Erbium(III) oxide has a cubic structure resembling the bixbyite motif. The Er3+ centers are octahedral.[2]
Reactionsedit
The formation of erbium oxide is accomplished by burning erbium metal.[3] Erbium oxide is insoluble in water and soluble in mineral acids. Er2O3 does not readily absorb moisture and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It can react with acids to form the corresponding erbium(III) salts. For example, with hydrochloric acid, the oxide follows the following idealized reaction leading to erbium chloride:
Er2O3 + 6 HCl → 2 ErCl3 + 3 H2O
In practice, such simple acid-base reactions are accompanied by hydration:
ErCl3 + 9 H2O → [Er(H2O)9]Cl3
Propertiesedit
One interesting property of erbium oxides is their ability to up convert photons. Photon upconversion takes place when infrared or visible radiation, low energy light, is converted to ultraviolet or violet radiation higher energy light via multiple transfer or absorption of energy.[4] Erbium oxide nanoparticles also possess photoluminescence properties. Erbium oxide nanoparticles can be formed by applying ultrasound (20 kHz, 29 W·cm−2) in the presence of multiwall carbon nanotubes. The erbium oxide nanoparticles that have been successfully made by employing ultrasound are erbium carboxioxide, hexagonal and spherical geometry erbium oxide. Each ultrasonically formed erbium oxide is photoluminescence in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum under excitation of 379 nm in water. Hexagonal erbium oxide photoluminescence is long lived and allows higher energy transitions (4S3/2 - 4I15/2). Spherical erbium oxide does not experience 4S3/2 - 4I15/2 energy transitions.[5]
Usesedit
The applications of Er2O3 are varied due to their electrical, optical and photoluminescence properties. Nanoscale materials doped with Er3+ are of much interest because they have special particle-size-dependent optical and electrical properties.[6] Erbium oxide doped nanoparticle materials can be dispersed in glass or plastic for display purposes, such as display monitors. The spectroscopy of Er3+ electronic transitions in host crystals lattices of nanoparticles combined with ultrasonically formed geometries in aqueous solution of carbon nanotubes is of great interest for synthesis of photoluminescence nanoparticles in 'green' chemistry.[5] Erbium oxide is among the most important rare earth metals used in biomedicine.[7] The photoluminescence property of erbium oxide nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes makes them useful in biomedical applications. For example, erbium oxide nanoparticles can be surface modified for distribution into aqueous and non-aqueous media for bioimaging.[6] Erbium oxides are also used as gate dielectrics in semi conductor devices since it has a high dielectric constant (10–14) and a large band gap. Erbium is sometimes used as a coloring for glasses[1] and erbium oxide can also be used as a burnable neutron poison for nuclear fuel.
^ ab Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 4–57. ISBN978-0-8493-0594-8.
^ abAdachi, Gin-ya; Imanaka, Nobuhito (1998). "The Binary Rare Earth Oxides". Chemical Reviews. 98 (4): 1479–1514. doi:10.1021/cr940055h. PMID 11848940.
^Emsley, John (2001). "Erbium" Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to Elements. Oxford, England, Uk: Oxford University Press. pp. 136–139. ISBN978-0-19-850340-8.
^"Rare-earth-doped nanoparticles prove illuminating". SPIE. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
^ abRadziuk, Darya; Andre Skirtach; Andre Geßner; Michael U. Kumke; Wei Zhang; Helmuth M€ohwald; Dmitry Shchukin (24 October 2011). "Ultrasonic Approach for Formation of Erbium Oxide Nanoparticles with Variable Geometries". Langmuir. 27 (23): 14472–14480. doi:10.1021/la203622u. PMID 22022886.
^ abRichard, Scheps (12 February 1996). "Upconversion laser processes". Progress in Quantum Electronics. 20 (4): 271–358. Bibcode:1996PQE....20..271S. doi:10.1016/0079-6727(95)00007-0.
^Andre, Skirtach; Almudena Javier; Oliver Kref; Karen Kohler; Alicia Alberola; Helmuth Mohwald; Wolfgang Parak; Gleb Sukhorukov (2006). "Laser-Induced Release of Encapsulated Materials inside Living Cells" (PDF). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (28): 4612–4617. doi:10.1002/anie.200504599. PMID 16791887. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
^Aaron John Ihde (1984). The development of modern chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 378–379. ISBN978-0-486-64235-2.
March 13, 2024
erbium, oxide, inorganic, compound, with, formula, er2o3, pink, paramagnetic, solid, finds, uses, various, optical, materials, erbium, oxide, namesother, names, erbium, oxide, erbiaidentifierscas, number, 12061, model, jsmol, interactive, imageionic, interacti. Erbium III oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Er2O3 It is a pink paramagnetic solid It finds uses in various optical materials 2 Erbium oxide 1 NamesOther names Erbium oxide erbiaIdentifiersCAS Number 12061 16 4 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageionic Interactive imageChemSpider 4298039 YECHA InfoCard 100 031 847EC Number 235 045 7PubChem CID 159426CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID60893839InChI InChI 1S 2Er 3O YKey VQCBHWLJZDBHOS UHFFFAOYSA N YInChI 1 2Er 3O rEr2O3 c3 1 5 2 4Key VQCBHWLJZDBHOS YMHUIQTEAQSMILES O Er O Er Oionic O 2 Er 3 O 2 Er 3 O 2 PropertiesChemical formula Er2O3Molar mass 382 56 g molAppearance pink crystalsDensity 8 64 g cm3Melting point 2 344 C 4 251 F 2 617 K Boiling point 3 290 C 5 950 F 3 560 K Solubility in water insoluble in waterMagnetic susceptibility x 73 920 10 6 cm3 molStructureCrystal structure Cubic cI80Space group Ia 3 No 206ThermochemistryHeat capacity C 108 5 J mol 1 K 1Std molarentropy S 298 155 6 J mol 1 K 1Std enthalpy offormation DfH 298 1897 9 kJ mol 1Related compoundsOther anions Erbium III chlorideOther cations Holmium III oxide Thulium III oxideExcept where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Structure 2 Reactions 3 Properties 4 Uses 5 History 6 ReferencesStructure editErbium III oxide has a cubic structure resembling the bixbyite motif The Er3 centers are octahedral 2 Reactions editThe formation of erbium oxide is accomplished by burning erbium metal 3 Erbium oxide is insoluble in water and soluble in mineral acids Er2O3 does not readily absorb moisture and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere It can react with acids to form the corresponding erbium III salts For example with hydrochloric acid the oxide follows the following idealized reaction leading to erbium chloride Er2O3 6 HCl 2 ErCl3 3 H2OIn practice such simple acid base reactions are accompanied by hydration ErCl3 9 H2O Er H2O 9 Cl3Properties editOne interesting property of erbium oxides is their ability to up convert photons Photon upconversion takes place when infrared or visible radiation low energy light is converted to ultraviolet or violet radiation higher energy light via multiple transfer or absorption of energy 4 Erbium oxide nanoparticles also possess photoluminescence properties Erbium oxide nanoparticles can be formed by applying ultrasound 20 kHz 29 W cm 2 in the presence of multiwall carbon nanotubes The erbium oxide nanoparticles that have been successfully made by employing ultrasound are erbium carboxioxide hexagonal and spherical geometry erbium oxide Each ultrasonically formed erbium oxide is photoluminescence in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum under excitation of 379 nm in water Hexagonal erbium oxide photoluminescence is long lived and allows higher energy transitions 4S3 2 4I15 2 Spherical erbium oxide does not experience 4S3 2 4I15 2 energy transitions 5 Uses editThe applications of Er2O3 are varied due to their electrical optical and photoluminescence properties Nanoscale materials doped with Er3 are of much interest because they have special particle size dependent optical and electrical properties 6 Erbium oxide doped nanoparticle materials can be dispersed in glass or plastic for display purposes such as display monitors The spectroscopy of Er3 electronic transitions in host crystals lattices of nanoparticles combined with ultrasonically formed geometries in aqueous solution of carbon nanotubes is of great interest for synthesis of photoluminescence nanoparticles in green chemistry 5 Erbium oxide is among the most important rare earth metals used in biomedicine 7 The photoluminescence property of erbium oxide nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes makes them useful in biomedical applications For example erbium oxide nanoparticles can be surface modified for distribution into aqueous and non aqueous media for bioimaging 6 Erbium oxides are also used as gate dielectrics in semi conductor devices since it has a high dielectric constant 10 14 and a large band gap Erbium is sometimes used as a coloring for glasses 1 and erbium oxide can also be used as a burnable neutron poison for nuclear fuel History editImpure erbium III oxide was isolated by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1843 and first obtained in pure form in 1905 by Georges Urbain and Charles James 8 References edit a b Lide David R 1998 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87 ed Boca Raton FL CRC Press pp 4 57 ISBN 978 0 8493 0594 8 a b Adachi Gin ya Imanaka Nobuhito 1998 The Binary Rare Earth Oxides Chemical Reviews 98 4 1479 1514 doi 10 1021 cr940055h PMID 11848940 Emsley John 2001 Erbium Nature s Building Blocks An A Z Guide to Elements Oxford England Uk Oxford University Press pp 136 139 ISBN 978 0 19 850340 8 Rare earth doped nanoparticles prove illuminating SPIE Retrieved April 10 2012 a b Radziuk Darya Andre Skirtach Andre Gessner Michael U Kumke Wei Zhang Helmuth M ohwald Dmitry Shchukin 24 October 2011 Ultrasonic Approach for Formation of Erbium Oxide Nanoparticles with Variable Geometries Langmuir 27 23 14472 14480 doi 10 1021 la203622u PMID 22022886 a b Richard Scheps 12 February 1996 Upconversion laser processes Progress in Quantum Electronics 20 4 271 358 Bibcode 1996PQE 20 271S doi 10 1016 0079 6727 95 00007 0 Andre Skirtach Almudena Javier Oliver Kref Karen Kohler Alicia Alberola Helmuth Mohwald Wolfgang Parak Gleb Sukhorukov 2006 Laser Induced Release of Encapsulated Materials inside Living Cells PDF Angew Chem Int Ed 38 28 4612 4617 doi 10 1002 anie 200504599 PMID 16791887 Retrieved April 15 2012 Aaron John Ihde 1984 The development of modern chemistry Courier Dover Publications pp 378 379 ISBN 978 0 486 64235 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Erbium III oxide amp oldid 1204884266, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
