Frank Schwable
Brigadier General Frank Hawse Schwable (July 18, 1908 – October 28, 1988) was a decorated U.S. Marine pilot whose prosecution for collaborating with his Korean captors while a prisoner of war was dismissed in 1954.
Frank Hawse Schwable | |
|---|---|
Schwable as colonel, USMC | |
| Born | July 18, 1908 |
| Died | October 28, 1988 (aged 80) |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/ | United States Marine Corps |
| Years of service | 1929–1959 |
| Rank | Brigadier general |
| Service number | 0-4429 |
| Commands held | VMF(N)-531 |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Legion of Merit (3) Distinguished Flying Cross (4) Air Medal (3) |
Biography edit
Schwable, the son of a marine colonel who served thirty years, graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1929.[1] He was awarded the Cross of Valor by the Nicaraguan government in 1932.[2] In September 1933, he was among 19 aviators representing the Marine Corps at the International Air Races in Chicago.[3] He received the Legion of Merit for his service in World War II.[4] While chief of staff of the First Marine Air Wing, Schwable and his co-pilot were reported missing on a combat mission in Korea in July 1952.[5] On February 23, 1953, the Chinese broadcast charges that two officers, Schwable and his co-pilot, had said that the U.S. was conducting germ warfare. Schwable was quoted saying the purpose was "to test under field conditions various elements of bacteriological warfare and possibly to expand field tests at a later date into an element of regular combat operations."[6] When Schwable was quoted confessing to germ warfare, his wife said, "That's the same old Communist malarkey. Nobody believes it."[7]
United Nations commander General Mark W. Clark denounced China's germ warfare charges. Clark said, "Whether these statements ever passed the lips of these unfortunate men is doubtful. If they did, however, too familiar are the mind-annihilating methods of these Communists in extorting whatever words they want ... The men themselves are not to blame, and they have my deepest sympathy for having been used in this abominable way."[8]
Schwable was released from captivity in September 1953.[9] On April 27, 1954, Marine Corps Commandant General Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr. said he was "an instrument, however unwilling, of causing damage to his country" by the false confession that he later repudiated.[10] At the board of inquiry that considered whether he merited court-martial, a recently released POW testified. He described how he was tortured during six months' captivity and said that in prosecuting Schwable they would be "persecut[ing] a man who has already been persecuted [and] would merely be playing into Communist hands."[11] Winfred Overholser, former president of the American Psychiatric Association and longtime superintendent of St. Elizabeths Hospital, a federal mental facility, testified on his behalf.[12]
The court of inquiry ultimately recommended no action against Schwable,[10] but he was shifted, according to Shepherd, to "duties of a type making minimum demands upon the elements of unblemished personal example and leadership."[10] On May 11 he was assigned to serve as the Marine Corps representative on the Navy's Flight Safety Board based in the Pentagon.[13] The Marine Corps awarded Colonel Schwable its Legion of Merit for a third time on June 22, 1954, for his service as chief of staff to General Clayton C. Jerome in Korea for three months before his capture.[10]
Schwable retired on June 30, 1959, as a brigadier general. He died on October 28, 1988, and is buried in Ebenezer Cemetery, Loudoun County, Virginia.[14]
Decorations edit
| Naval Aviator Badge | |||||||||||||
| 1st Row | Legion of Merit with two Gold Stars and Combat "V" | Distinguished Flying Cross with three Gold Stars | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd Row | Air Medal with two Gold Stars | Prisoner of War Medal | Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal | American Defense Service Medal with Base Clasp | |||||||||
| 3rd Row | European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal | Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four service stars | American Campaign Medal | World War II Victory Medal | |||||||||
| 4th Row | National Defense Service Medal | Korean Service Medal with two service stars | Nicaraguan Cross of Valor | United Nations Korea Medal | |||||||||
Notes edit
- ^ Lech, Raymond B. (2011). Tortured Into Fake Confession: The Dishonoring of Korean War Prisoner Col. Frank H. Schwable, USMC. McFarland & Company. 1.
- ^ "23 Americans Get Nicaraguan Medals" (PDF). The New York Times. November 6, 1932. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "Marines Fliers to Race" (PDF). The New York Times. August 27, 1933. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ Abel, Elie (May 2, 1954). "Policy on P.W.'s Now Shaping Up" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "Marine Air Wing Leader Reported Missing in Korea" (PDF). The New York Times. July 13, 1952. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "Red Germ Charges Cite 2 U.S. Marines" (PDF). The New York Times. February 23, 1954. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "'Malarkey,' Says Mrs. Schwable" (PDF). The New York Times. February 23, 1953. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "Clark Denounces Germ War Charges" (PDF). The New York Times. February 24, 1953. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ Lech, Tortured, 4.
- ^ a b c d "Marines Award Schwable Medal" (PDF). The New York Times. July 8, 1954. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "Marine Ex-P.O.W. Backs Schwable" (PDF). The New York Times. March 3, 1954. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "Dr. Winfred Overholser Dies; Developed Psychiatric Centers" (PDF). The New York Times. October 7, 1964. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ "Schwable Assigned to Air Safety Post" (PDF). The New York Times. May 12, 1954. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
- ^ Lech, Raymond B. (2011). Tortured Into Fake Confession: The Dishonoring of Korean War Prisoner Col. Frank H. Schwable, USMC. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. pp. 168–9, 188. ISBN 9780786487851.
External links edit
- [ "The Marines Decide". Time. May 10, 1954.