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Forrest McDonald

October 21, 2023

Forrest McDonald, Jr. (January 7, 1927 – January 19, 2016) was an American historian[1] who wrote extensively on the early national period of the United States, republicanism, and the presidency, but he is possibly best known for his polemic on the American South. He was a professor at the University of Alabama, where, together with Grady McWhiney, he developed the hypothesis that the South had been colonized by "Anglo-Celts," rather than the British Protestant farmers who populated the North.

Life Edit

McDonald was born in Orange, Texas. He took his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees (1955) from the University of Texas at Austin, where he studied with Fulmer Mood. He taught at Brown University (1959–67), Wayne State University (1967–76), and the University of Alabama (1976–2002) before he retired.[2] He was for a time the president of the Philadelphia Society.[3] He died in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, on January 19, 2016, twelve days after his 89th birthday.[4]

Historical arguments Edit

The historian Carl L. Becker in History of Political Parties in the Province of New York, 1760–1776 (1909) formulated the Progressive interpretation of the American Revolution. He said that there were two revolutions: one against Britain to obtain home rule and the other to determine who should rule at home. Charles A. Beard, in An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (1913) and An Economic Interpretation of Jeffersonian Democracy (1915), extended Becker's thesis down to 1800 in terms of class conflict. To Beard, the Constitution was a counter-revolution set up by rich bond holders (bonds were "personal property") in opposition to the farmers and planters (land was "real property"). The Constitution, Beard argued, was designed to reverse the radical democratic tendencies unleashed by the Revolution among the common people, especially farmers and debtors (people who owed money to the rich). In 1800, according to Beard, the farmers and debtors, led by plantation slave owners, overthrew the capitalists and established Jeffersonian democracy. Other historians supported the class conflict interpretation by noting that the states confiscated great semifeudal landholdings of Loyalists and gave them out in small parcels to ordinary farmers. Conservatives, such as William Howard Taft, were shocked at the Progressive interpretation because it seem to belittle the Constitution. Scholars, however, adopted it, and by 1930, it became the standard interpretation of the era among academic historians but was largely ignored by lawyers and jurists. Beginning about 1950, revisionist historians led by Charles A. Barker, Philip Crowl, Richard P. McCormick, William Pool, Robert Thomas, John Munroe, Robert E. Brown and B. Kathryn Brown, and especially McDonald, showed that the Progressive interpretation was factually incorrect. Controversy raged, but by 1970 the Progressive Era interpretation was dead. It was largely replaced by the intellectual history approach that stressed the power of ideas, especially republicanism, in stimulating the Revolution.[5]

In We The People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution, McDonald argued that Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States had misinterpreted the economic interests involved in writing the Constitution. Instead of two conflicting interests, landed and mercantile, there were three-dozen identifiable interests, which forced the delegates to bargain. The reviewer David M. Potter said: "He has tumbled a very large Humpty Dumpty [Beard's economic interpretation] from a very high wall of history, and American historical literature will never be entirely the same."[6]

McDonald and his colleague Grady McWhiney (1928–2006) presented the "Celtic hypothesis" that stated that the distinctive culture of the South derives largely from the majority of the Southern population being descendants of Celtic herdsmen and the majority of the Northern population being the descendants of farmers. In 1987, the 200th anniversary of the Constitution, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) selected McDonald for the Jefferson Lecture, the federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. His lecture was entitled "The Intellectual World of the Founding Fathers."[7] In a New York Times article after his selection, McDonald was quoted as saying that the federal government had "lost its capacity to protect people in life, liberty and property, to provide for the common defense, or to promote the general welfare."[8] However, in interviews and in his Jefferson Lecture, McDonald opposed the idea of a new constitutional convention, partly because he felt that such a convention would become a "runaway" and a "catastrophe"[9] partly because he thought the inefficiency of the American government was a saving virtue that limits its capacity for oppression;[10] and partly because he felt that it would now be impossible to assemble a group as capable as the 55 delegates who attended the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which took place in an era that McDonald called "America's Golden Age, the likes of which we shall not see again."[9]

McDonald's lecture was later described by conservative historian George H. Nash as "a luminous introduction to the intellectual world of the Founding Fathers."[11] However, McDonald faced criticism for not acknowledging the imperfection of slavery in the original constitutional framework. The New York Times pointedly noted that on the same day as McDonald's Jefferson Lecture, US Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall gave a speech that criticized "complacent belief" in the perfection of the Constitution because of the stain of slavery. The Times quoted McDonald's answer that at the time of the Constitutional Convention, "Slavery was a fact. It had simply not crossed many people's intellectual or moral horizons to question it," and he further commented, "The condition of the French peasants was far worse than that of the American slaves, and that was heaven compared to the Russian serf."[9]

"The Intellectual World of the Founding Fathers" was republished in the essay collection, Requiem: Variations on Eighteenth-Century Themes.[12]

He stated in 2011, "I am an unreconstructed Hamiltonian Federalist, and out of my admiration for Alexander Hamilton I have long been disposed to believe the worst about Thomas Jefferson."[13]

Steven Siry stated:

Most important, his books have revised Charles Beard's economic interpretation of the Constitution, challenged the robber baron stereotype of American industrialists, offered a critical view of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, praised Alexander Hamilton's vision for America's economic development, and, as a co-author with Grady McWhiney, developed the Celtic thesis that offered a new perspective on the Civil War era.[14]

Andrew Ferguson stated:

McDonald’s specialty was the Founding Fathers and he was unapologetically conservative. He once said the two facts were closely related, because a proper understanding of the Founders' concerns and intentions – particularly their obsession with constraining and dispersing political power – inevitably pointed one toward an appreciation of the conservative virtues.[15]

Evidence of political views Edit

On May 14, 1994, Brian Lamb, co-founder of C-SPAN, interviewed Forrest McDonald for the network's Booknotes. McDonald commented that his "doctoral dissertation, which later got turned into a book called We the People, absolutely demolished the Beard interpretation, and I say that not boastfully---every reviewer agreed that it did." During the interview, McDonald's description of "Irving Kristol and people like that" as "neos" signified criticism of an early neoconservative political economy, aligned with The Public Interest as well as the ethno-racial contours of the Moynihan Report, prior to The Weekly Standard and "reconciliation with capitalism." This conflict was often referred to as the Neoconservative - Paleoconservative Conflict.[16] The following is a transcription of the segment:

LAMB: How would you describe your political views?

McDONALD: Conservative.

LAMB: How conservative?

McDONALD: Paleo. The New York Times reviewed this book a little while back, and I was described as a distinguished neo-conservative. Well, from the New York Times' point of view, that's a good thing because they think real conservatives are crazy, and they think that neos are very bright, like Irving Kristol and people like that. So the reviewer did me a favor, but I was scared to death that one of my very conservative friends would write in -- I've got friends like this -- and say, "He's no neo-conservative; he's a paleo-conservative."

LAMB: What does that mean?

McDONALD: Old conservative. You know the conservatives are divided into different camps. There's as much infighting among them as is on the other end of the political spectrum [e.g., in 2007, Lew Rockwell disclosed that he no longer self-identified as paleolibertarian because of its previous conflation with paleoconservatism].

LAMB: How long have you been a conservative?

McDONALD: As long as I can remember.[17]

Books Edit

  • Let There Be Light: The Electric Utility Industry in Wisconsin (Madison: American History Research Center, 1957)
  • We The People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958; new ed. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1992)
  • Insull (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962)
  • E Pluribus Unum: The Formation of the American Republic (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1965; new ed., Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979); full text free
  • The Presidency of George Washington (University Press of Kansas, 1974, paperback ed., 1985) excerpt and text search; full text free
  • The Phaeton Ride: The Crisis of American Success (Doubleday, 1974)
  • The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (University Press of Kansas, 1976; paperback ed., 1987) excerpt and text search
  • Alexander Hamilton: A Biography (Norton, 1979) online edition; full text free
  • The American People, university textbook with David Burner and Eugene D. Genovese; Revisionary Press, 1980 online edition
  • A Constitutional History of the United States (1982), short textbook
  • Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution (University Press of Kansas, 1985) excerpt and text search (1986 Pulitzer Prize Finalist)
  • Requiem: Variations on Eighteenth-Century Themes (University Press of Kansas, 1988), with Ellen Shapiro McDonald
  • The American Presidency: An Intellectual History (University Press of Kansas, 1994; paperback ed., 1995) excerpt and text search; full text free
  • States' Rights and the Union: Imperium in Imperio, 1776–1876 (University Press of Kansas, 2000) excerpt and text search; full text free
  • Recovering the Past: A Historian's Memoir (2004), autobiography excerpt and text search

References Edit

  1. ^ Belz, Herman (Fall 2000). "Recipes for Anarchy". Claremont Review of Books. 1 (1). Retrieved 4 March 2022. a distinguished academic historian known for his hard-headed, somewhat irreverent, more or less traditional analysis of American political history
  2. ^ Roberts, Sam (22 January 2016). "Forrest McDonald, Historian Who Punctured Liberal Notions, Dies at 89". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  4. ^ "Forrest McDonald Obituary – Tuscaloosa, AL". Legacy.com. Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
  5. ^ Forrest McDonald, "Colliding with the Past," Reviews in American History 25.1 (1997) 13–18.
  6. ^ Potter quoted in Stuart Gerry Brown, ed. (1971). Revolution, Confederation, and Constitution. p. 186.
  7. ^ Jefferson Lecturers 2011-10-20 at the Wayback Machine at NEH Website (retrieved January 22, 2009).
  8. ^ Leslie Maitland Werner, "Washington Talk; If Jefferson et al. Could See Us Now," The New York Times, February 12, 1987.
  9. ^ a b c Irvin Molotsky, "One Man's Constitution: If It Isn't Broke, Don't . . . ," The New York Times, May 11, 1987.
  10. ^ Rushworth M. Kidder, "Don't mess with success, says Constitution scholar," Christian Science Monitor, May 12, 1987.
  11. ^ George H. Nash, "A conservative Historian's Memoir,", Modern Age, Spring 2005, p. 153 (also available here [1]).
  12. ^ Forrest McDonald & Ellen Shapiro McDonald, Requiem: Variations on Eighteenth-Century Themes (University Press of Kansas, 1988), ISBN 978-0700603701.
  13. ^ Forrest McDonald statement in The Jefferson–Hemings Controversy: Report of the Scholars Commission, ed. Robert F. Turner, p. 311 (Carolina Academic Press, 2001, 2011)
  14. ^ Steven R. Siry, "Recovering the Past: A Historian's Memoir (Book)" in History: Reviews of New Books (Fall 2004) 33#1 pp. 7–8.
  15. ^ Andrew Ferguson, "Forrest McDonald, 1927–2016" The Weekly Standard Jan. 22, 2016
  16. ^ Kristol, Irving (March 2005). "Forty Good Years". The Public Interest.
  17. ^ "[American Presidency] | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org.

Further reading Edit

  • Berthoff, Rowland; McDonald, Forrest; McWhiney, Grady. "Celtic Mist over the South," Journal of Southern History, Nov 1986, Vol. 52 Issue 4, pp. 523–546
  • Coleman, Peter J. "Beard, McDonald, and Economic Determinism in American Historiography," Business History Review, Spring 1960, Vol. 34 Issue 1, pp. 113–121
  • Main, Jackson T. and Forrest McDonald. "Charles A. Beard and the Constitution: A Critical Review of Forrest McDonald's 'We The People,' with a Rebuttal by Forrest McDonald," William and Mary Quarterly, Jan 1960, Vol. 17 Issue 1, pp. 86–110 in JSTOR
  • Popkin, Jeremy D. "Review: Parallel Lives: Two Historians' Memoirs Reviewed Works: A Life with History by John Morton Blum; Recovering the Past: A Historian's Memoir by Forrest McDonald," Reviews in American History (2005) 33#4 pp. 621–626 in JSTOR* Schuyler, Robert Livingston. "Forrest McDonald's Critique of the Beard Thesis," Journal of Southern History, Feb 1961, Vol. 27 Issue 1, pp. 73–80 in JSTOR

External links Edit

  • at the Wayback Machine (archived October 4, 2006)
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
    • Booknotes interview with McDonald on The American Presidency: An Intellectual History, May 15, 1994.
    • In Depth interview with McDonald, July 4, 2004

October 21, 2023
forrest, mcdonald, january, 1927, january, 2016, american, historian, wrote, extensively, early, national, period, united, states, republicanism, presidency, possibly, best, known, polemic, american, south, professor, university, alabama, where, together, with. Forrest McDonald Jr January 7 1927 January 19 2016 was an American historian 1 who wrote extensively on the early national period of the United States republicanism and the presidency but he is possibly best known for his polemic on the American South He was a professor at the University of Alabama where together with Grady McWhiney he developed the hypothesis that the South had been colonized by Anglo Celts rather than the British Protestant farmers who populated the North Contents 1 Life 2 Historical arguments 3 Evidence of political views 4 Books 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksLife EditMcDonald was born in Orange Texas He took his B A and Ph D degrees 1955 from the University of Texas at Austin where he studied with Fulmer Mood He taught at Brown University 1959 67 Wayne State University 1967 76 and the University of Alabama 1976 2002 before he retired 2 He was for a time the president of the Philadelphia Society 3 He died in Tuscaloosa Alabama on January 19 2016 twelve days after his 89th birthday 4 Historical arguments EditThe historian Carl L Becker in History of Political Parties in the Province of New York 1760 1776 1909 formulated the Progressive interpretation of the American Revolution He said that there were two revolutions one against Britain to obtain home rule and the other to determine who should rule at home Charles A Beard in An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States 1913 and An Economic Interpretation of Jeffersonian Democracy 1915 extended Becker s thesis down to 1800 in terms of class conflict To Beard the Constitution was a counter revolution set up by rich bond holders bonds were personal property in opposition to the farmers and planters land was real property The Constitution Beard argued was designed to reverse the radical democratic tendencies unleashed by the Revolution among the common people especially farmers and debtors people who owed money to the rich In 1800 according to Beard the farmers and debtors led by plantation slave owners overthrew the capitalists and established Jeffersonian democracy Other historians supported the class conflict interpretation by noting that the states confiscated great semifeudal landholdings of Loyalists and gave them out in small parcels to ordinary farmers Conservatives such as William Howard Taft were shocked at the Progressive interpretation because it seem to belittle the Constitution Scholars however adopted it and by 1930 it became the standard interpretation of the era among academic historians but was largely ignored by lawyers and jurists Beginning about 1950 revisionist historians led by Charles A Barker Philip Crowl Richard P McCormick William Pool Robert Thomas John Munroe Robert E Brown and B Kathryn Brown and especially McDonald showed that the Progressive interpretation was factually incorrect Controversy raged but by 1970 the Progressive Era interpretation was dead It was largely replaced by the intellectual history approach that stressed the power of ideas especially republicanism in stimulating the Revolution 5 In We The People The Economic Origins of the Constitution McDonald argued that Beard s An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States had misinterpreted the economic interests involved in writing the Constitution Instead of two conflicting interests landed and mercantile there were three dozen identifiable interests which forced the delegates to bargain The reviewer David M Potter said He has tumbled a very large Humpty Dumpty Beard s economic interpretation from a very high wall of history and American historical literature will never be entirely the same 6 McDonald and his colleague Grady McWhiney 1928 2006 presented the Celtic hypothesis that stated that the distinctive culture of the South derives largely from the majority of the Southern population being descendants of Celtic herdsmen and the majority of the Northern population being the descendants of farmers In 1987 the 200th anniversary of the Constitution the National Endowment for the Humanities NEH selected McDonald for the Jefferson Lecture the federal government s highest honor for achievement in the humanities His lecture was entitled The Intellectual World of the Founding Fathers 7 In a New York Times article after his selection McDonald was quoted as saying that the federal government had lost its capacity to protect people in life liberty and property to provide for the common defense or to promote the general welfare 8 However in interviews and in his Jefferson Lecture McDonald opposed the idea of a new constitutional convention partly because he felt that such a convention would become a runaway and a catastrophe 9 partly because he thought the inefficiency of the American government was a saving virtue that limits its capacity for oppression 10 and partly because he felt that it would now be impossible to assemble a group as capable as the 55 delegates who attended the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which took place in an era that McDonald called America s Golden Age the likes of which we shall not see again 9 McDonald s lecture was later described by conservative historian George H Nash as a luminous introduction to the intellectual world of the Founding Fathers 11 However McDonald faced criticism for not acknowledging the imperfection of slavery in the original constitutional framework The New York Times pointedly noted that on the same day as McDonald s Jefferson Lecture US Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall gave a speech that criticized complacent belief in the perfection of the Constitution because of the stain of slavery The Times quoted McDonald s answer that at the time of the Constitutional Convention Slavery was a fact It had simply not crossed many people s intellectual or moral horizons to question it and he further commented The condition of the French peasants was far worse than that of the American slaves and that was heaven compared to the Russian serf 9 The Intellectual World of the Founding Fathers was republished in the essay collection Requiem Variations on Eighteenth Century Themes 12 He stated in 2011 I am an unreconstructed Hamiltonian Federalist and out of my admiration for Alexander Hamilton I have long been disposed to believe the worst about Thomas Jefferson 13 Steven Siry stated Most important his books have revised Charles Beard s economic interpretation of the Constitution challenged the robber baron stereotype of American industrialists offered a critical view of Thomas Jefferson s presidency praised Alexander Hamilton s vision for America s economic development and as a co author with Grady McWhiney developed the Celtic thesis that offered a new perspective on the Civil War era 14 Andrew Ferguson stated McDonald s specialty was the Founding Fathers and he was unapologetically conservative He once said the two facts were closely related because a proper understanding of the Founders concerns and intentions particularly their obsession with constraining and dispersing political power inevitably pointed one toward an appreciation of the conservative virtues 15 Evidence of political views EditOn May 14 1994 Brian Lamb co founder of C SPAN interviewed Forrest McDonald for the network s Booknotes McDonald commented that his doctoral dissertation which later got turned into a book called We the People absolutely demolished the Beard interpretation and I say that not boastfully every reviewer agreed that it did During the interview McDonald s description of Irving Kristol and people like that as neos signified criticism of an early neoconservative political economy aligned with The Public Interest as well as the ethno racial contours of the Moynihan Report prior to The Weekly Standard and reconciliation with capitalism This conflict was often referred to as the Neoconservative Paleoconservative Conflict 16 The following is a transcription of the segment LAMB How would you describe your political views McDONALD Conservative LAMB How conservative McDONALD Paleo The New York Times reviewed this book a little while back and I was described as a distinguished neo conservative Well from the New York Times point of view that s a good thing because they think real conservatives are crazy and they think that neos are very bright like Irving Kristol and people like that So the reviewer did me a favor but I was scared to death that one of my very conservative friends would write in I ve got friends like this and say He s no neo conservative he s a paleo conservative LAMB What does that mean McDONALD Old conservative You know the conservatives are divided into different camps There s as much infighting among them as is on the other end of the political spectrum e g in 2007 Lew Rockwell disclosed that he no longer self identified as paleolibertarian because of its previous conflation with paleoconservatism LAMB How long have you been a conservative McDONALD As long as I can remember 17 Books EditLet There Be Light The Electric Utility Industry in Wisconsin Madison American History Research Center 1957 We The People The Economic Origins of the Constitution Chicago University of Chicago Press 1958 new ed New Brunswick Transaction 1992 Insull Chicago University of Chicago Press 1962 E Pluribus Unum The Formation of the American Republic Boston Houghton Mifflin 1965 new ed Indianapolis Liberty Press 1979 full text free The Presidency of George Washington University Press of Kansas 1974 paperback ed 1985 excerpt and text search full text free The Phaeton Ride The Crisis of American Success Doubleday 1974 The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson University Press of Kansas 1976 paperback ed 1987 excerpt and text search Alexander Hamilton A Biography Norton 1979 online edition full text free The American People university textbook with David Burner and Eugene D Genovese Revisionary Press 1980 online edition A Constitutional History of the United States 1982 short textbook Novus Ordo Seclorum The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution University Press of Kansas 1985 excerpt and text search 1986 Pulitzer Prize Finalist Requiem Variations on Eighteenth Century Themes University Press of Kansas 1988 with Ellen Shapiro McDonald The American Presidency An Intellectual History University Press of Kansas 1994 paperback ed 1995 excerpt and text search full text free States Rights and the Union Imperium in Imperio 1776 1876 University Press of Kansas 2000 excerpt and text search full text free Recovering the Past A Historian s Memoir 2004 autobiography excerpt and text searchReferences Edit Belz Herman Fall 2000 Recipes for Anarchy Claremont Review of Books 1 1 Retrieved 4 March 2022 a distinguished academic historian known for his hard headed somewhat irreverent more or less traditional analysis of American political history Roberts Sam 22 January 2016 Forrest McDonald Historian Who Punctured Liberal Notions Dies at 89 The New York Times Retrieved 2016 01 27 Presidents of the Philadelphia Society Archived from the original on May 30 2012 Retrieved May 4 2012 Forrest McDonald Obituary Tuscaloosa AL Legacy com Tuscaloosa News Retrieved 2016 01 25 Forrest McDonald Colliding with the Past Reviews in American History 25 1 1997 13 18 Potter quoted in Stuart Gerry Brown ed 1971 Revolution Confederation and Constitution p 186 Jefferson Lecturers Archived 2011 10 20 at the Wayback Machine at NEH Website retrieved January 22 2009 Leslie Maitland Werner Washington Talk If Jefferson et al Could See Us Now The New York Times February 12 1987 a b c Irvin Molotsky One Man s Constitution If It Isn t Broke Don t The New York Times May 11 1987 Rushworth M Kidder Don t mess with success says Constitution scholar Christian Science Monitor May 12 1987 George H Nash A conservative Historian s Memoir Modern Age Spring 2005 p 153 also available here 1 Forrest McDonald amp Ellen Shapiro McDonald Requiem Variations on Eighteenth Century Themes University Press of Kansas 1988 ISBN 978 0700603701 Forrest McDonald statement in The Jefferson Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission ed Robert F Turner p 311 Carolina Academic Press 2001 2011 Steven R Siry Recovering the Past A Historian s Memoir Book in History Reviews of New Books Fall 2004 33 1 pp 7 8 Andrew Ferguson Forrest McDonald 1927 2016 The Weekly Standard Jan 22 2016 Kristol Irving March 2005 Forty Good Years The Public Interest American Presidency C SPAN org www c span org Further reading EditBerthoff Rowland McDonald Forrest McWhiney Grady Celtic Mist over the South Journal of Southern History Nov 1986 Vol 52 Issue 4 pp 523 546 Coleman Peter J Beard McDonald and Economic Determinism in American Historiography Business History Review Spring 1960 Vol 34 Issue 1 pp 113 121 Main Jackson T and Forrest McDonald Charles A Beard and the Constitution A Critical Review of Forrest McDonald s We The People with a Rebuttal by Forrest McDonald William and Mary Quarterly Jan 1960 Vol 17 Issue 1 pp 86 110 in JSTOR Popkin Jeremy D Review Parallel Lives Two Historians Memoirs Reviewed Works A Life with History by John Morton Blum Recovering the Past A Historian s Memoir by Forrest McDonald Reviews in American History 2005 33 4 pp 621 626 in JSTOR Schuyler Robert Livingston Forrest McDonald s Critique of the Beard Thesis Journal of Southern History Feb 1961 Vol 27 Issue 1 pp 73 80 in JSTORExternal links EditOnline Bio Bibliography at the Wayback Machine archived October 4 2006 Appearances on C SPAN Booknotes interview with McDonald on The American Presidency An Intellectual History May 15 1994 In Depth interview with McDonald July 4 2004 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Forrest McDonald amp oldid 1166069218, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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