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Aestivation

December 15, 2023

This article is about a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation. For other uses, see Aestivation (disambiguation).

Aestivation (Latin: aestas (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions.[1] It takes place during times of heat and dryness, which are often the summer months.

Theba pisana snails aestivating on Foeniculum vulgare in Montbazin, France

Invertebrate and vertebrate animals are known to enter this state to avoid damage from high temperatures and the risk of desiccation. Both terrestrial and aquatic animals undergo aestivation. Fossil records suggest that aestivation may have evolved several hundred million years ago.

Physiology edit

Organisms that aestivate appear to be in a fairly "light" state of dormancy, as their physiological state can be rapidly reversed, and the organism can quickly return to a normal state. A study done on Otala lactea, a snail native to parts of Europe and Northern Africa, shows that they can wake from their dormant state within ten minutes of being introduced to a wetter environment.

The primary physiological and biochemical concerns for an aestivating animal are to conserve energy, retain water in the body, ration the use of stored energy, handle the nitrogenous end products, and stabilize bodily organs, cells, and macromolecules. This can be quite a task as hot temperatures and arid conditions may last for months, in some cases for years. The depression of metabolic rate during aestivation causes a reduction in macromolecule synthesis and degradation. To stabilise the macromolecules, aestivators will enhance antioxidant defenses and elevate chaperone proteins. This is a widely used strategy across all forms of hypometabolism. These physiological and biochemical concerns appear to be the core elements of hypometabolism throughout the animal kingdom. In other words, animals which aestivate appear to go through nearly the same physiological processes as animals that hibernate.[2]

Invertebrates edit

 
Introduced Theba pisana snails aestivating on a row of fence posts in Kadina, South Australia
 
Numerous individuals of the snail Cernuella virgata aestivating on a wire fence near Glanum, in the south of France.

Mollusca edit

Gastropoda: some air-breathing land snails, including species in the genera Helix, Cernuella, Theba, Helicella, Achatina and Otala, commonly aestivate during periods of heat. Some species move into shaded vegetation or rubble. Others climb up tall plants, including crop species as well as bushes and trees, and will also climb human-made structures such as posts, fences, etc.

Their habit of climbing vegetation to aestivate has caused more than one introduced snail species to be declared an agricultural nuisance.

To seal the opening to their shell to prevent water loss, pulmonate land snails secrete a membrane of dried mucus called an epiphragm. In certain species, such as Helix pomatia, this barrier is reinforced with calcium carbonate, and thus it superficially resembles an operculum, except that it has a tiny hole to allow some oxygen exchange.[citation needed]

There is a decrease in metabolic rate and reduced rate of water loss in aestivating snails like Rhagada tescorum,[3] Sphincterochila boissieri and others.

Arthropoda edit

Insecta: Lady beetles (Coccinellidae) have been reported to aestivate.[4] Mosquitoes also are reported to undergo aestivation.[5] False honey ants are well known for being winter active and aestivate in temperate climates. Bogong moths will aestivate over the summer to avoid the heat and lack of food sources.[6] Adult alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica) aestivate during the summer in the southeastern United States, during which their metabolism, respiration, and nervous systems show a dampening of activity.[7][8]

Crustacea: An example of a crustacean undergoing aestivation is with the Australian crab Austrothelphusa transversa , which undergoes aestivation underground during the dry season.[9]

Vertebrates edit

Reptiles and amphibians edit

Aestivation has been put forward as the most likely explanation why this therapsid cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus shared its burrow with a temnospondyl amphibian, Broomistega putterilli.[10]

Non-mammalian animals that aestivate include North American desert tortoises, crocodiles, and salamanders. Some amphibians (e.g. the cane toad and greater siren) aestivate during the hot dry season by moving underground where it is cooler and more humid. The California red-legged frog may aestivate to conserve energy when its food and water supply is low.[11]

The water-holding frog has an aestivation cycle. It buries itself in sandy ground in a secreted, water-tight mucus cocoon during periods of hot, dry weather. Australian Aboriginals discovered a means to take advantage of this by digging up one of these frogs and squeezing it, causing the frog to empty its bladder. This dilute urine—up to half a glassful—can be drunk. However, this will cause the death of the frog which will be unable to survive until the next rainy season without the water it had stored.[12]

The western swamp turtle aestivates to survive hot summers in the ephemeral swamps it lives in. It buries itself in various media which change depending on location and available substrates.[13] Because the species is critically endangered, the Perth Zoo began a conservation and breeding program for it. However, zookeepers were unaware of the importance of their aestivation cycle and during the first summer period would perform weekly checks on the animals. This repeated disturbance was detrimental to the health of the animals, with many losing significant weight and some dying. The zookeepers quickly changed their procedures and now leave their captive turtles undisturbed during their aestivation period.

Fish edit

African lungfish also aestivate[14][15] as can salamanderfish.

Mammals edit

Although relatively uncommon, a small number of mammals aestivate.[16] Animal physiologist Kathrin Dausmann of Philipps University of Marburg, Germany, and coworkers presented evidence in a 2004 edition of Nature that the Malagasy fat-tailed dwarf lemur hibernates or aestivates in a small tree hole for seven months of the year.[17] According to the Oakland Zoo in California, four-toed hedgehogs are thought to aestivate during the dry season.[18]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Miller, William Charles (2007). Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Elsevier. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-444-52949-7.
  2. ^ Storey, Kenneth B.; Storey, Janet M. (2012). "Aestivation: signaling and hypometabolism". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (8): 1425–1433. doi:10.1242/jeb.054403. PMID 22496277.
  3. ^ Withers, Philip; Pedler, Scott; Guppy, Michael (1997). "Physiological adjustments during aestivation by the Australian land snail Rhagada tescorum (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Camaenidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 45 (6): 599–611. doi:10.1071/ZO97009.
  4. ^ Hagen, Kenneth S. (1962). "Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae". Annual Review of Entomology. 7: 289–326. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.001445.
  5. ^ Charlwood, JD; Vij, R; Billingsley, PF (2000). "Dry season refugia of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in a dry savannah zone of east Africa". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (6): 726–732. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.726. PMID 11304064.
  6. ^ Common, I. F. B. (1954). "A study of the ecology of the adult bogong moth, Agrotis infusa (Boisd) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with special reference to its behaviour during migration and aestivation". Australian Journal of Zoology. 2 (2): 223–263. doi:10.1071/zo9540223.
  7. ^ Cunningham, R. K.; Tombes, A. S. (August 1966). "Succinate oxidase system in the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, during aestivation (summer diapause)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 18 (4): 725–733. doi:10.1016/0010-406x(66)90207-6. ISSN 0010-406X. PMID 5967408.
  8. ^ Kutyna, F. A.; Tombes, A. S. (26 November 1966). "Bioelectric activity of the central nervous system in normal and diapausing alfalfa weevils". Nature. 212 (5065): 956–957. Bibcode:1966Natur.212..956K. doi:10.1038/212956a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 6003744. S2CID 4205279.
  9. ^ Waltham, Nathan J. (2016). "Unravelling life history of the Inland Freshwater Crab Austrothelphusa transversa in seasonal tropical river catchments". Australian Zoologist. 38 (2): 217–222. doi:10.7882/az.2016.034.
  10. ^ Fernandez, V.; Abdala, F.; Carlson, K. J.; Cook, D. C.; Rubidge, B. S.; Yates, A.; Tafforeau, P. (2013). Butler, Richard J (ed.). "Synchrotron Reveals Early Triassic Odd Couple: Injured Amphibian and Aestivating Therapsid Share Burrow". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e64978. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864978F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064978. PMC 3689844. PMID 23805181.
  11. ^ Moore, Bob (29 September 2009). . Audubon Guides. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  12. ^ Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitzky, A. H.; Wells, K. D. (2001). Herpetology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  13. ^ Burbrige, Andrew; Kuchling, Gerald (2004). Western swamp tortoise (Pseudemydura umbrina) recovery plan (PDF) (3 ed.). Perth, Western Australia: Dept. of Conservation and Land Management. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  14. ^ Delaney, R. G.; Lahiri, S.; Fishman, A. P. (1974). "Aestivation of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus: cardiovascular and respiratory functions" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 61 (1): 111–128. doi:10.1242/jeb.61.1.111. PMID 4411892.
  15. ^ Fishman, A. P.; Galante, R. J.; Winokur, A.; Pack, A. I. (1992). "Estivation in the African lungfish". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 136 (1): 61–72. JSTOR 986798.
  16. ^ McNab, Brian Keith (2002). The physiological ecology of vertebrates: a view from energetics. Cornell University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-8014-3913-1.
  17. ^ Dausmann, Kathrin H.; Glos, Julian; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Heldmaier, Gerhard (2004). "Physiology: hibernation in a tropical primate". Nature. 429 (6994): 825–826. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..825D. doi:10.1038/429825a. PMID 15215852. S2CID 4366123.
  18. ^ . Oakland Zoo. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2012.

Further reading edit

  • Navas, Carlos Arturo; Carvalho, José Eduardo (2009). Aestivation: Molecular and Physiological Aspects. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-02420-7.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aestivation.
 
Look up aestivation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Abstract of an Australian paper on aestivation in snails
  • Some info in aestivation in the snail Theba pisana
  • Hibernation on demand

December 15, 2023
aestivation, this, article, about, state, animal, dormancy, similar, hibernation, other, uses, disambiguation, latin, aestas, summer, also, spelled, estivation, american, english, state, animal, dormancy, similar, hibernation, although, taking, place, summer, . This article is about a state of animal dormancy similar to hibernation For other uses see Aestivation disambiguation Aestivation Latin aestas summer also spelled estivation in American English is a state of animal dormancy similar to hibernation although taking place in the summer rather than the winter Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions 1 It takes place during times of heat and dryness which are often the summer months Theba pisana snails aestivating on Foeniculum vulgare in Montbazin FranceInvertebrate and vertebrate animals are known to enter this state to avoid damage from high temperatures and the risk of desiccation Both terrestrial and aquatic animals undergo aestivation Fossil records suggest that aestivation may have evolved several hundred million years ago Contents 1 Physiology 2 Invertebrates 2 1 Mollusca 2 2 Arthropoda 3 Vertebrates 3 1 Reptiles and amphibians 3 2 Fish 3 3 Mammals 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksPhysiology editOrganisms that aestivate appear to be in a fairly light state of dormancy as their physiological state can be rapidly reversed and the organism can quickly return to a normal state A study done on Otala lactea a snail native to parts of Europe and Northern Africa shows that they can wake from their dormant state within ten minutes of being introduced to a wetter environment The primary physiological and biochemical concerns for an aestivating animal are to conserve energy retain water in the body ration the use of stored energy handle the nitrogenous end products and stabilize bodily organs cells and macromolecules This can be quite a task as hot temperatures and arid conditions may last for months in some cases for years The depression of metabolic rate during aestivation causes a reduction in macromolecule synthesis and degradation To stabilise the macromolecules aestivators will enhance antioxidant defenses and elevate chaperone proteins This is a widely used strategy across all forms of hypometabolism These physiological and biochemical concerns appear to be the core elements of hypometabolism throughout the animal kingdom In other words animals which aestivate appear to go through nearly the same physiological processes as animals that hibernate 2 Invertebrates edit nbsp Introduced Theba pisana snails aestivating on a row of fence posts in Kadina South Australia nbsp Numerous individuals of the snail Cernuella virgata aestivating on a wire fence near Glanum in the south of France Mollusca edit Gastropoda some air breathing land snails including species in the genera Helix Cernuella Theba Helicella Achatina and Otala commonly aestivate during periods of heat Some species move into shaded vegetation or rubble Others climb up tall plants including crop species as well as bushes and trees and will also climb human made structures such as posts fences etc Their habit of climbing vegetation to aestivate has caused more than one introduced snail species to be declared an agricultural nuisance To seal the opening to their shell to prevent water loss pulmonate land snails secrete a membrane of dried mucus called an epiphragm In certain species such as Helix pomatia this barrier is reinforced with calcium carbonate and thus it superficially resembles an operculum except that it has a tiny hole to allow some oxygen exchange citation needed There is a decrease in metabolic rate and reduced rate of water loss in aestivating snails like Rhagada tescorum 3 Sphincterochila boissieri and others Arthropoda edit Insecta Lady beetles Coccinellidae have been reported to aestivate 4 Mosquitoes also are reported to undergo aestivation 5 False honey ants are well known for being winter active and aestivate in temperate climates Bogong moths will aestivate over the summer to avoid the heat and lack of food sources 6 Adult alfalfa weevils Hypera postica aestivate during the summer in the southeastern United States during which their metabolism respiration and nervous systems show a dampening of activity 7 8 Crustacea An example of a crustacean undergoing aestivation is with the Australian crab Austrothelphusa transversa which undergoes aestivation underground during the dry season 9 Vertebrates editReptiles and amphibians edit source source source source source source source Aestivation has been put forward as the most likely explanation why this therapsid cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus shared its burrow with a temnospondyl amphibian Broomistega putterilli 10 Non mammalian animals that aestivate include North American desert tortoises crocodiles and salamanders Some amphibians e g the cane toad and greater siren aestivate during the hot dry season by moving underground where it is cooler and more humid The California red legged frog may aestivate to conserve energy when its food and water supply is low 11 The water holding frog has an aestivation cycle It buries itself in sandy ground in a secreted water tight mucus cocoon during periods of hot dry weather Australian Aboriginals discovered a means to take advantage of this by digging up one of these frogs and squeezing it causing the frog to empty its bladder This dilute urine up to half a glassful can be drunk However this will cause the death of the frog which will be unable to survive until the next rainy season without the water it had stored 12 The western swamp turtle aestivates to survive hot summers in the ephemeral swamps it lives in It buries itself in various media which change depending on location and available substrates 13 Because the species is critically endangered the Perth Zoo began a conservation and breeding program for it However zookeepers were unaware of the importance of their aestivation cycle and during the first summer period would perform weekly checks on the animals This repeated disturbance was detrimental to the health of the animals with many losing significant weight and some dying The zookeepers quickly changed their procedures and now leave their captive turtles undisturbed during their aestivation period Fish edit African lungfish also aestivate 14 15 as can salamanderfish Mammals edit Although relatively uncommon a small number of mammals aestivate 16 Animal physiologist Kathrin Dausmann of Philipps University of Marburg Germany and coworkers presented evidence in a 2004 edition of Nature that the Malagasy fat tailed dwarf lemur hibernates or aestivates in a small tree hole for seven months of the year 17 According to the Oakland Zoo in California four toed hedgehogs are thought to aestivate during the dry season 18 See also editCritical thermal maximum Hibernation induction trigger TorporReferences edit Miller William Charles 2007 Trace Fossils Concepts Problems Prospects Elsevier p 206 ISBN 978 0 444 52949 7 Storey Kenneth B Storey Janet M 2012 Aestivation signaling and hypometabolism The Journal of Experimental Biology 215 8 1425 1433 doi 10 1242 jeb 054403 PMID 22496277 Withers Philip Pedler Scott Guppy Michael 1997 Physiological adjustments during aestivation by the Australian land snail Rhagada tescorum Mollusca Pulmonata Camaenidae Australian Journal of Zoology 45 6 599 611 doi 10 1071 ZO97009 Hagen Kenneth S 1962 Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae Annual Review of Entomology 7 289 326 doi 10 1146 annurev en 07 010162 001445 Charlwood JD Vij R Billingsley PF 2000 Dry season refugia of malaria transmitting mosquitoes in a dry savannah zone of east Africa American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62 6 726 732 doi 10 4269 ajtmh 2000 62 726 PMID 11304064 Common I F B 1954 A study of the ecology of the adult bogong moth Agrotis infusa Boisd Lepidoptera Noctuidae with special reference to its behaviour during migration and aestivation Australian Journal of Zoology 2 2 223 263 doi 10 1071 zo9540223 Cunningham R K Tombes A S August 1966 Succinate oxidase system in the alfalfa weevil Hypera postica during aestivation summer diapause Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 18 4 725 733 doi 10 1016 0010 406x 66 90207 6 ISSN 0010 406X PMID 5967408 Kutyna F A Tombes A S 26 November 1966 Bioelectric activity of the central nervous system in normal and diapausing alfalfa weevils Nature 212 5065 956 957 Bibcode 1966Natur 212 956K doi 10 1038 212956a0 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 6003744 S2CID 4205279 Waltham Nathan J 2016 Unravelling life history of the Inland Freshwater Crab Austrothelphusa transversa in seasonal tropical river catchments Australian Zoologist 38 2 217 222 doi 10 7882 az 2016 034 Fernandez V Abdala F Carlson K J Cook D C Rubidge B S Yates A Tafforeau P 2013 Butler Richard J ed Synchrotron Reveals Early Triassic Odd Couple Injured Amphibian and Aestivating Therapsid Share Burrow PLOS ONE 8 6 e64978 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 864978F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0064978 PMC 3689844 PMID 23805181 Moore Bob 29 September 2009 Estivation The Survival Siesta Audubon Guides Archived from the original on 21 November 2018 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Pough F H Andrews R M Cadle J E Crump M L Savitzky A H Wells K D 2001 Herpetology second edition Upper Saddle River New Jersey Prentice Hall Burbrige Andrew Kuchling Gerald 2004 Western swamp tortoise Pseudemydura umbrina recovery plan PDF 3 ed Perth Western Australia Dept of Conservation and Land Management Retrieved 26 November 2015 Delaney R G Lahiri S Fishman A P 1974 Aestivation of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus cardiovascular and respiratory functions PDF Journal of Experimental Biology 61 1 111 128 doi 10 1242 jeb 61 1 111 PMID 4411892 Fishman A P Galante R J Winokur A Pack A I 1992 Estivation in the African lungfish Proc Am Philos Soc 136 1 61 72 JSTOR 986798 McNab Brian Keith 2002 The physiological ecology of vertebrates a view from energetics Cornell University Press p 388 ISBN 978 0 8014 3913 1 Dausmann Kathrin H Glos Julian Ganzhorn Jorg U Heldmaier Gerhard 2004 Physiology hibernation in a tropical primate Nature 429 6994 825 826 Bibcode 2004Natur 429 825D doi 10 1038 429825a PMID 15215852 S2CID 4366123 East African Hedgehog Oakland Zoo Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Further reading editNavas Carlos Arturo Carvalho Jose Eduardo 2009 Aestivation Molecular and Physiological Aspects Springer ISBN 978 3 642 02420 7 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aestivation nbsp Look up aestivation in Wiktionary the free dictionary Abstract of an Australian paper on aestivation in snails Some info in aestivation in the snail Theba pisana Hibernation on demand Basic definition Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aestivation amp oldid 1168721218, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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