Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders

The Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI), founded in Adelaide, South Australia, as the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement (FCAA) on 16 February 1958, was a civil rights organisation which campaigned for the welfare of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, and the first national body representing Aboriginal interests. It was influential in lobbying in favour of the 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Australians. It was renamed to National Aboriginal and Islander Liberation Movement (NAILM) in the early to mid 1970s, before disbanding in 1978.

Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders

Logo of the FCAATSI^[1]
Abbreviation	FCAATSI
Formation	16 February 1958
Founded at	Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Dissolved	1978; 46 years ago (1978)
Focus	Indigenous Rights Activism
Headquarters	Adelaide, South Australia (1958–?) Melbourne, Victoria (pre-1967) Sydney, New South Wales (post-1967)
Formerly called	Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement (FCAA)

Background

The idea of uniting Aboriginal rights groups in order to form a united lobbying forces had existed for some time, fuelled by periodic concern for the plight of Indigenous Australians; however two occurrences in the mid-1950s encouraged renewed discussion of the issue. The Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society, based in London, began planning to approach the United Nations on behalf of Australian Aboriginal people, accompanied by an information gathering visit of Australia by Lady Jessie Street.^[1] At the same time, public concern was raised over living conditions among nomadic Aboriginal peoples (specifically the Wongi peoples) living on the Warburton Ranges following the publication of a report and a subsequent film shot by Bill Grayden and Douglas Nicholls,^[2][3] called Manslaughter. The series of events which became known as the Warburton Ranges controversy ignited public concern and outrage, leading to lobbying of parliamentarians and other activism by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people.^[4]

These events motivated activist Shirley Andrews to begin planning a meeting of concerned parties in 1957.^[1]

History

Foundation (1958)

From 14 February to 16 February 1958, a meeting was held in Willard Hall, in Wakefield Street, Adelaide, attended by 12 delegates from nine Aboriginal rights and welfare leagues and 12 observers. ^[5] The meeting culminated in the foundation of the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement, designed to unite existing lobby groups, with a goal to help "the Aboriginal people of Australia to become self-reliant, self-supporting members of the community".^[6] This was the first national body representing Aboriginal interests. Longtime campaigner for Aboriginal rights and one of the oldest delegates and then president of the Aborigines Advancement League of South Australia, Charles Duguid, was elected as the first president. Only groups which had "earned themselves the right to be considered seriously as organisations fighting on behalf of Aborigines" and some newer groups which had proven worthy were invited. Different lobby groups focussed on different aspects of Aboriginal welfare or rights and members varied in composition, but they all desired to effect change. It was hard to measure success, but all contributed to changing public opinion to an acceptance that Aboriginal people deserved rights.^[7]

To this aim, five key principles were established:^[6]

• Equal citizenship rights with other Australian citizens
• An adequate standard of living equivalent to that expected by other Australians
• Equal pay for equal work and the same industrial protection as for other Australians
• Free and compulsory education for detribalised Aborigines
• The absolute retention of all remaining native reserves, with native communal or individual ownership

It was a significant milestone to bring together the disparate groups under an umbrella organisation. The Aborigines Advancement League sought to disaffiliate from the FCAA from about 1959 onwards, achieving this in 1966, because it thought the federal organisation too focussed on the state of Victoria.^[7]

Expansion (1958–1966)

The Cairns-based Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Advancement League was established in January 1960,^[8] and affiliated with the FCAA shortly afterwards.^[9]

The Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights (NTCAR) was founded in 1961, with their constitution based on sister organisation Council for Aboriginal Rights (CAR) in Victoria, only with an extra requirement that 75 per cent of executive members had to be of Aboriginal descent. The first president was Jacob Roberts, succeeded by Phillip Roberts in 1962. It became an affiliate of FCAA during that year, tipping the voting balance in favour of the left-wing Aboriginal affiliates, the others being CAR (Victoria), the Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship (New South Wales) and the Queensland Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders^[10] (QCAATSI) based in Brisbane.^[11][12]

The organisation grew in numbers, especially among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. From the original 25 founding members, the organisation's membership grew to 220 in 1965; over the same timeframe, the number of Aboriginal members grew from 4 to 65. From 1963, an annual conference was held in Canberra, Capital Territory, attracting delegates from 65 affiliated organisations, with one third of attendees at the conference in 1970 being Indigenous.^[6]

In 1964, the organisation's remit was expanded to include Torres Strait Islanders, and the name was therefore changed to the "Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders".^[13]

Joe McGinness was the first Aboriginal president of FCAATSI, and Stan Davey (who was also active in the Aborigines Advancement League in Victoria) was secretary.^[14]

1967 Referendum

Main article: Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)

 

Gordon Bryant (left), Harold Holt, and Bill Wentworth (right) meeting with FCAATSI representatives – from left to right, Faith Bandler, Douglas Nicholls, Burnum Burnum, and Winnie Branson

In 1962, a national campaign was launched, following a petition raised to a national level based on work done by the Council for Aboriginal Rights (CAR) in Melbourne,^[15] in order to push for a more active involvement in Aboriginal affairs at a Commonwealth level. By the end of the year, the petition had over 100,000 signatures, and after continuous lobbying, members of the council were able to meet with Prime Minister Robert Menzies in 1965. This meeting was considered to have been crucial in the change in government attitude, which led to the hugely successful 1967 Referendum, giving the Australian Parliament the power to legislate for Aboriginal peoples.^[13]

Aboriginal membership debate (1967-1970)

The 1967 Referendum was seen as a major success for Aboriginal rights; however it signalled an end of unity in the FCAATSI. Allegations were made that the organisation was not representative of Indigenous peoples, as the Executive Council had a white majority.^[1] This eventually led to the resignation of the General Secretary, Stan Davey, as well as two other high-ranking Aboriginal executives, Oodgeroo Noonuccal and Charles Perkins. Faith Bandler took over as acting General Secretary, moving the headquarters to Sydney in the process.^[6]

Discontent with the lack of involvement of Indigenous members in the leadership of the organisation was accompanied with questioning of the focus on a common struggle between different races. The emerging alternative opinion was that the time had come for Indigenous peoples to take full control of lobbying efforts and base their agenda solely on Indigenous matters. The "Report on Aboriginal and European Leadership in FCAATSI", written by Barrie Pittock and published in the council's Annual Report of 1968, expresses this desire for more Indigenous leadership, and echoes discontent that this has not been sufficiently met:^[16]

[T]here is a basic need to have Aborigines as spokesmen for their own people; and I believe that while this organization, and this Executive, have sought to encourage Aboriginal leadership, we have not done it.

— A.B. Pittock, "Report on Aboriginal and European Leadership in FCAATSI"

National Tribal Council

This division came to a head in the Annual Conference of 1970, in which motions were tabled proposing a restriction on membership and voting rights to Indigenous members.^[13] The failure of these motions led to their proponents leaving the organisation,^[1] resulting in the formation of the National Tribal Council by Kath Walker (later known as Oodgeroo Noonuccal) and Douglas Nicholls, comprising around 40 members. They drew up an interim constitution, which allowed for two classes of membership, with full membership only available to Aboriginal or Islander people. Walker became national chair, while other involved included her son Denis Walker; journalist John Newfong; Chicka Dixon; and Barrie Pittock.^[17] Gary Foley, Naomi Mayers, and Bruce McGuinness were also involved.^[18]

The National Tribal Council lasted three years before disbanding.^[1]

Decline and demise (1970-1978)

The dream of an Indigenous-controlled council was finally realised in 1973. However, with an increase in the number of non-affiliated organisations campaigning for Indigenous rights, and the formation of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs and the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (later National Aboriginal Conference) by the federal government, the importance of the FCAATSI diminished.^[19]

Marcia Langton was elected elected general secretary in 1977, and moved to Canberra to take up the post.^[20]

FCAATSI eventually changed its name to the National Aboriginal and Islander Liberation Movement (NAILM) to reflect its change in focus,^[19][21][22] but when state funding was removed in 1978, the organisation disbanded.^[1]

Notable members

• Claude "Candy" Williams^[23]

See also

•  Australia portal

• Aboriginal Australians
• Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)
• Indigenous land rights in Australia
• Native title in Australia
• Self-determination of Australian Aborigines
• Torres Strait Islanders

References

1. . National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
2. "'The eyes of the world are upon us'". Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
3. "Report of the Select Committee Appointed to Inquire into Native Welfare Conditions in the Laverton-Warburton Range Area". nla.gov.au. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
4. "Warburton Ranges controversy, 1957". National Museum of Australia. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
5. Minutes of the Adelaide Conference, from the National Museum of Australia
6. Taffe, Sue (1 January 2001). "Witnesses from the conference floor: Oral history and the federal council for the advancement of aborigines and Torres Strait islanders". Journal of Australian Studies. 25 (67): 9–21. doi:10.1080/14443050109387634. ISSN 1444-3058. S2CID 145502072.
7. Kerin, Rani (2017). "6. Adelaide-based activism in the mid-twentieth century: Radical respectability". In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.). Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia. Wakefield Press. pp. 113–130. ISBN 9781743054994.
8. Taffe, Sue (2009). "The Cairns Aborigines and Torres Strait Islander Advancement League and the Community of the Left". Labour History (97): 149–167. JSTOR 27740317. Retrieved 4 December 2020 – via JSTOR.
9. "Organisations". National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
10. "Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights". National Museum of Australia. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
11. "Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Advancement League". University of Queensland. Fryer Manuscripts. Retrieved 4 December 2020. Authorized form of name: Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Advancement League
12. "Queensland Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (QCAATSI)". University of Queensland. Fryer Manuscripts. Retrieved 4 December 2020. Other forms of names: Queensland United Council for Aboriginal Welfare; Queensland State Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. Dates of existence: 1958?-1976?
13. "Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders". dictionaryofsydney.org. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
14. Moriarty, John (25 November 1996). . National Museum of Australia (Interview). Interviewed by Sue Taffe. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
15. Taffe, Sue (11 April 2014). "Essay - The Council for Aboriginal Rights (Victoria)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
16. Clark, Jennifer (1 January 2008). Aborigines & activism : race, aborigines & the coming of the sixties to Australia. UWA Press. pp. 217–218. ISBN 9780980296570. OCLC 676935065.
17. Pittock, A. Barrie. "Easter 1970 and the origins of the National Tribal Council: A personal view" (PDF) – via Kooriweb.
18. Foley, Gary (2 October 2003). "Bruce McGuinness". Heroes in The Struggle for Justice. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
19. Layton, Robert; Stone, Peter G.; Shennan, Stephen (1 January 2016). A future for archaeology : the past in the present. Routledge. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9781315435794. OCLC 959428670.
20. "Professor Marcia Langton AM". Victorian Government. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
21. "Constitution of the National Aboriginal and Islander Liberation Movement". Australasian Legal Information Institute.
22. McGinness, Joe. "National Aboriginal & Islanders Liberation Movement". Australasian Legal Information Institute.
23. "Biography - Claude (Candy) Williams". Indigenous Australia. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 6 November 2022.

Further reading

• "A change is gonna come (Timeline, 1900–2010)". National Museum of Australia.
• Pollock, Zoe (2008). "Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders". The Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust.
• Taffe, Sue (2009). "The Cairns Aborigines and Torres Strait Islander Advancement League and the Community of the Left". Labour History (97): 149–167. JSTOR 27740317 – via JSTOR.