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Extended mind thesis

In philosophy of mind, the extended mind thesis (EMT) says that the mind does not exclusively reside in the brain or even the body, but extends into the physical world.[1] The EMT proposes that some objects in the external environment can be part of a cognitive process and in that way function as extensions of the mind itself. Examples of such objects are written calculations, a diary, or a PC; in general, it concerns objects that store information. The EMT considers the mind to encompass every level of cognition, including the physical level.

The EMT was proposed by Andy Clark and David Chalmers in "The Extended Mind" (1998). They describe the idea as "active externalism, based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes."

For the matter of personal identity (and the philosophy of self), the EMT has the implication that some parts of a person's identity can be determined by their environment.

"The Extended Mind" edit

"The Extended Mind" by Andy Clark and David Chalmers (1998)[2] is the paper that originally stated the EMT. Clark and Chalmers present the idea of active externalism (not to be confused with semantic externalism), in which objects within the environment function as a part of the mind. They argue that the separation between the mind, the body, and the environment is an unprincipled distinction. Because external objects play a significant role in aiding cognitive processes, the mind and the environment act as a "coupled system" that can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its own. In this manner, the mind is extended into the physical world. The main criterion that Clark and Chalmers list for classifying the use of external objects during cognitive tasks as a part of an extended cognitive system is that the external objects must function with the same purpose as the internal processes.

Clark and Chalmers present a thought experiment to illustrate the environment's role in connection to the mind. The fictional characters Otto and Inga are both travelling to a museum simultaneously. Otto has Alzheimer's disease, and has written all of his directions down in a notebook to serve the function of his memory. Inga is able to recall the internal directions within her memory. The argument is that the only difference existing in these two cases is that Inga's memory is being internally processed by the brain, while Otto's memory is being served by the notebook. In other words, Otto's mind has been extended to include the notebook as the source of his memory. The notebook qualifies as such because it is constantly and immediately accessible to Otto, and it is automatically endorsed by him. They also suggest Otto's notebook should be considered an extension of himself; the notebook in a way becomes a "fragile biological limb or organ" that Otto wants to protect from harm.

The thought experiment has been criticised with the notion that what happens with Otto is not very similar to what happens with Inga. This criticism is addressed by Clark in Supersizing the Mind:

"[the] claim was not that the processes in Otto and Inga are identical, or even similar, in terms of their detailed implementation. It is simply that, with respect to the role that the long-term encodings play in guiding current response, both modes of storage can be seen as supporting dispositional beliefs. It is the way the information is poised to guide reasoning ... and behavior that counts."[3]

Criticism edit

Philosophical arguments against the extended mind thesis include the following.[4]

  1. When focusing on cognition, the thesis confuses claims about what is constitutive about the concept of cognition with claims about causal influences on cognition (the "causal-constitutional fallacy"). For example, Adams and Aizawa (2010) write, "Question: Why did the pencil think that 2 + 2 = 4?, Clark’s Answer: Because it was coupled to the mathematician."
  2. It stretches the limits of our ordinary concept of cognition too far ("cognitive bloating"), potentially implying that everything on the Internet is part of individual cognitive systems.
  3. It uses coarse-grained functionalism about the mind that ignores plausible differences between internal and external processes, such as differences between beliefs and external props and devices; or for creating a notion of cognition too heterogeneous to make up a scientific natural kind.

Each of these arguments is addressed in Clark (2008), in which he notes:[5]

  1. While coupling is important for cognition, that is not to say that it is sufficient – coupling must play a functional role in cognition. Many couplings do not do so and thus would not be 'extensions' (and this is consistent with a strong extended mind thesis).
  2. Any putative part of a system – internal or external – is unlikely to yield "cognition" on its own. Thus, examples such as calculators, and pencils, should be considered in parallel with neural regions. Simply looking at the part is not enough for cognition.
  3. One can imagine circumstances under which a biological being might retain information in non-neural ways (a hypothetical Martian with a bitmap-based memory, or humans with prosthetics to support memory). Thus, being neural cannot be a necessary condition for being cognitive.

While in Supersizing the Mind Clark defends a strong version of the hypothesis of extended cognition (contrasted with a hypothesis of embedded cognition) in other work, some of these objections have inspired more moderate reformulations of the extended mind thesis. Thus, the extended mind thesis may no longer depend on the parity considerations of Clark and Chalmers' original argument but, instead, emphasize the "complementarity" of internal and external elements of cognitive systems or processes. This version might be understood as emphasizing the explanatory value of the extended mind thesis for cognitive science rather than maintaining it as an ontological claim about the nature of mind or cognition.[5]

Relation to embodied and enacted cognition edit

As described by Mark Rowlands, mental processes are:[6]

  • Embodied involves more than the brain, including a more general involvement of bodily structures and processes.
  • Embedded functioning only in a related external environment.
  • Enacted involving not only neural processes but also things an organism does.
  • Extended into the organism's environment.

This "4E" view of cognition[7] contrasts with the view of the mind as a processing center that creates mental representations of reality and uses them to control the body's behaviour. The field of extended cognition focuses upon the processes involved in this creation and subsumes these processes as part of consciousness, which is no longer confined to the brain or body but involves interaction with the environment. At a 'low' level, like motor learning and haptic perception,[8] the body is involved in cognition, but there is a 'high' level where cultural factors play a role.[9][10] This view of cognition is sometimes referred to as enaction to emphasise the role of interplay between the organism and its environment and the feedback processes involved in developing an awareness of, and a reformation of, the environment.[11] For example Japyassú and Laland argue that some spider's web is something between part of its sensory system and an additional part of its cognitive system.[12]

Further reading edit

In 2021, biology and social science writer Annie Murphy Paul published “The Extended Mind: The Power of Thinking Outside the Brain.”[13] Inspired by Clark's and Chalmers's work, the book synthesizes the results of various scientific papers and studies that examine the intelligence that exists beyond the human brain.[14][15][16]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Wilson, Robert A.; Foglia, Lucia (25 July 2011). "Embodied Cognition". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition).
  2. ^ Andy Clark, David J Chalmers (January 1998). "The extended mind". Analysis. 58 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1093/analys/58.1.7. JSTOR 3328150.; reprinted as: Andy Clark, David J Chalmers (2010). "Chapter 2: The extended mind". In Richard Menary (ed.). The Extended Mind. MIT Press. pp. 27–42. ISBN 9780262014038.; and available online as: Clark, Andy; Chalmers, David J. "The extended mind". Cogprints.
  3. ^ Clark, Andy (2008). Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension. Oxford University Press. pp. 96. ISBN 9780195333213.
  4. ^ Adams, Fred; Aizawa, Ken (2010). "Defending the Bounds of Cognition". Defending the bounds of cognition, in The Extended Mind (Eds, Richard Menary). MIT Press. pp. 67–80.
  5. ^ a b Andy (2008). Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension. Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ Rowlands, Mark (2010). "Chapter 3: The mind embedded". The new science of the mind: From extended mind to embodied phenomenology. MIT Press. pp. 51 ff. ISBN 978-0262014557.
  7. ^ Newen, Albert; Bruin, Leon; Gallagher, Shaun, eds. (2018). Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition. Oxford Library of Psychology. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.001.0001. ISBN 9780198735410. OCLC 1057357626.
  8. ^ Morasso, Pietro (2005). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-08. Slides related to a chapter on haptic perception (recognition through touch): Pietro Morasso (2007). "Chapter 14: The crucial role of haptic perception". In Antonio Chella; Riccardo Manzotti (eds.). Artificial Consciousness. Academic. pp. 234–255. ISBN 978-1845400705.
  9. ^ Ratner, Carl (2011). Macro Cultural Psychology: A Political Philosophy of Mind. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0199706297. Culture produces the mind; brain circuitry does not. The mind-body problem of how the physical body/brain produces mental, subjective qualia, is the wrong way to frame the origin of consciousness.
  10. ^ McGann, Marek; De Jaegher, Hanne; Di Paolo, Ezequiel (June 2013). "Enaction and psychology". Review of General Psychology. 17 (2): 203–209. doi:10.1037/a0032935. S2CID 8986622.
  11. ^ Stewart, John; Gapenne, Oliver; DiPaolo, Ezequiel A (2014). "Introduction". In Stewart, John; Oliver Gapenne; Ezequiel A DiPaolo (eds.). Enaction (Paperback ed.). MIT Press. p. vii. ISBN 978-0-262-52601-2.
  12. ^ Japyassú, Hilton F; Laland, Kevin N (2017). "Extended spider cognition". Animal Cognition. 20 (3): 375–395. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1069-7. PMC 5394149. PMID 28176133.
  13. ^ "Why You Should Think With Your Environment, Not Just Your Mind". GQ. 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  14. ^ Pinker, Susan (2021-06-11). "There Is More to Us Than Just Our Brains". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  15. ^ Hutson, Matthew (May 24, 2021). "'The Extended Mind' Review: Thinking Outside the Brain". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  16. ^ Balcetis, Emily (June 18, 2021). "Where does great thinking come from? Look beyond the brain". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 22, 2022.

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In philosophy of mind the extended mind thesis EMT says that the mind does not exclusively reside in the brain or even the body but extends into the physical world 1 The EMT proposes that some objects in the external environment can be part of a cognitive process and in that way function as extensions of the mind itself Examples of such objects are written calculations a diary or a PC in general it concerns objects that store information The EMT considers the mind to encompass every level of cognition including the physical level The EMT was proposed by Andy Clark and David Chalmers in The Extended Mind 1998 They describe the idea as active externalism based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes For the matter of personal identity and the philosophy of self the EMT has the implication that some parts of a person s identity can be determined by their environment Contents 1 The Extended Mind 2 Criticism 3 Relation to embodied and enacted cognition 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References The Extended Mind edit The Extended Mind by Andy Clark and David Chalmers 1998 2 is the paper that originally stated the EMT Clark and Chalmers present the idea of active externalism not to be confused with semantic externalism in which objects within the environment function as a part of the mind They argue that the separation between the mind the body and the environment is an unprincipled distinction Because external objects play a significant role in aiding cognitive processes the mind and the environment act as a coupled system that can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its own In this manner the mind is extended into the physical world The main criterion that Clark and Chalmers list for classifying the use of external objects during cognitive tasks as a part of an extended cognitive system is that the external objects must function with the same purpose as the internal processes Clark and Chalmers present a thought experiment to illustrate the environment s role in connection to the mind The fictional characters Otto and Inga are both travelling to a museum simultaneously Otto has Alzheimer s disease and has written all of his directions down in a notebook to serve the function of his memory Inga is able to recall the internal directions within her memory The argument is that the only difference existing in these two cases is that Inga s memory is being internally processed by the brain while Otto s memory is being served by the notebook In other words Otto s mind has been extended to include the notebook as the source of his memory The notebook qualifies as such because it is constantly and immediately accessible to Otto and it is automatically endorsed by him They also suggest Otto s notebook should be considered an extension of himself the notebook in a way becomes a fragile biological limb or organ that Otto wants to protect from harm The thought experiment has been criticised with the notion that what happens with Otto is not very similar to what happens with Inga This criticism is addressed by Clark in Supersizing the Mind the claim was not that the processes in Otto and Inga are identical or even similar in terms of their detailed implementation It is simply that with respect to the role that the long term encodings play in guiding current response both modes of storage can be seen as supporting dispositional beliefs It is the way the information is poised to guide reasoning and behavior that counts 3 Criticism editPhilosophical arguments against the extended mind thesis include the following 4 When focusing on cognition the thesis confuses claims about what is constitutive about the concept of cognition with claims about causal influences on cognition the causal constitutional fallacy For example Adams and Aizawa 2010 write Question Why did the pencil think that 2 2 4 Clark s Answer Because it was coupled to the mathematician It stretches the limits of our ordinary concept of cognition too far cognitive bloating potentially implying that everything on the Internet is part of individual cognitive systems It uses coarse grained functionalism about the mind that ignores plausible differences between internal and external processes such as differences between beliefs and external props and devices or for creating a notion of cognition too heterogeneous to make up a scientific natural kind Each of these arguments is addressed in Clark 2008 in which he notes 5 While coupling is important for cognition that is not to say that it is sufficient coupling must play a functional role in cognition Many couplings do not do so and thus would not be extensions and this is consistent with a strong extended mind thesis Any putative part of a system internal or external is unlikely to yield cognition on its own Thus examples such as calculators and pencils should be considered in parallel with neural regions Simply looking at the part is not enough for cognition One can imagine circumstances under which a biological being might retain information in non neural ways a hypothetical Martian with a bitmap based memory or humans with prosthetics to support memory Thus being neural cannot be a necessary condition for being cognitive While in Supersizing the Mind Clark defends a strong version of the hypothesis of extended cognition contrasted with a hypothesis of embedded cognition in other work some of these objections have inspired more moderate reformulations of the extended mind thesis Thus the extended mind thesis may no longer depend on the parity considerations of Clark and Chalmers original argument but instead emphasize the complementarity of internal and external elements of cognitive systems or processes This version might be understood as emphasizing the explanatory value of the extended mind thesis for cognitive science rather than maintaining it as an ontological claim about the nature of mind or cognition 5 Relation to embodied and enacted cognition editAs described by Mark Rowlands mental processes are 6 Embodied involves more than the brain including a more general involvement of bodily structures and processes Embedded functioning only in a related external environment Enacted involving not only neural processes but also things an organism does Extended into the organism s environment This 4E view of cognition 7 contrasts with the view of the mind as a processing center that creates mental representations of reality and uses them to control the body s behaviour The field of extended cognition focuses upon the processes involved in this creation and subsumes these processes as part of consciousness which is no longer confined to the brain or body but involves interaction with the environment At a low level like motor learning and haptic perception 8 the body is involved in cognition but there is a high level where cultural factors play a role 9 10 This view of cognition is sometimes referred to as enaction to emphasise the role of interplay between the organism and its environment and the feedback processes involved in developing an awareness of and a reformation of the environment 11 For example Japyassu and Laland argue that some spider s web is something between part of its sensory system and an additional part of its cognitive system 12 Further reading editIn 2021 biology and social science writer Annie Murphy Paul published The Extended Mind The Power of Thinking Outside the Brain 13 Inspired by Clark s and Chalmers s work the book synthesizes the results of various scientific papers and studies that examine the intelligence that exists beyond the human brain 14 15 16 See also editDistributed cognition Embodied cognition Enactivism Extelligence Landauer s principle Situated cognition The Extended PhenotypeReferences edit Wilson Robert A Foglia Lucia 25 July 2011 Embodied Cognition In Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2011 Edition Andy Clark David J Chalmers January 1998 The extended mind Analysis 58 1 7 19 doi 10 1093 analys 58 1 7 JSTOR 3328150 reprinted as Andy Clark David J Chalmers 2010 Chapter 2 The extended mind In Richard Menary ed The Extended Mind MIT Press pp 27 42 ISBN 9780262014038 and available online as Clark Andy Chalmers David J The extended mind Cogprints Clark Andy 2008 Supersizing the Mind Embodiment Action and Cognitive Extension Oxford University Press pp 96 ISBN 9780195333213 Adams Fred Aizawa Ken 2010 Defending the Bounds of Cognition Defending the bounds of cognition inThe Extended Mind Eds Richard Menary MIT Press pp 67 80 a b Andy 2008 Supersizing the Mind Embodiment Action and Cognitive Extension Oxford University Press Rowlands Mark 2010 Chapter 3 The mind embedded The new science of the mind From extended mind to embodied phenomenology MIT Press pp 51 ff ISBN 978 0262014557 Newen Albert Bruin Leon Gallagher Shaun eds 2018 Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition Oxford Library of Psychology Oxford New York Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780198735410 001 0001 ISBN 9780198735410 OCLC 1057357626 Morasso Pietro 2005 Consciousness as the emergent property of the interaction between brain body amp environment the crucial role of haptic perception PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2006 05 08 Slides related to a chapter on haptic perception recognition through touch Pietro Morasso 2007 Chapter 14 The crucial role of haptic perception In Antonio Chella Riccardo Manzotti eds Artificial Consciousness Academic pp 234 255 ISBN 978 1845400705 Ratner Carl 2011 Macro Cultural Psychology A Political Philosophy of Mind Oxford University Press p 96 ISBN 978 0199706297 Culture produces the mind brain circuitry does not The mind body problem of how the physical body brain produces mental subjective qualia is the wrong way to frame the origin of consciousness McGann Marek De Jaegher Hanne Di Paolo Ezequiel June 2013 Enaction and psychology Review of General Psychology 17 2 203 209 doi 10 1037 a0032935 S2CID 8986622 Stewart John Gapenne Oliver DiPaolo Ezequiel A 2014 Introduction In Stewart John Oliver Gapenne Ezequiel A DiPaolo eds Enaction Paperback ed MIT Press p vii ISBN 978 0 262 52601 2 Japyassu Hilton F Laland Kevin N 2017 Extended spider cognition Animal Cognition 20 3 375 395 doi 10 1007 s10071 017 1069 7 PMC 5394149 PMID 28176133 Why You Should Think With Your Environment Not Just Your Mind GQ 2021 08 12 Retrieved 2022 04 22 Pinker Susan 2021 06 11 There Is More to Us Than Just Our Brains The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 04 22 Hutson Matthew May 24 2021 The Extended Mind Review Thinking Outside the Brain Wall Street Journal Retrieved April 22 2022 Balcetis Emily June 18 2021 Where does great thinking come from Look beyond the brain The Washington Post Retrieved April 22 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Extended mind thesis amp oldid 1124905898, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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