Eupleridae is a family of carnivorans endemic to Madagascar and comprising 10 known living species in seven genera, commonly known as euplerids, Malagasy mongooses or Malagasy carnivorans. The best known species is the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), in the subfamily Euplerinae. All species of Euplerinae were formerly classified as viverrids, while all species in the subfamily Galidiinae were classified as herpestids.
Recent molecular studies indicate that the 10 living species of Madagascar carnivorans evolved from one ancestor that is thought to have rafted over from mainland Africa 18–24 million years ago. This makes Malagasy carnivorans a clade. They are closely allied with the true herpestid mongooses, their closest living relatives.[2] The fossa and the Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana) are each evolutionarily quite distinct from each other and from the rest of the clade.
Historically, the relationships of the Madagascar carnivorans have been contentious, but molecular evidence suggests that they form a single clade, now recognized as the family Eupleridae.[4][5][6] The hyena family, Hyaenidae, is a sister taxon of the euplerid and herpestid clade, and when grouped together with the viverrids and felids, as well as some smaller groups, forms the feliform (cat-like carnivores) clade.[7][8]
The evolutionary divergence between the herpestids and the euplerids dates back to the Oligocene.[8] At that time, feliforms shared many similarities, particularly between the cats and the viverrids. Palaeoprionodon (within the clade Aeluroidea), found in Europe and Asia from the late Eocene or early Oligocene, looked similar to the modern fossa, while Proailurus, an extinct form of cat, exhibited many viverrid-like characteristics.[9] Despite these similarities in the fossil record, the modern Malagasy carnivores are distinctly different, with the Euplerinae and Galidiinae subfamilies bearing similarities with civets and mongooses, respectively.[7] Species in Euplerinae (including the fossa, falanouc, and Malagasy civet) have auditory regions similar to those of viverrids, while those in Galidiinae have auditory regions similar to those of herpestids. Based on this trait, Robert M. Hunt Jr. proposed in 1996 that Madagascar was colonized twice, once by viverrids and once by herpestids. However, the genetic studies by Yoder and colleagues in 2003 suggested that a single colonization event occurred by a primitive herpestid ancestor, which was quickly followed by adaptive radiation. The common ancestor arrived from Africa, probably by rafting, during the late Oligocene or early Miocene (24–18 Mya),[7][8] though Philippe Gaubert and Veron estimated a divergence date of 19.4 Mya (16.5–22.7 Mya).[8][10]
^Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^Flynn, J; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S; Hsu, J; Nedbal, M. A. (April 2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora (mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships". Syst. Biol. 54 (2): 317–337. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326. PMID 16012099.
^"Eupleridae". Animal Diversity. University of Michigan.
^ abYoder, A.D.; Burns, M.M.; Zehr, S.; Delefosse, T.; Veron, G.; Goodman, S.M.; Flynn, J.J. (2003). "Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor" (PDF). Nature. 421 (6924): 734–737. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..734Y. doi:10.1038/nature01303. PMID 12610623. S2CID 4404379. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
^Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 559–561. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0.
^Gaubert, Philippe; Wozencraft, W Chris; Cordeiro-Estrela, Pedro; Veron, Geraldine (December 2005). "Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?". Systematic Biology. 54 (6): 865–894. doi:10.1080/10635150500232769. PMID 16282167.
^ abcYoder, A.D.; Flynn, J.J. (2003). "Origin of Malagasy Carnivora". In Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J.P. (eds.). The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1253–1256. ISBN978-0-226-30306-2.
^ abcdBarycka, E. (2007). "Evolution and systematics of the feliform Carnivora". Mammalian Biology. 72 (5): 257–282. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.10.011.
^Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). (PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503919. JSTOR 3503919. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-21. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
^Gaubert, P.; Veron, G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1532): 2523–2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521. PMC1691530. PMID 14667345.
External linksedit
Media related to Eupleridae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Eupleridae at Wikispecies
January 01, 1970
eupleridae, family, carnivorans, endemic, madagascar, comprising, known, living, species, seven, genera, commonly, known, euplerids, malagasy, mongooses, malagasy, carnivorans, best, known, species, fossa, cryptoprocta, ferox, subfamily, euplerinae, species, e. Eupleridae is a family of carnivorans endemic to Madagascar and comprising 10 known living species in seven genera commonly known as euplerids Malagasy mongooses or Malagasy carnivorans The best known species is the fossa Cryptoprocta ferox in the subfamily Euplerinae All species of Euplerinae were formerly classified as viverrids while all species in the subfamily Galidiinae were classified as herpestids Malagasy carnivorans 1 Temporal range Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Suborder Feliformia Superfamily Herpestoidea Family EupleridaeChenu 1850 Type genus EupleresDoyere 1835 Genera Subfamily Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Eupleres Fossa Subfamily Galidiinae Galidia Galidictis Mungotictis Salanoia Eupleridae subfamily ranges Synonyms Euplerini Simpson 1945 Cryptoproctina Gray 1864 Galidiina Gray 1864 Cryptoproctidae Flower 1869 Galidiinae Gill 1872 Galidictinae Mivart 1882 Cryptoproctinae Trouessart 1885 Fossinae Pocock 1915 Recent molecular studies indicate that the 10 living species of Madagascar carnivorans evolved from one ancestor that is thought to have rafted over from mainland Africa 18 24 million years ago This makes Malagasy carnivorans a clade They are closely allied with the true herpestid mongooses their closest living relatives 2 The fossa and the Malagasy civet Fossa fossana are each evolutionarily quite distinct from each other and from the rest of the clade All Eupleridae are considered threatened species due to habitat destruction as well as predation and competition from non native species 3 Contents 1 Taxonomy and phylogeny 1 1 Classification 1 2 Phylogenetic tree 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksTaxonomy and phylogeny editHistorically the relationships of the Madagascar carnivorans have been contentious but molecular evidence suggests that they form a single clade now recognized as the family Eupleridae 4 5 6 The hyena family Hyaenidae is a sister taxon of the euplerid and herpestid clade and when grouped together with the viverrids and felids as well as some smaller groups forms the feliform cat like carnivores clade 7 8 The evolutionary divergence between the herpestids and the euplerids dates back to the Oligocene 8 At that time feliforms shared many similarities particularly between the cats and the viverrids Palaeoprionodon within the clade Aeluroidea found in Europe and Asia from the late Eocene or early Oligocene looked similar to the modern fossa while Proailurus an extinct form of cat exhibited many viverrid like characteristics 9 Despite these similarities in the fossil record the modern Malagasy carnivores are distinctly different with the Euplerinae and Galidiinae subfamilies bearing similarities with civets and mongooses respectively 7 Species in Euplerinae including the fossa falanouc and Malagasy civet have auditory regions similar to those of viverrids while those in Galidiinae have auditory regions similar to those of herpestids Based on this trait Robert M Hunt Jr proposed in 1996 that Madagascar was colonized twice once by viverrids and once by herpestids However the genetic studies by Yoder and colleagues in 2003 suggested that a single colonization event occurred by a primitive herpestid ancestor which was quickly followed by adaptive radiation The common ancestor arrived from Africa probably by rafting during the late Oligocene or early Miocene 24 18 Mya 7 8 though Philippe Gaubert and Veron estimated a divergence date of 19 4 Mya 16 5 22 7 Mya 8 10 Classification edit Family Eupleridae Subfamily Genus Species Image Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Bennett 1833 Fossa C ferox Giant fossa C spelea nbsp Eupleres Doyere 1835 Eastern falanouc E goudotii Western falanouc E major nbsp Fossa Gray 1864 Malagasy civet F fossana nbsp Galidiinae Galidia I Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 1837 Ring tailed vontsira G elegans nbsp Galidictis I Geoffroy Saint Hilaire 1839 Broad striped Malagasy mongoose G fasciata Grandidier s mongoose G grandidieri nbsp Mungotictis Pocock 1915 Narrow striped mongoose M decemlineata nbsp Salanoia Gray 1864 Durrell s vontsira S durrelli Brown tailed mongoose S concolor nbsp Phylogenetic tree edit The phylogenetic relationships of Malagasy carnivorans Eupleridae are shown in the following cladogram 4 Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Cryptoprocta ferox Fossa Cryptoprocta spelea Giant fossa Fossa Fossa fossana Malagasy civet Eupleres Eupleres major Western falanouc Eupleres goudotii Eastern falanouc Galidiinae Galidia Galidia elegans Ring tailed vontsira Galidictis Galidictis fasciata Broad striped vontsira Galidictis grandidieri Grandidier s mongoose Salanoia Salanoia durrelli Durrell s vontsira Salanoia concolor Brown tailed vontsira Mungotictis Mungotictis decemlineata Narrow striped mongoose See also editList of mammals of MadagascarReferences edit Wozencraft W C 2005 Order Carnivora In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 532 628 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Flynn J Finarelli J A Zehr S Hsu J Nedbal M A April 2005 Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora mammalia assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships Syst Biol 54 2 317 337 doi 10 1080 10635150590923326 PMID 16012099 Eupleridae Animal Diversity University of Michigan a b Yoder A D Burns M M Zehr S Delefosse T Veron G Goodman S M Flynn J J 2003 Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor PDF Nature 421 6924 734 737 Bibcode 2003Natur 421 734Y doi 10 1038 nature01303 PMID 12610623 S2CID 4404379 Retrieved 19 May 2010 Wozencraft W C 2005 Order Carnivora In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 559 561 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 Gaubert Philippe Wozencraft W Chris Cordeiro Estrela Pedro Veron Geraldine December 2005 Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies What s in a Viverrid Like Carnivoran Systematic Biology 54 6 865 894 doi 10 1080 10635150500232769 PMID 16282167 a b c Yoder A D Flynn J J 2003 Origin of Malagasy Carnivora In Goodman S M Benstead J P eds The Natural History of Madagascar University of Chicago Press pp 1253 1256 ISBN 978 0 226 30306 2 a b c d Barycka E 2007 Evolution and systematics of the feliform Carnivora Mammalian Biology 72 5 257 282 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2006 10 011 Kohncke M Leonhardt K 1986 Cryptoprocta ferox PDF Mammalian Species 254 1 5 doi 10 2307 3503919 JSTOR 3503919 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 06 21 Retrieved 19 May 2010 Gaubert P Veron G 2003 Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister group of felids the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270 1532 2523 2530 doi 10 1098 rspb 2003 2521 PMC 1691530 PMID 14667345 External links edit nbsp Media related to Eupleridae at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Eupleridae at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eupleridae amp oldid 1172916218, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
