co Publishers 2000 ISBN 1 85065 534 0 p 20 Literature EditNicholas Adontz 1965 Samuel l Armenien roi des Bulgares Etudes Armeno byzantines Lisbon pp 347 407 Lang David M The Bulgarians London 1976 Lang David M The Armenians A People in Exile London 1981 Ostrogorsky George History of the Byzantine State tr from the German by Joan Hussey rev ed Rutgers Univ Press 1969 Dimitry Obolensky The Bogomils A study in Balkan Neo Manicheism Cambridge University Press 1948 Greenwood Tim 2017 The Universal History of Step anos Tarōnec i Oxford University Press ISBN 9780198792512 See also EditSamuil of Bulgaria Bitola Inscription Samuil s Inscription History of Bulgaria Armenians in Bulgaria Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cometopuli dynasty amp oldid 1121172133, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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