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Experimental Lakes Area

February 15, 2024

IISD Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA, known as ELA before 2014)[2] is an internationally unique research station encompassing 58 formerly pristine freshwater lakes in Kenora District, Ontario, Canada.[3][4] In response to the International Joint Commission (IJC)'s 1965 recommendations related to transboundary pollution,[5] the federal and provincial governments set aside these lakes to study water pollution.[6][7] During the 1970s and 1980s, David Schindler, who was at that time 'Canada's leading ecologist', conducted a series of innovative, landmark large-scale experiments in ELA on eutrophication that led to the banning of phosphates in detergents.[8][9][10] In an unexpected and controversial move that was widely condemned by the scientific community, in 2012 the ELA was de-funded by the Canadian Federal Government.[11][12][13][14][15][16] The facility is now managed and operated by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and has a mandate to investigate the aquatic effects of a wide variety of stresses on lakes and their catchments. IISD-ELA used the whole ecosystem approach and makes long-term, whole-lake investigations of freshwater focusing on eutrophication.[17][18]

Experimental Lakes Area
Founder(s)W. E. Johnson
John Vallentyne
Established1968
FacultyDavid W. Schindler (1968-1989)
BudgetApprox $4.5m[1]
Location
Kenora District
,
Ontario
,
Canada
WebsiteIISD Experimental Lakes Area
IISD-ELA
class=notpageimage|
IISD-ELA's position in Kenora District, Ontario, Canada.

In an article[3] published in AAAS's scientific journal Science, Eric Stokstad described ELA's "extreme science"[3] as the manipulation of whole lake ecosystem with ELA researchers collecting long-term records for climatology, hydrology, and limnology that address key issues in water management.[17] The site has influenced public policy in water management in Canada, the US, and around the world.[3]

Minister of State for Science and Technology, Gary Goodyear, argued that "our government has been working hard to ensure that the Experimental Lakes Area facility is transferred to a non-governmental operator better suited to conducting the type of world-class research that can be undertaken at this facility" and that "[t]he federal government has been leading negotiations in order to secure an operator with an international track record." On April 1, 2014, the International Institute for Sustainable Development announced that it had signed three agreements to ensure that it will be the long-term operator of the research facility and that the facility would henceforth be called IISD Experimental Lakes Area.[19] Since taking over the facility, IISD has expanded the function of the site to include educational and outreach opportunities[20] and a broader research portfolio.[21]

History edit

In 1968, the Province of Ontario and the Government of Canada set aside an area in a sparsely inhabited region of central Canada, southeast of Kenora, Ontario, which is relatively unaffected by external human influences and industrial activities, for experimental studies of the causes and control of eutrophication and other types of water pollution. It included 46[6] small, deep, pristine lakes and their catchment areas in the Precambrian Shield.[7]

The ELA project originated as a Canadian governmental response to the International Joint Commission (IJC)'s recommendation (1965) to Canada and the United States for additional support for studies on transboundary pollution in the lower Great Lakes.[7][5]

In the 1960s, there was a widespread concern about the consequences of eutrophication but there was a lack of solid scientific evidence. Dr. W. E. Johnson of the Freshwater Institute of Winnipeg convinced the Canadian government that unimpeachable evidence could be obtained by experimental pollution of pristine lakes through controlled overfertilization of specified elements.[22] The Experimental Lakes Area was established in 1968 by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Dr. John Reubec Vallentyne and Dr. W. E. Johnson of the Freshwater Institute created the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA). While Vallentyne was Scientific Leader of the Eutrophication Section from 1966 to 1972, he attracted a stellar staff of scientists from around the world in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[23] He recruited a junior scientist, David W. Schindler. Schindler, who would become one of the world's leading limnologists, would direct ELA projects from 1968 to 1989.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

ELA was earlier co-sponsored by the Canadian Departments of Environment and Fisheries and Oceans, with a mandate to investigate the aquatic effects of a wide variety of stresses on lakes and their catchments [30][31] and is now managed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development.

Since the formation of Eagle-Dogtooth Provincial Park in 2003, a portion of the Experimental Lakes Area is part of this park. In particular Lakes # 109, 421, 625, and 938 are fully within the park, while Lakes # 110, 262, 309, and 428 have only portions or shorelines within the park.[32]

Contributions to hydrology edit

In 1969, the fertilization experiment began with Lake 227, and in 1973, the double-basin eutrophication experiment on Lake 226 began, in which a section of the Lake 226S was overfertilized with carbon and nitrogen and the other section 226N with carbon and nitrogen as well as phosphorus.[33] The iconic image of the green eutrophied section 226N has been described as the most important in the history of limnology. It convinced the public and policy-makers that phosphorus levels needed to be controlled.

"Work at the ELA has produced important evidence on the effects of acid rain and led to the discovery that phosphates from household detergents cause algal blooms. It has elucidated the impacts on fish of mercury and shown how wetland flooding for hydroelectricity leads to increased production of greenhouse gases."[11]

In the years leading up to the 2001 Gerhard Herzberg Gold Medal for Science and Engineering award, Schindler's research "demonstrated the cumulative impacts on boreal lake life of global warming, acidification and ozone depletion. Using long-term reference data collected at the ELA, he has shown that climate warming and drought have severe and previously unrecognized effects on the physics, chemistry, and biology of lakes."[34]

Literary works and achievements edit

ELA has produced 745 peer-reviewed scientific articles, 126 graduate theses, 102 book chapters and synthesis papers, 185 data reports, and several books. ELA scientists have been the recipients of numerous prestigious international water awards, including the Stockholm Water Prize, the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement[8] and the Gerhard Herzberg Gold Medal for Science and Engineering.[34][35][36]

According to John Shearer, who worked at the ELA as Senior Biologist and Operations Manager, from 1969 until his retirement in 2007, 47 PhD candidates completed dissertations and 80 master's students completed theses, using research they participated in at the ELA.[37]

 
Lake 239 at IISD Experimental Lakes Area from above

Hundreds of peer-reviewed articles have been based on ELA research in journals such as Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Hydrological Processes, Limnology and Oceanography, Environmental Science and Technology, including at least 184 in the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences and 30 in Biogeochemistry.[38]

Controversy about defunding edit

Bill C-38 Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act cutbacks to science edit

The omnibus Bill C-38 Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act[39][40] which passed as a 2012 Budget Implementation Act in June 2012 amended the Fisheries Act and closed the Experimental Lakes Area.[15][41] Bill C-38 was given Royal Assent on June 29, 2012.[42]

Fisheries Act edit

In 2012, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans announced that it planned to discontinue supporting the site at the end of the financial year, March 31, 2013, at a cost of $50 million.[43] The site would be either decommissioned or handed to a third-party operator.[44][45]

Senator Jim Cowan at the 1st Session, 41st Parliament (June 21, 2012) expressed his concerns. "There are a number of proposed changes to the Fisheries Act that are causing deep concern among Canadians. The bill amends the act to limit fish protection to the support of "commercial, recreational and Aboriginal fisheries." Protection of fish habitat is relegated to a vastly lower priority — something that caused those four former fisheries ministers, in their words, "especial alarm."[12] Cowan also expressed dismay at the closure of Experimental Lakes Area.

Bill C-38 eliminates $2 million in annual funding to the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario. This research centre will close within a year if a new operator cannot be found. John Smol, a biologist at Queen’s University, has said that the Experimental Lakes Area is the best-known freshwater research facility on the planet. The planned closure of the centre was the subject of an article on May 21 in Nature magazine.

— Senator Cowan 2012

According to Elizabeth May,[46]

Fish habitat provisions will be changed to protect only fish of "commercial, Aboriginal, and recreational" value and even those habitat protections are weakened. The new provisions create an incentive to drain a lake and kill all the fish, if not in a fishery, in order to fill a dry hole with mining tailings.

— Elizabeth May 2012

DFO dismantling ELA cabins edit

In March 2013, with no advance notification to scientists whose personal belongings remained at the site or to the IISD, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans began dismantling cabins that had been used by the Experimental Lakes Project scientists.[45] Scientist Roberto Quinlan of the Society of Canadian Limnologists said that this move "brings into serious doubt the government’s sincerity to actually transfer the facility over to another operator."[45]

Defunding widely condemned by scientific community edit

The decision to abruptly defund the ELA was widely condemned by the Canadian and international scientific community. The scientific journal Nature in 2012, described the decision as "disturbing", and said that it "is hard to believe that finance is the true reason" for the closure.[11] An open letter from five prominent scientific organizations, the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, the Ecological Society of America, the International Society of Limnology, the Society of Canadian Limnologists, and the Society for Freshwater Sciences, expressed concern over the impact that a closure would have "on the strong and creative science that has been, and continues to be, conducted by Canadian freshwater researchers."[13][47] An organization of Canadian citizens and scientists spearheaded by Diane Orihel, the Coalition to Save ELA[35] has been formed to pressure the Canadian government to reverse the decision to close the Experimental Lakes Area.

The planned closure of the centre was the subject of an article 21 May 2012 in Nature journal.[14][15]

On 25 May 2012 The North American Lake Management Society (NALMS), representing nearly 1,000 members — researchers, scientists, administrators, and citizens — wrote a letter of concern regarding the imminent closure of ELA, arguing that NALMS' work "depends on findings from the ELA."[16] NALMS asked the federal government to reconsider. "The Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) is a rare resource not only in Canada but throughout the world, as a dedicated research facility for ecosystem-scale experimental investigations and long-term monitoring of ecosystem processes. Operating for more than 40 years, it continues to study physical, chemical and biological processes and interactions operating on an ecosystem spatial scale and a multi-year time frame. These have led to extremely important discoveries. As an example, the world’s fertilizer industry now recognizes the importance of phosphorus in lakes and reservoirs, 40 years after its importance was demonstrated at ELA. Regulatory actions have been supported by ELA research, and now there is action by the industry as a result of research and activities at ELA over several decades. The experience gained at ELA by many scientists has resulted in the dissemination of environmental expertise and problem solving throughout the world, improving human conditions, protecting the environment, and saving millions of dollars for citizens and government agencies. Furthermore, we consider the work now in progress at ELA very important to the future of lake and reservoir management."[16]

Response from opposition parties and Senators edit

Many Canadian MPs called on the Harper Government to reverse its decision on the forced closure of the Experimental Lakes Project.[48] NDP MP Philip Toone argued that the "internationally recognized program with huge spin-offs for Canada will cost more to close and move than the $2 million that the government hopes to save."[48][49]

International Institute for Sustainable Development edit

The federal government led negotiations with the Ontario government, the Manitoba government and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), headquartered in Winnipeg, to keep the area operational in 2013 and ensure longer-term operations.[50] IISD is funded by the UN, governments including the Canadian government, international organizations and philanthropic foundations. It also gets money from universities and private-sector companies including TransCanada Energy, Enbridge and Manitoba Hydro.[51] On April 1, 2014, IISD announced that three agreements have been signed involving IISD, the Government of Ontario and the Government of Canada that together ensure the long-term operation of the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) research facility.[19]

Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne has committed support to keep the ELA "operating in the long term after the federal Conservative government walks away from the world-class freshwater research station at the end of August 2013."[52]

Dr. John Rudd, former DFO Research Scientist (1977-2002), ELA Chief Scientist (1998-2002), and winner of DFO's most prestigious award, the Deputy Minister's Prix d’Excellence (2002) argued that "IISD is not qualified on a scientific basis to run ELA... ELA is a unique facility and its scientific research needs to be directed by scientists who know how to do these experiments, but unfortunately, almost all present and recently retired scientists have been cut out of the transfer process."[36][35]

Elizabeth May, who served on the board of the International Institute for Sustainable Development for nine years prior to entering politics, argues that the "IISD, a think tank, is not necessarily the right organization to take on this mandate. However, keeping the ELA open and functioning, and in a public and transparent context, was paramount."[53]

IISD-ELA today edit

Since IISD took over the site in 2014, it has been called IISD Experimental Lakes Area (IISD-ELA). IISD-ELA has continued to carry out its whole-lake experimentation, but has also expanded its research portfolio to include research on nanosilver,[54] microplastics,[55] climate change[56] and more. It also places a greater emphasis on educational and outreach opportunities[57] and on garnering media coverage for its work.[58]

 
IISD Experimental Lakes Area on the banks of Lake 239 in 2016

Nanosilver edit

In 2014, nanosilver (AgNP) particles were added to Lake 222 in order to determine the impacts of increasing nanosilver pollution on freshwater ecosystems.[59] Over the course of a two-year study period, phytoplankton communities in boreal lakes were found to be unaffected by environmentally relevant nanosilver additions.[60] However, both yellow perch and northern pike species were found to contain nanosilver within their tissues, particularly within the liver.[61] The result of this bioaccumulation may pose a threat to aquatic food chains. At the individual level, yellow perch metabolic and consumption rates declined and remained depressed for one year.[62]

Oil spills edit

Information surrounding the ecological impacts of oil spills on freshwater environments remains relatively unknown. In 2017, IISD-ELA launched a three-part study to determine the impacts of diluted bitumen on boreal freshwater systems and shoreline clean-up methods.[63] Results published in 2020 have thus far indicated that most phytoplankton and zooplankton species exhibit an acute sensitivity to oil spills, as communities decreased by >70% in overall abundance.[64]

Anti-depressants edit

Biochemically active forms of ingredients prescribed within common anti-depressants have been known to re-enter freshwater systems, however, little is known on their impact on aquatic ecosystems. In 2021, venlafaxine was introduced into boreal lake enclosures at levels previously detected in water bodies.[65] The study will aim to reveal the potential effects of dose toxicity, modification of behavioural characteristics, and bioaccumulation within freshwater organisms and other effects to ecosystem services.[66] Results are yet to be determined.

See also edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ "2021-2022 IISD-ELA Annual Report" (PDF). 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  2. ^ "Home - IISD Experimental Lakes Area". IISD Experimental Lakes Area. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  3. ^ a b c d Stokstad 2008.
  4. ^ Paris 2012.
  5. ^ a b Podemski nd.
  6. ^ a b Johnson & Vallentyne 1971.
  7. ^ a b c Vallentyne 2000.
  8. ^ a b Tyler 2006.
  9. ^ CBC 2012.
  10. ^ IAP 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Nature 2012.
  12. ^ a b Cowan 2012.
  13. ^ a b CASS 2013.
  14. ^ a b Hoag 2012.
  15. ^ a b c Save Experimental Lakes Area 2012.
  16. ^ a b c 2012 & Sosiak.
  17. ^ a b Schindler 2009a.
  18. ^ Schindler & Vallentyne 2008, p. x.
  19. ^ a b IISD 2014.
  20. ^ "Education & Outreach - IISD Experimental Lakes Area". IISD Experimental Lakes Area. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  21. ^ "Research - IISD Experimental Lakes Area". IISD Experimental Lakes Area. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  22. ^ Schindler & Vallentyne 2008, pp. 155–6.
  23. ^ Planas 2008.
  24. ^ Zagorski 2006.
  25. ^ Alberta Order of Excellence nd.
  26. ^ McGill University Water 2010.
  27. ^ Trent University 2008.
  28. ^ University of Alberta nd.
  29. ^ ELA nd.
  30. ^ Schindler, David William (2009). "A personal history of the Experimental Lakes Project" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 66 (11): 1837–1847. doi:10.1139/f09-134.[permanent dead link]
  31. ^ Schindler, David W., Vallentyne, John R. (2008). The Algal Bowl: Overfertilization of the World's Freshwaters and Estuaries, University of Alberta Press, ISBN 0-88864-484-1.
  32. ^ "Eagle-Dogtooth Interim Management Statement" (PDF). ontario.ca. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 9 March 2001. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  33. ^ Schindler 1974.
  34. ^ a b NSERC 2001.
  35. ^ a b c Orihel 2012.
  36. ^ a b Orihel 2012a.
  37. ^ Shearer 2012.
  38. ^ Experimental Lakes Area nd.
  39. ^ Government of Canada 2012a.
  40. ^ Government of Canada 2012b.
  41. ^ HuffPost Politics 2012.
  42. ^ Government of Canada 2012d.
  43. ^ CBC 2012a.
  44. ^ De Souza 2013.
  45. ^ a b c Galloway 2013a.
  46. ^ Green Party of Canada 2012.
  47. ^ CASS is supported by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation (CERF), the Society for Freshwater Science (SFS), and the Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS).
  48. ^ a b Government of Canada 2012e.
  49. ^ In November 2012 Toone argued that "this cutback was one of a series of budget cuts and layoffs in fields relating to research and science at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. For instance, the ocean pollution monitoring program with its 75 scientist positions was eliminated; scientist positions the Maurice Lamontagne Institute related to the program that studies the effect of contaminants on water and aquatic life were eliminated; Fisheries Resource Conservation Council (FRCC) a science-based council which protected the viability of fish stocks over the long term and assessed the total allowable catches every year, was closed."
  50. ^ Babbage 2013.
  51. ^ Galloway 2012.
  52. ^ Galloway 2013.
  53. ^ May 2013.
  54. ^ "Nanosilver - IISD Experimental Lakes Area". IISD Experimental Lakes Area. 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  55. ^ "Study finds Lake Winnipeg plastics greater than or comparable to Great Lakes | Lakehead University". Lakehead University. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  56. ^ "The Lake 626 Diversion Project - IISD Experimental Lakes Area". IISD Experimental Lakes Area. 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  57. ^ "Education & Outreach - IISD Experimental Lakes Area". IISD Experimental Lakes Area. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  58. ^ "On Thin Ice | The Water Brothers". The Water Brothers. 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  59. ^ "Looking at the Impacts of Nanosilver on Fresh Water – IISD Experimental Lakes Area". Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  60. ^ Conine, Andrea L.; Rearick, Daniel C.; Paterson, Michael J.; Xenopoulos, Marguerite A.; Frost, Paul C. (2018). "Addition of silver nanoparticles has no long-term effects on natural phytoplankton community dynamics in a boreal lake". Limnology and Oceanography Letters. 3 (4): 311–319. Bibcode:2018LimOL...3..311C. doi:10.1002/lol2.10071. ISSN 2378-2242.
  61. ^ Martin, Jonathan D.; Frost, Paul C.; Hintelmann, Holger; Newman, Karla; Paterson, Michael J.; Hayhurst, Lauren; Rennie, Michael D.; Xenopoulos, Marguerite A.; Yargeau, Viviane; Metcalfe, Chris D. (2018-10-02). "Accumulation of Silver in Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and Northern Pike (Esox lucius) From a Lake Dosed with Nanosilver". Environmental Science & Technology. 52 (19): 11114–11122. Bibcode:2018EnST...5211114M. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b03146. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 30179475. S2CID 52153879.
  62. ^ Hayhurst, Lauren D.; Martin, Jonathan D.; Wallace, Sarah J.; Langlois, Valérie S.; Xenopoulos, Marguerite A.; Metcalfe, Chris D.; Rennie, Michael D. (2020-10-01). "Multi-Level Responses of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) to a Whole-Lake Nanosilver Addition Study". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 79 (3): 283–297. Bibcode:2020ArECT..79..283H. doi:10.1007/s00244-020-00764-5. ISSN 1432-0703. PMID 33063196. S2CID 222415707.
  63. ^ "Discovering What Oil Spills Do to Fresh Water – IISD Experimental Lakes Area". Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  64. ^ Cederwall, Jeffrey; Black, Tyler A.; Blais, Jules M.; Hanson, Mark L.; Hollebone, Bruce P.; Palace, Vince P.; Rodríguez-Gil, José Luis; Greer, Charles W.; Maynard, Christine; Ortmann, Alice C.; Rooney, Rebecca C. (2020-02-17). "Life under an oil slick: response of a freshwater food web to simulated spills of diluted bitumen in field mesocosms". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 77 (5): 779–788. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2019-0224. S2CID 214145005.
  65. ^ "Discovering the Impacts of Antidepressants on our Lakes – IISD Experimental Lakes Area". Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  66. ^ "Antidepressants: What happens when they end up in our fresh water? – IISD Experimental Lakes Area". Retrieved 2021-07-07.

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Hayes, F.R. (1973), The Chaining of Prometheus: Evolution of a Power Structure for Canadian Science', Toronto{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Johnstone, Kenneth (1977), The Aquatic Explorers: A History of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada', vol. xv, Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, p. 342
  • Schindler, David W.; Vallentyne, John Reubec (2008), The Algal Bowl: Overfertilization of the World's Freshwaters and Estuaries, Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press

External links edit

  • "Experimental Lakes Area research station officially saved". CBC News. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.

49°47′00″N 93°48′57″W / 49.7833°N 93.8158°W / 49.7833; -93.8158

February 15, 2024
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IISD Experimental Lakes Area IISD ELA known as ELA before 2014 2 is an internationally unique research station encompassing 58 formerly pristine freshwater lakes in Kenora District Ontario Canada 3 4 In response to the International Joint Commission IJC s 1965 recommendations related to transboundary pollution 5 the federal and provincial governments set aside these lakes to study water pollution 6 7 During the 1970s and 1980s David Schindler who was at that time Canada s leading ecologist conducted a series of innovative landmark large scale experiments in ELA on eutrophication that led to the banning of phosphates in detergents 8 9 10 In an unexpected and controversial move that was widely condemned by the scientific community in 2012 the ELA was de funded by the Canadian Federal Government 11 12 13 14 15 16 The facility is now managed and operated by the International Institute for Sustainable Development IISD and has a mandate to investigate the aquatic effects of a wide variety of stresses on lakes and their catchments IISD ELA used the whole ecosystem approach and makes long term whole lake investigations of freshwater focusing on eutrophication 17 18 Experimental Lakes AreaFounder s W E JohnsonJohn VallentyneEstablished1968FacultyDavid W Schindler 1968 1989 BudgetApprox 4 5m 1 LocationKenora District Ontario CanadaWebsiteIISD Experimental Lakes AreaIISD ELAclass notpageimage IISD ELA s position in Kenora District Ontario Canada In an article 3 published in AAAS s scientific journal Science Eric Stokstad described ELA s extreme science 3 as the manipulation of whole lake ecosystem with ELA researchers collecting long term records for climatology hydrology and limnology that address key issues in water management 17 The site has influenced public policy in water management in Canada the US and around the world 3 Minister of State for Science and Technology Gary Goodyear argued that our government has been working hard to ensure that the Experimental Lakes Area facility is transferred to a non governmental operator better suited to conducting the type of world class research that can be undertaken at this facility and that t he federal government has been leading negotiations in order to secure an operator with an international track record On April 1 2014 the International Institute for Sustainable Development announced that it had signed three agreements to ensure that it will be the long term operator of the research facility and that the facility would henceforth be called IISD Experimental Lakes Area 19 Since taking over the facility IISD has expanded the function of the site to include educational and outreach opportunities 20 and a broader research portfolio 21 Contents 1 History 2 Contributions to hydrology 2 1 Literary works and achievements 3 Controversy about defunding 3 1 Bill C 38 Jobs Growth and Long term Prosperity Act cutbacks to science 3 2 Fisheries Act 3 3 DFO dismantling ELA cabins 3 4 Defunding widely condemned by scientific community 3 5 Response from opposition parties and Senators 3 6 International Institute for Sustainable Development 4 IISD ELA today 4 1 Nanosilver 4 2 Oil spills 4 3 Anti depressants 5 See also 6 Citations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory editIn 1968 the Province of Ontario and the Government of Canada set aside an area in a sparsely inhabited region of central Canada southeast of Kenora Ontario which is relatively unaffected by external human influences and industrial activities for experimental studies of the causes and control of eutrophication and other types of water pollution It included 46 6 small deep pristine lakes and their catchment areas in the Precambrian Shield 7 The ELA project originated as a Canadian governmental response to the International Joint Commission IJC s recommendation 1965 to Canada and the United States for additional support for studies on transboundary pollution in the lower Great Lakes 7 5 In the 1960s there was a widespread concern about the consequences of eutrophication but there was a lack of solid scientific evidence Dr W E Johnson of the Freshwater Institute of Winnipeg convinced the Canadian government that unimpeachable evidence could be obtained by experimental pollution of pristine lakes through controlled overfertilization of specified elements 22 The Experimental Lakes Area was established in 1968 by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada Dr John Reubec Vallentyne and Dr W E Johnson of the Freshwater Institute created the Experimental Lakes Area ELA While Vallentyne was Scientific Leader of the Eutrophication Section from 1966 to 1972 he attracted a stellar staff of scientists from around the world in the late 1960s and early 1970s 23 He recruited a junior scientist David W Schindler Schindler who would become one of the world s leading limnologists would direct ELA projects from 1968 to 1989 24 25 26 27 28 29 ELA was earlier co sponsored by the Canadian Departments of Environment and Fisheries and Oceans with a mandate to investigate the aquatic effects of a wide variety of stresses on lakes and their catchments 30 31 and is now managed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development Since the formation of Eagle Dogtooth Provincial Park in 2003 a portion of the Experimental Lakes Area is part of this park In particular Lakes 109 421 625 and 938 are fully within the park while Lakes 110 262 309 and 428 have only portions or shorelines within the park 32 Contributions to hydrology editIn 1969 the fertilization experiment began with Lake 227 and in 1973 the double basin eutrophication experiment on Lake 226 began in which a section of the Lake 226S was overfertilized with carbon and nitrogen and the other section 226N with carbon and nitrogen as well as phosphorus 33 The iconic image of the green eutrophied section 226N has been described as the most important in the history of limnology It convinced the public and policy makers that phosphorus levels needed to be controlled Work at the ELA has produced important evidence on the effects of acid rain and led to the discovery that phosphates from household detergents cause algal blooms It has elucidated the impacts on fish of mercury and shown how wetland flooding for hydroelectricity leads to increased production of greenhouse gases 11 In the years leading up to the 2001 Gerhard Herzberg Gold Medal for Science and Engineering award Schindler s research demonstrated the cumulative impacts on boreal lake life of global warming acidification and ozone depletion Using long term reference data collected at the ELA he has shown that climate warming and drought have severe and previously unrecognized effects on the physics chemistry and biology of lakes 34 Literary works and achievements edit ELA has produced 745 peer reviewed scientific articles 126 graduate theses 102 book chapters and synthesis papers 185 data reports and several books ELA scientists have been the recipients of numerous prestigious international water awards including the Stockholm Water Prize the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement 8 and the Gerhard Herzberg Gold Medal for Science and Engineering 34 35 36 According to John Shearer who worked at the ELA as Senior Biologist and Operations Manager from 1969 until his retirement in 2007 47 PhD candidates completed dissertations and 80 master s students completed theses using research they participated in at the ELA 37 nbsp Lake 239 at IISD Experimental Lakes Area from aboveHundreds of peer reviewed articles have been based on ELA research in journals such as Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP Transactions of the American Fisheries Society Hydrological Processes Limnology and Oceanography Environmental Science and Technology including at least 184 in the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences and 30 in Biogeochemistry 38 Controversy about defunding editBill C 38 Jobs Growth and Long term Prosperity Act cutbacks to science edit The omnibus Bill C 38 Jobs Growth and Long term Prosperity Act 39 40 which passed as a 2012 Budget Implementation Act in June 2012 amended the Fisheries Act and closed the Experimental Lakes Area 15 41 Bill C 38 was given Royal Assent on June 29 2012 42 Fisheries Act edit In 2012 the Department of Fisheries and Oceans announced that it planned to discontinue supporting the site at the end of the financial year March 31 2013 at a cost of 50 million 43 The site would be either decommissioned or handed to a third party operator 44 45 Senator Jim Cowan at the 1st Session 41st Parliament June 21 2012 expressed his concerns There are a number of proposed changes to the Fisheries Act that are causing deep concern among Canadians The bill amends the act to limit fish protection to the support of commercial recreational and Aboriginal fisheries Protection of fish habitat is relegated to a vastly lower priority something that caused those four former fisheries ministers in their words especial alarm 12 Cowan also expressed dismay at the closure of Experimental Lakes Area Bill C 38 eliminates 2 million in annual funding to the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario This research centre will close within a year if a new operator cannot be found John Smol a biologist at Queen s University has said that the Experimental Lakes Area is the best known freshwater research facility on the planet The planned closure of the centre was the subject of an article on May 21 in Nature magazine Senator Cowan 2012 According to Elizabeth May 46 Fish habitat provisions will be changed to protect only fish of commercial Aboriginal and recreational value and even those habitat protections are weakened The new provisions create an incentive to drain a lake and kill all the fish if not in a fishery in order to fill a dry hole with mining tailings Elizabeth May 2012 DFO dismantling ELA cabins edit In March 2013 with no advance notification to scientists whose personal belongings remained at the site or to the IISD the Department of Fisheries and Oceans began dismantling cabins that had been used by the Experimental Lakes Project scientists 45 Scientist Roberto Quinlan of the Society of Canadian Limnologists said that this move brings into serious doubt the government s sincerity to actually transfer the facility over to another operator 45 Defunding widely condemned by scientific community edit The decision to abruptly defund the ELA was widely condemned by the Canadian and international scientific community The scientific journal Nature in 2012 described the decision as disturbing and said that it is hard to believe that finance is the true reason for the closure 11 An open letter from five prominent scientific organizations the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography the Ecological Society of America the International Society of Limnology the Society of Canadian Limnologists and the Society for Freshwater Sciences expressed concern over the impact that a closure would have on the strong and creative science that has been and continues to be conducted by Canadian freshwater researchers 13 47 An organization of Canadian citizens and scientists spearheaded by Diane Orihel the Coalition to Save ELA 35 has been formed to pressure the Canadian government to reverse the decision to close the Experimental Lakes Area The planned closure of the centre was the subject of an article 21 May 2012 in Nature journal 14 15 On 25 May 2012 The North American Lake Management Society NALMS representing nearly 1 000 members researchers scientists administrators and citizens wrote a letter of concern regarding the imminent closure of ELA arguing that NALMS work depends on findings from the ELA 16 NALMS asked the federal government to reconsider The Experimental Lakes Area ELA is a rare resource not only in Canada but throughout the world as a dedicated research facility for ecosystem scale experimental investigations and long term monitoring of ecosystem processes Operating for more than 40 years it continues to study physical chemical and biological processes and interactions operating on an ecosystem spatial scale and a multi year time frame These have led to extremely important discoveries As an example the world s fertilizer industry now recognizes the importance of phosphorus in lakes and reservoirs 40 years after its importance was demonstrated at ELA Regulatory actions have been supported by ELA research and now there is action by the industry as a result of research and activities at ELA over several decades The experience gained at ELA by many scientists has resulted in the dissemination of environmental expertise and problem solving throughout the world improving human conditions protecting the environment and saving millions of dollars for citizens and government agencies Furthermore we consider the work now in progress at ELA very important to the future of lake and reservoir management 16 Response from opposition parties and Senators edit Many Canadian MPs called on the Harper Government to reverse its decision on the forced closure of the Experimental Lakes Project 48 NDP MP Philip Toone argued that the internationally recognized program with huge spin offs for Canada will cost more to close and move than the 2 million that the government hopes to save 48 49 International Institute for Sustainable Development edit The federal government led negotiations with the Ontario government the Manitoba government and the International Institute for Sustainable Development IISD headquartered in Winnipeg to keep the area operational in 2013 and ensure longer term operations 50 IISD is funded by the UN governments including the Canadian government international organizations and philanthropic foundations It also gets money from universities and private sector companies including TransCanada Energy Enbridge and Manitoba Hydro 51 On April 1 2014 IISD announced that three agreements have been signed involving IISD the Government of Ontario and the Government of Canada that together ensure the long term operation of the Experimental Lakes Area ELA research facility 19 Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne has committed support to keep the ELA operating in the long term after the federal Conservative government walks away from the world class freshwater research station at the end of August 2013 52 Dr John Rudd former DFO Research Scientist 1977 2002 ELA Chief Scientist 1998 2002 and winner of DFO s most prestigious award the Deputy Minister s Prix d Excellence 2002 argued that IISD is not qualified on a scientific basis to run ELA ELA is a unique facility and its scientific research needs to be directed by scientists who know how to do these experiments but unfortunately almost all present and recently retired scientists have been cut out of the transfer process 36 35 Elizabeth May who served on the board of the International Institute for Sustainable Development for nine years prior to entering politics argues that the IISD a think tank is not necessarily the right organization to take on this mandate However keeping the ELA open and functioning and in a public and transparent context was paramount 53 IISD ELA today editSince IISD took over the site in 2014 it has been called IISD Experimental Lakes Area IISD ELA IISD ELA has continued to carry out its whole lake experimentation but has also expanded its research portfolio to include research on nanosilver 54 microplastics 55 climate change 56 and more It also places a greater emphasis on educational and outreach opportunities 57 and on garnering media coverage for its work 58 nbsp IISD Experimental Lakes Area on the banks of Lake 239 in 2016Nanosilver edit In 2014 nanosilver AgNP particles were added to Lake 222 in order to determine the impacts of increasing nanosilver pollution on freshwater ecosystems 59 Over the course of a two year study period phytoplankton communities in boreal lakes were found to be unaffected by environmentally relevant nanosilver additions 60 However both yellow perch and northern pike species were found to contain nanosilver within their tissues particularly within the liver 61 The result of this bioaccumulation may pose a threat to aquatic food chains At the individual level yellow perch metabolic and consumption rates declined and remained depressed for one year 62 Oil spills edit Information surrounding the ecological impacts of oil spills on freshwater environments remains relatively unknown In 2017 IISD ELA launched a three part study to determine the impacts of diluted bitumen on boreal freshwater systems and shoreline clean up methods 63 Results published in 2020 have thus far indicated that most phytoplankton and zooplankton species exhibit an acute sensitivity to oil spills as communities decreased by gt 70 in overall abundance 64 Anti depressants edit Biochemically active forms of ingredients prescribed within common anti depressants have been known to re enter freshwater systems however little is known on their impact on aquatic ecosystems In 2021 venlafaxine was introduced into boreal lake enclosures at levels previously detected in water bodies 65 The study will aim to reveal the potential effects of dose toxicity modification of behavioural characteristics and bioaccumulation within freshwater organisms and other effects to ecosystem services 66 Results are yet to be determined See also editLake 226 Lake 227Citations edit 2021 2022 IISD ELA Annual Report PDF 2022 Retrieved December 30 2023 Home IISD Experimental Lakes Area IISD Experimental Lakes Area Retrieved 2017 07 25 a b c d Stokstad 2008 Paris 2012 a b Podemski nd a b Johnson amp Vallentyne 1971 a b c Vallentyne 2000 a b Tyler 2006 CBC 2012 IAP 2010 a b c Nature 2012 a b Cowan 2012 a b CASS 2013 a b Hoag 2012 a b c Save Experimental Lakes Area 2012 a b c 2012 amp Sosiak a b Schindler 2009a Schindler amp Vallentyne 2008 p x a b IISD 2014 Education amp Outreach IISD Experimental Lakes Area IISD Experimental Lakes Area Retrieved 2017 07 25 Research IISD Experimental Lakes Area IISD Experimental Lakes Area Retrieved 2017 07 25 Schindler amp Vallentyne 2008 pp 155 6 Planas 2008 Zagorski 2006 Alberta Order of Excellence nd McGill University Water 2010 Trent University 2008 University of Alberta nd ELA nd Schindler David William 2009 A personal history of the Experimental Lakes Project PDF Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66 11 1837 1847 doi 10 1139 f09 134 permanent dead link Schindler David W Vallentyne John R 2008 The Algal Bowl Overfertilization of the World s Freshwaters and Estuaries University of Alberta Press ISBN 0 88864 484 1 Eagle Dogtooth Interim Management Statement PDF ontario ca Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 9 March 2001 Retrieved 23 October 2023 Schindler 1974 a b NSERC 2001 a b c Orihel 2012 a b Orihel 2012a Shearer 2012 Experimental Lakes Area nd Government of Canada 2012a Government of Canada 2012b HuffPost Politics 2012 Government of Canada 2012d CBC 2012a De Souza 2013 a b c Galloway 2013a Green Party of Canada 2012 CASS is supported by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography ASLO the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation CERF the Society for Freshwater Science SFS and the Society of Wetland Scientists SWS a b Government of Canada 2012e In November 2012 Toone argued that this cutback was one of a series of budget cuts and layoffs in fields relating to research and science at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada For instance the ocean pollution monitoring program with its 75 scientist positions was eliminated scientist positions the Maurice Lamontagne Institute related to the program that studies the effect of contaminants on water and aquatic life were eliminated Fisheries Resource Conservation Council FRCC a science based council which protected the viability of fish stocks over the long term and assessed the total allowable catches every year was closed Babbage 2013 Galloway 2012 Galloway 2013 May 2013 Nanosilver IISD Experimental Lakes Area IISD Experimental Lakes Area 2016 04 02 Retrieved 2017 07 25 Study finds Lake Winnipeg plastics greater than or comparable to Great Lakes Lakehead University Lakehead University Retrieved 2017 07 25 The Lake 626 Diversion Project IISD Experimental Lakes Area IISD Experimental Lakes Area 2016 04 02 Retrieved 2017 07 25 Education amp Outreach IISD Experimental Lakes Area IISD Experimental Lakes Area Retrieved 2017 07 25 On Thin Ice The Water Brothers The Water Brothers 2017 02 20 Retrieved 2017 07 25 Looking at the Impacts of Nanosilver on Fresh Water IISD Experimental Lakes Area Retrieved 2021 07 07 Conine Andrea L Rearick Daniel C Paterson Michael J Xenopoulos Marguerite A Frost Paul C 2018 Addition of silver nanoparticles has no long term effects on natural phytoplankton community dynamics in a boreal lake Limnology and Oceanography Letters 3 4 311 319 Bibcode 2018LimOL 3 311C doi 10 1002 lol2 10071 ISSN 2378 2242 Martin Jonathan D Frost Paul C Hintelmann Holger Newman Karla Paterson Michael J Hayhurst Lauren Rennie Michael D Xenopoulos Marguerite A Yargeau Viviane Metcalfe Chris D 2018 10 02 Accumulation of Silver in Yellow Perch Perca flavescens and Northern Pike Esox lucius From a Lake Dosed with Nanosilver Environmental Science amp Technology 52 19 11114 11122 Bibcode 2018EnST 5211114M doi 10 1021 acs est 8b03146 ISSN 0013 936X PMID 30179475 S2CID 52153879 Hayhurst Lauren D Martin Jonathan D Wallace Sarah J Langlois Valerie S Xenopoulos Marguerite A Metcalfe Chris D Rennie Michael D 2020 10 01 Multi Level Responses of Yellow Perch Perca flavescens to a Whole Lake Nanosilver Addition Study Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 79 3 283 297 Bibcode 2020ArECT 79 283H doi 10 1007 s00244 020 00764 5 ISSN 1432 0703 PMID 33063196 S2CID 222415707 Discovering What Oil Spills Do to Fresh Water IISD Experimental Lakes Area Retrieved 2021 07 07 Cederwall Jeffrey Black Tyler A Blais Jules M Hanson Mark L Hollebone Bruce P Palace Vince P Rodriguez Gil Jose Luis Greer Charles W Maynard Christine Ortmann Alice C Rooney Rebecca C 2020 02 17 Life under an oil slick response of a freshwater food web to simulated spills of diluted bitumen in field mesocosms Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77 5 779 788 doi 10 1139 cjfas 2019 0224 S2CID 214145005 Discovering the Impacts of Antidepressants on our Lakes IISD Experimental Lakes Area Retrieved 2021 07 07 Antidepressants What happens when they end up in our fresh water IISD Experimental Lakes Area Retrieved 2021 07 07 References edit AB Members Profile David W Schindler Alberta Order of Excellence nd Babbage Maria 24 April 2013 The Canadian Press ed ELA Saved Ontario To Keep Experimental Lakes Area Open Toronto Ontario Huffington Post Scientific Societies protest Canadian government s decision to close Experimental Lakes Area Consortium of Aquatic Science Societies CASS 13 June 2012 retrieved 16 March 2013 Budget cuts claim famed freshwater research facility CBC 17 May 2012a retrieved 18 August 2012 Tipping Point The Age of the Oil Sands The Nature of Things CBC Cowan June 21 2012 Senator Cowan at the 1st Session 41st Parliament Save Experimental Lakes Area archived from the original on October 5 2013 retrieved March 15 2013 De Souza Mike 15 March 2013 Fisheries Department dismantling summer cabins of scientists at water research facility Postmedia News Retrieved 16 March 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint ref duplicates default link Publications PDF Experimental Lakes Area n d archived from the original PDF on 2014 01 12 retrieved 2013 08 02 Experimental Lakes Area Official Website ELA n d archived from the original on 2010 06 18 retrieved 2010 09 14 Galloway Gloria 15 November 2012 Ottawa set to transfer unique freshwater research lab to UN group Ottawa Ontario Globe and Mail Galloway Gloria 31 July 2013 Long term funding from province confirmed for Experimental Lakes Area Toronto Ontario Globe and Mail Galloway Gloria 16 March 2013a As dismantling begins shuttering of research station called a travesty The Globe and Mail retrieved 16 March 2013 Bill C 38 Jobs Growth and Long term Prosperity Act PDF Government of Canada June 2012a retrieved March 15 2013 Government of Canada 2012b C 38 Status of the Bill Government of Canada LEGISinfo retrieved 15 March 2013 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint ref duplicates default link First Session Forty first Parliament 60 61 Elizabeth II 2011 2012 Statutes of Canada 2012 Chapter 19 An Act to implement certain provisions of the budget tabled in Parliament on March 29 2012 and other measures PDF Government of Canada June 2012c retrieved March 15 2013 Government of Canada 2012d C 38 Legislative Summary Government of Canada LEGISinfo retrieved March 15 2013 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint ref duplicates default link 41st Parliament 1st Session Edited Hansard Government of Canada no 174 1 November 2012 retrieved March 15 2013 May Clarifies Deliberately Confusing Bill C 38 Green Party of Canada May 10 2012 retrieved March 15 2013 Hoag Hannah 21 May 2012 Canada s renowned freshwater research site to close Budget fall out hits environmental research stations Nature doi 10 1038 nature 2012 10683 S2CID 130510991 Speakers Panelists Professor David Schindler IAP Conference and General Assembly IAP The Global Network of Science Academies 2010 Retrieved June 23 2012 Global Research Possibilities Expand as IISD Assumes Operation of Canada s Renowned Experimental Lakes Area International Institute for Sustainable Development 2014 archived from the original on 2014 04 09 retrieved 2014 04 08 Johnson W E Vallentyne J R 1971 Rationale background and development of experimental lakes studies in northwestern Ontario Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 28 2 123 128 doi 10 1139 f71 026 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint ref duplicates default link Bill C 45 What s In Omnibus Budget Bill 2 HuffPost Politics Huffington Post October 18 2012 retrieved 2013 01 18 Levitz Stephanie June 11 2012 Bill C 38 Elizabeth May And Green Party Throw The Book At Tories Omnibus Budget Bill Ottawa Ontario Huffington Post Canadian Press retrieved March 15 2013 MacIntyre Linden January 10 2014 Hicks Loretta ed The Silence of the Labs CBC Retrieved January 11 2014 May Elizabeth 24 April 2013 ELA Greens Congratulates Wynne for her Leadership Green Party of Canada Profile of David W Schindler McGill University Water 2010 Death of Evidence Nature 487 7407 271 272 19 July 2012 Bibcode 2012Natur 487R 271 doi 10 1038 487271b PMID 22810653 2001 Gerhard Herzberg Gold Medal for Science and Engineering David Schindler NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada 2001 Orihel Diane 17 May 2012 Coalition to Save ELA PDF Edmonton Alberta a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Orihel Diane 16 November 2012a ELA to be sold off to client friendly buyer with no scientific expertise Paris Max 18 Oct 2012 Experimental Lakes allies say poll a wakeup call for Tories CBC News Canadian Broadcasting Corporation retrieved 2012 12 09 Planas Dolors 2008 John R Vallentyne in memoriam PDF Limnetica Madrid Spain Asociacion Iberica de Limnologia 27 1 archived from the original PDF on 2010 11 07 retrieved 2010 09 14 Podemski Cheryl Introduction to the ELA Aquaculture Experiment PDF archived from the original PDF on April 25 2012 Redman Hanah July 6 2012 University of Ottawa group plans July 10 rally mourning death of evidence The Tyee retrieved 11 January 2014 Senator Cowan at the 1st Session 41st Parliament Save Experimental Lakes Area 21 June 2012 Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 Retrieved March 15 2013 Sosiak Al 25 May 2012 Closure of Experimental Lakes Area Madison Wisconsin North American Lake Management Society Schindler David W Vallentyne John Reubec 2008 The Algal Bowl Overfertilization of the World s Freshwaters and Estuaries Edmonton Alberta University of Alberta Press Schindler David William 1974 Eutrophication and Recovery in Experimental Lakes Implications for Lake Management Science 184 4139 897 899 Bibcode 1974Sci 184 897S CiteSeerX 10 1 1 364 7618 doi 10 1126 science 184 4139 897 PMID 17782381 S2CID 25620329 Schindler David William 2009a A personal history of the Experimental Lakes Project Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66 11 1837 1847 doi 10 1139 f09 134 Shearer John November 2012 ELA Alumni Make a Splash Many graduate students have used the one of a kind research facility as a springboard to success as professional scientists Alternatives Stokstad Erik 28 November 2008 Canada s Experimental Lakes Science 322 5906 1316 1319 doi 10 1126 science 322 5906 1316 PMID 19039113 S2CID 890023 Trent University Announces David Schindler Endowed Professorship in Aquatic Science Trent University Trent University News Release 21 May 2008 2006 Tyler Laureates David W Schindler and Igor A Shiklomanov Tyler 2006 archived from the original on 2014 01 12 retrieved 2013 08 01 Vallentyne John R 27 29 November 2000 The Canadian Experimental Lakes Area Symposium on Restoration of Lakes and Wetlands Bangalore India Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Zagorski Nick 9 May 2006 Profile of David W Schindler Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 19 7207 7209 Bibcode 2006PNAS 103 7207N doi 10 1073 pnas 0602793103 PMC 1564277 PMID 16670196 Profile of David W Schindler University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences n d Further reading editHayes F R 1973 The Chaining of Prometheus Evolution of a Power Structure for Canadian Science Toronto a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Johnstone Kenneth 1977 The Aquatic Explorers A History of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada vol xv Toronto and Buffalo University of Toronto Press p 342 Schindler David W Vallentyne John Reubec 2008 The Algal Bowl Overfertilization of the World s Freshwaters and Estuaries Edmonton Alberta University of Alberta PressExternal links editExperimental Lakes Experimental Lakes Area research station officially saved CBC News 1 April 2014 Retrieved 1 April 2014 49 47 00 N 93 48 57 W 49 7833 N 93 8158 W 49 7833 93 8158 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Experimental Lakes Area amp oldid 1192715698, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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