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Mongolian wild ass

April 24, 2024

The Mongolian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemionus), also known as Mongolian khulan, is the nominate subspecies of the onager. It is found in southern Mongolia and northern China. It was previously found in eastern Kazakhstan and southern Siberia before being extirpated there through hunting.[4] As of 2015, the Mongolian wild ass is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN.[1] Current population estimates are approximately 42,000 individuals in Mongolia and around 5,000 individuals in Northern China.[5]

Mongolian wild ass
Mongolian wild asses in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia.
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Genus: Equus
Species:
E. hemionus
Subspecies:
E. h. hemionus
Trinomial name
Equus hemionus hemionus
Pallas, 1775
Synonyms[3]
  • Equus (Asinus) hemionus bedfordi Matschie 1911
  • Equus (Asinus) hemionus findschi Matschie 1911
  • Equus (Asinus) hemionus luteus Matschie 1911

Taxonomy and etymology edit

The Mongolian wild ass is synonymous with the Gobi khulan (Equus hemionus luteus),[1] also called the chigetai, dziggetai or simply khulan, Mongolian: Хулан.[6]

Habitat and population edit

 
Two Mongolian wild asses at Gobi Desert, Mongolia.

The Mongolian wild ass has become primarily confined to the desert-steppe, semi-desert and deserts habitats of Gobi Desert.

The Mongolian wild ass is the most widespread subspecies, although despite that, the subspecies lost about 50% of its former distribution range in Mongolia in the past 70 years. The former range of the Asiatic wild ass in East Asia between the seventeenth and the middle of the nineteenth century encompassed the greater part of Mongolia, areas of Siberia and Manchuria, the western part of Inner Mongolia and the northern part of Xinjiang. Its distribution range then dramatically reduced during the 1990s. A 1994–1997 survey estimated its population size at 33,000 to 63,000 individuals over a continuous distribution range encompassing all of southern Mongolia.[7] In 2003, a new survey found approximately 20,000 individuals over an area of 177,563 square kilometres (68,557 sq mi) in southern Mongolia.[8] The species had decreased to 14,000 individuals in 2009. The population estimates of the Mongolian population should be treated with caution due to a lack of proven survey protocols.[9][10]

Biology and behavior edit

The Mongolian wild ass are herbivorous mammals. They feed on grasses, herbs and vegetation. They also feed on shrubs and trees in drier habitats. During spring and summer in Mongolia, the succulent plants of the family Zygophyllaceae form an important component of the diet of the Mongolian wild ass.

Mongolian khulans are known to dig holes at dry river beds and water sources to access subsurface water to drink in response of the lack of water during hot summers in the Gobi Desert. Watering holes dug by khulans are also used by other species (wild and domestic) as well as by humans to access to water.[11]

Threats edit

The Mongolian wild ass population is declining due to poaching and competition from grazing livestock. The conservation status of the species is evaluated as endangered.[1]

The Mongolian khulan are threatened by apex predators such as gray wolves, dholes and formerly by tigers that became extinct within the regions.

Poaching for meat appears to be an increasing problem in Mongolia. For some parts of the local population, wild ass and other wildlife meat seems to provide a substitute or even a cheap alternative to meat from domestic animals.[12] In 2005, a national survey based on questionnaires, suggested that as many as 4,500 wild asses, about 20% of the whole population, may be poached each year.[13] Moreover, political changes in the early 1990s allowed urban populations to return to nomadic land use, resulting in a sharp increase in human and livestock numbers in many rural areas.[14][15][16]

Political and societal changes have disrupted traditional land use patterns, weakened law enforcement and also changed attitudes towards the use of natural resources, e.g., making wildlife an "open access" resource.[17] It is expected that the re-migration of people and their livestock will result in increased wildlife–human interactions and may well threaten the survival of rare wildlife species in the Gobi Desert.

Conservation actions edit

 
A Mongolian wild ass at Shanghai Zoo, China.

Since 1953, the Mongolian wild ass has been fully protected in Mongolia. The subspecies is also listed at appendix I of CITES (the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) and was added to appendix II of the Convention of Migratory Species in 2002.[18] However, due to human population growth in conjunction with severe winters in the past years,[19] the number of conflicts between herders and Mongolian wild asses appear on the increase. Information on the basic biology of the subspecies and how it differs from others is lacking, which hampers conservation efforts.[20]

In captivity edit

The Mongolian wild asses are rare in captivity in the world, though the captive animals are mostly found in China, such as in Beijing Zoo, Shanghai Zoo and Kunming Zoo at Yunnan.

Related subspecies edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Kacnsky, P.; Lkhagvasuren, B.; Pereladova, O.; Hemami, M.; Bouskila, A. (2020). "Equus hemionus ssp. hemionus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T7952A176245867. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7952A176245867.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Colin Groves and Peter Grubb (1 November 2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-421-40093-8.
  4. ^ Clark, B. and Duncan, P. (1992). "Asian Wild Asses - Hemiones and Kiangs (E. hemionus Pallas and E. kiang Moorcroft)", pp. 17–21. In: P. Duncan (ed.) Zebras, Asses, and Horses: An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group.
  5. ^ IUCN (2015). "Equus hemionus: Kaczensky, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Pereladova, O., Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A." IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2015-4.rlts.t7951a45171204.en.
  6. ^ Ian Lauder Mason (2002). Porter, Valerie (ed.). Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types, and Varieties (5th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 978-0851994307.
  7. ^ Richard P. Reading; Henry M. Mix; Badamjaviin Lhagvasuren; Claudia Feh; David P. Kane; S. Dulamtseren & Sumyain Enkhbold (2001). "Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in Mongolia". Journal of Zoology. 254 (3): 381–389. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000887.
  8. ^ Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment. 2003. Status and distribution of the khulan in Mongolia in 2003. Unpublished report, Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  9. ^ S. T. Buckland; D. R. Anderson; K. P. Burnham; J. L. Laake; D. L. Borchers; L. Thomas, eds. (2001). Introduction to Distance Sampling. Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 432. ISBN 9780198509271.
  10. ^ Kaczensky P. and C. Walzer. 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2003b. Przewalski horses, wolves and khulans in Mongolia. Bi-annual progress reports. available from: www.takhi.org
  11. ^ Anne-Camille SOURIS & Association Goviin Khulan http://www.goviinkhulan.com, http://annecamille-souris.jimdo.com/work/ Archived 2013-07-23 at archive.today
  12. ^ P. Kaczensky & O. Gambatar unpubl. Data
  13. ^ J. Wingard unpubl. data
  14. ^ María E. Fernández-Giménez (1999). "Sustaining the steppes: a geographical history of pastoral land use in Mongolia". Geographical Review. 89 (3): 315–342. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.1999.tb00222.x. JSTOR 216154. PMID 20662187.
  15. ^ Donald J. Bedunah & Sabine M. Schmidt (2004). "Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park". Development and Change. 35 (1): 167–191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2004.00347.x.
  16. ^ R. Mearns; D. Shombodon; G. Narangerel; U. Tuul; A. Enkhamgalan; B. Myagmarzhav; A. Bayanjargal & B. Bekhsuren (1994). "Natural resource mapping and seasonal variations and stresses in Mongolia" (PDF). RRA Notes. 20: 95–105.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ D. G. Pratt; D. C. MacMillan & I. J. Gordon (2004). "Local community attitudes to wildlife utilisation in the changing economic and social context of Mongolia". Biodiversity and Conservation. 13 (3): 591–613. Bibcode:2004BiCon..13..591P. doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000009492.56373.cc. S2CID 32182395.
  18. ^ CMS 2002. Convention on Migratory Species. Appendix II. 2006-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defense and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. 2000. DZUD 2000-Mongolia: An evolving ecological, social and economic disaster: A rapid needs assessment report. United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defense and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar
  20. ^ "Asiatic Wild Ass   Equus hemionus". IUCN.org. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. Archived from the original on 2012-12-20.

April 24, 2024
mongolian, wild, equus, hemionus, hemionus, also, known, mongolian, khulan, nominate, subspecies, onager, found, southern, mongolia, northern, china, previously, found, eastern, kazakhstan, southern, siberia, before, being, extirpated, there, through, hunting,. The Mongolian wild ass Equus hemionus hemionus also known as Mongolian khulan is the nominate subspecies of the onager It is found in southern Mongolia and northern China It was previously found in eastern Kazakhstan and southern Siberia before being extirpated there through hunting 4 As of 2015 the Mongolian wild ass is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN 1 Current population estimates are approximately 42 000 individuals in Mongolia and around 5 000 individuals in Northern China 5 Mongolian wild ass Mongolian wild asses in the Gobi Desert Mongolia Conservation status Near Threatened IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix I CITES 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Perissodactyla Family Equidae Genus Equus Species E hemionus Subspecies E h hemionus Trinomial name Equus hemionus hemionusPallas 1775 Synonyms 3 Equus Asinus hemionus bedfordi Matschie 1911Equus Asinus hemionus findschi Matschie 1911Equus Asinus hemionus luteus Matschie 1911 Contents 1 Taxonomy and etymology 2 Habitat and population 3 Biology and behavior 4 Threats 5 Conservation actions 6 In captivity 7 Related subspecies 8 See also 9 ReferencesTaxonomy and etymology editThe Mongolian wild ass is synonymous with the Gobi khulan Equus hemionus luteus 1 also called the chigetai dziggetai or simply khulan Mongolian Hulan 6 Habitat and population edit nbsp Two Mongolian wild asses at Gobi Desert Mongolia The Mongolian wild ass has become primarily confined to the desert steppe semi desert and deserts habitats of Gobi Desert The Mongolian wild ass is the most widespread subspecies although despite that the subspecies lost about 50 of its former distribution range in Mongolia in the past 70 years The former range of the Asiatic wild ass in East Asia between the seventeenth and the middle of the nineteenth century encompassed the greater part of Mongolia areas of Siberia and Manchuria the western part of Inner Mongolia and the northern part of Xinjiang Its distribution range then dramatically reduced during the 1990s A 1994 1997 survey estimated its population size at 33 000 to 63 000 individuals over a continuous distribution range encompassing all of southern Mongolia 7 In 2003 a new survey found approximately 20 000 individuals over an area of 177 563 square kilometres 68 557 sq mi in southern Mongolia 8 The species had decreased to 14 000 individuals in 2009 The population estimates of the Mongolian population should be treated with caution due to a lack of proven survey protocols 9 10 Biology and behavior editThe Mongolian wild ass are herbivorous mammals They feed on grasses herbs and vegetation They also feed on shrubs and trees in drier habitats During spring and summer in Mongolia the succulent plants of the family Zygophyllaceae form an important component of the diet of the Mongolian wild ass Mongolian khulans are known to dig holes at dry river beds and water sources to access subsurface water to drink in response of the lack of water during hot summers in the Gobi Desert Watering holes dug by khulans are also used by other species wild and domestic as well as by humans to access to water 11 Threats editThe Mongolian wild ass population is declining due to poaching and competition from grazing livestock The conservation status of the species is evaluated as endangered 1 The Mongolian khulan are threatened by apex predators such as gray wolves dholes and formerly by tigers that became extinct within the regions Poaching for meat appears to be an increasing problem in Mongolia For some parts of the local population wild ass and other wildlife meat seems to provide a substitute or even a cheap alternative to meat from domestic animals 12 In 2005 a national survey based on questionnaires suggested that as many as 4 500 wild asses about 20 of the whole population may be poached each year 13 Moreover political changes in the early 1990s allowed urban populations to return to nomadic land use resulting in a sharp increase in human and livestock numbers in many rural areas 14 15 16 Political and societal changes have disrupted traditional land use patterns weakened law enforcement and also changed attitudes towards the use of natural resources e g making wildlife an open access resource 17 It is expected that the re migration of people and their livestock will result in increased wildlife human interactions and may well threaten the survival of rare wildlife species in the Gobi Desert Conservation actions edit nbsp A Mongolian wild ass at Shanghai Zoo China Since 1953 the Mongolian wild ass has been fully protected in Mongolia The subspecies is also listed at appendix I of CITES the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna and was added to appendix II of the Convention of Migratory Species in 2002 18 However due to human population growth in conjunction with severe winters in the past years 19 the number of conflicts between herders and Mongolian wild asses appear on the increase Information on the basic biology of the subspecies and how it differs from others is lacking which hampers conservation efforts 20 In captivity editThe Mongolian wild asses are rare in captivity in the world though the captive animals are mostly found in China such as in Beijing Zoo Shanghai Zoo and Kunming Zoo at Yunnan Related subspecies editTurkmenian kulan Equus hemionus kulan Persian onager gur Equus hemionus onager Indian wild ass khur Equus hemionus khur Syrian wild ass or hemippe Equus hemionus hemippus extinct See also editKiang or Tibetan wild ass Przewalski s horse or Mongolian wild horse Mongolian horse Takhi Horses in East Asian warfare Yakutian horseReferences edit a b c d Kacnsky P Lkhagvasuren B Pereladova O Hemami M Bouskila A 2020 Equus hemionus ssp hemionus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T7952A176245867 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T7952A176245867 en Retrieved 11 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 Colin Groves and Peter Grubb 1 November 2011 Ungulate Taxonomy p 15 ISBN 978 1 421 40093 8 Clark B and Duncan P 1992 Asian Wild Asses Hemiones and Kiangs E hemionus Pallas and E kiang Moorcroft pp 17 21 In P Duncan ed Zebras Asses and Horses An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids Gland Switzerland IUCN SSC Equid Specialist Group IUCN 2015 Equus hemionus Kaczensky P Lkhagvasuren B Pereladova O Hemami M amp Bouskila A IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2015 4 rlts t7951a45171204 en Ian Lauder Mason 2002 Porter Valerie ed Mason s World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds Types and Varieties 5th ed Wallingford CABI ISBN 978 0851994307 Richard P Reading Henry M Mix Badamjaviin Lhagvasuren Claudia Feh David P Kane S Dulamtseren amp Sumyain Enkhbold 2001 Status and distribution of khulan Equus hemionus in Mongolia Journal of Zoology 254 3 381 389 doi 10 1017 S0952836901000887 Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment 2003 Status and distribution of the khulan in Mongolia in 2003 Unpublished report Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment Ulaanbaatar Mongolia S T Buckland D R Anderson K P Burnham J L Laake D L Borchers L Thomas eds 2001 Introduction to Distance Sampling Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations Oxford UK Oxford University Press p 432 ISBN 9780198509271 Kaczensky P and C Walzer 2002a 2002b 2003a 2003b Przewalski horses wolves and khulans in Mongolia Bi annual progress reports available from www takhi org Anne Camille SOURIS amp Association Goviin Khulan http www goviinkhulan com http annecamille souris jimdo com work Archived 2013 07 23 at archive today P Kaczensky amp O Gambatar unpubl Data J Wingard unpubl data Maria E Fernandez Gimenez 1999 Sustaining the steppes a geographical history of pastoral land use in Mongolia Geographical Review 89 3 315 342 doi 10 1111 j 1931 0846 1999 tb00222 x JSTOR 216154 PMID 20662187 Donald J Bedunah amp Sabine M Schmidt 2004 Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia s Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park Development and Change 35 1 167 191 doi 10 1111 j 1467 7660 2004 00347 x R Mearns D Shombodon G Narangerel U Tuul A Enkhamgalan B Myagmarzhav A Bayanjargal amp B Bekhsuren 1994 Natural resource mapping and seasonal variations and stresses in Mongolia PDF RRA Notes 20 95 105 permanent dead link D G Pratt D C MacMillan amp I J Gordon 2004 Local community attitudes to wildlife utilisation in the changing economic and social context of Mongolia Biodiversity and Conservation 13 3 591 613 Bibcode 2004BiCon 13 591P doi 10 1023 B BIOC 0000009492 56373 cc S2CID 32182395 CMS 2002 Convention on Migratory Species Appendix II Archived 2006 05 13 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Disaster Management Team UNDMT National Civil Defense and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar 2000 DZUD 2000 Mongolia An evolving ecological social and economic disaster A rapid needs assessment report United Nations Disaster Management Team UNDMT National Civil Defense and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar Asiatic Wild Ass Equus hemionus IUCN org IUCN SSC Equid Specialist Group Archived from the original on 2012 12 20 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mongolian wild ass amp oldid 1219596253, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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