Skeletal diagram of Eodromaeus murphi, known remains depicted in white and light grey, unknown in dark grey.
Fossils from Eodromaeus were first discovered in 1996 by Argentinean paleontologist Ricardo N. Martinez and Earthwatch volunteer Jim Murphy, and it was first believed that the fossils were a new species of Eoraptor. However, as the researchers started to take a closer look at the fossils, they found that it had many skeletal features which were absent in Eoraptor, and they understood that it came from a new genus.[1][2]
Eodromaeus is known from six specimens found at various levels of the Ischigualasto Formation of San Juan Province, Argentina. By far the most complete specimen is the holotype, PVSJ 560, a crushed but nearly complete articulated skeleton recovered from the base of the Valle de la Luna Member. The Valle de la Luna Member is the thick third-oldest member of the formation. It overlies the thinner Cancha de Bochas and La Peña Members, the second-oldest and oldest members of the formation, respectively. Other referred specimens include PVSJ 561, 562, and 563 from the Valle de la Luna Member, PVSJ 534 from the La Peña Member, and PVSJ 877 from the Cancha de Bochas Member. Every Eodromaeus specimen lived within the humid Scaphonyx-Exaeretodon-Herrerasaurus biozone, which occupies the first half of the Ischigualasto Formation. A bentonite deposit in the La Peña Member has been dated to 231 ± 0.4 Ma, indicating that the Ischigualasto Formation corresponds to the later part of the Carnian stage, the first stage in the Late Triassic.[1][3]
Eodromaeus was named by Ricardo N. Martínez, Paul C. Sereno, Oscar A. Alcober, Carina E. Colombi, Paul R. Renne, Isabel P. Montañez and Brian S. Currie in 2011 and the type species is Eodromaeus murphi. The generic name is derived from the Greek words Eos ("Dawn", "Early") and Dromaeus ("Runner"). The specific name honors Jim Murphy, who used to work the area nearby where the fossils were found.[1]
Description
Size comparison between Eodromaeus and a human.
Eodromaeus was a relatively small dinosaur, like most Carnian dinosaurs apart from herrerasaurids.[1] A press release estimated that its total length reach about 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) from nose to tail, with a weight of about 4.5 to 6.8 kg (9.9 to 15.0 lb).[2] Benson et al. (2018) estimated that Eodromaeus had a mass of 7.1 kg (16 lb).[4] The animal was lightly built and had long hindlimbs, suggesting that it was well-built for running even by the standards of most early dinosaurs. Kubo & Kubo (2012) found that, among 23 sampled Triassic archosaurs, only Marasuchus exceeded Eodromaeus in adaptations for cursoriality.[5] Paul Sereno has estimated that it could run about 32 km per hour (20 miles per hour).[2]Eodromaeus has been cited by Sereno as resembling a predicted common ancestor to all dinosaurs, the "Eve" of dinosaurs.[6]
Life restoration
The skull was low and rectangular, about 12 cm (4.7 in) in length. It had an expansive antorbital fenestra edged from below by a sharp ridge. The antorbital fenestra was preceded a promaxillary fenestra, an additional hole in the skull characteristic of theropods and Herrerasaurus. The braincase had deep depressions on its side like many theropods, and connected to the palate via thin and blade-like basipterygoid processes. The cranium had a relatively low number of knife-shaped teeth (fifteen in total) which were longest in the front half of the maxilla. There was also a row of tiny teeth on the pterygoid bone of the palate. Palatal teeth are very rare in dinosaurs (and true archosaurs in general), though they have also been found in Eoraptor. The lower jaw was slender, with widely spaced teeth extending to the tip of the snout as in early theropods.[1]
The cervicals (neck vertebrae) were significantly more elongated than those of Eoraptor, and those near the shoulders had large pits which would have housed air sacs. The shorter but more numerous dorsals (trunk vertebrae) were reinforced by hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, while the caudals (tail vertebrae) were connected by elongated prezygapophyses, as seen in other theropods. The shoulder girdle had a deep coracoid connecting to a long and rod-shaped scapula. The large forelimbs had closely-appressed forearm bones and strongly-developed wrist and elbow joints. The manus (hand) had five fingers, with the second and third elongating towards their tips. In contrast, the fourth and fifth fingers were very thin and short. The pelvis (hip) had a tall ilium which connected to three sacrals (hip vertebrae). It also included an elongated ischium and pubis, the latter of which tapers before expanding into a small pubic boot similar to that of other theropods. The hindlimb possessed several muscle scars characteristic of theropods, such as a depression on the femur for extensor muscles, and a flange for tibial ligaments on the fibula.[1]
Classification
Reconstructed skeletal mount
When originally described in 2011, Eodromaeus was regarded as the earliest member of Theropoda. Theropods include the vast majority of carnivorous dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus, and Velociraptor, as well as the only living dinosaurs, birds. Eodromaeus was considered one of most basal theropod and placed outside of the group Neotheropoda, which contains coelophysoids and post-Triassic theropods. The only putative theropods found to be more basal were the herrerasaurids, a group of relatively large early carnivorous dinosaurs with an unstable relationship to other dinosaurs.[1] The discovery of Eodromaeus also lead to scrutiny regarding the contemporary early dinosaur Eoraptor. Eoraptor had previously been regarded as a theropod, but Martinez et al. (2011) instead concluded that it likely represented one of the most basal sauropodomorphs, the group that includes animals like Apatosaurus.[1] There is still a small amount of debate over the position of Eoraptor, with a few studies reclaiming it as a theropod alongside Eodromaeus.[7][8] Most studies since 2011 have continued to place Eodromaeus as a basal theropod akin to the results of Martinez et al. There are some disagreements; many subsequent studies consider Eodromaeus to lie crownward (i.e. more 'advanced') relative to Tawa and/or Chindesaurus.[9][10][11][12] A few also reject the notion of herrerasaurids being theropods.[8]
An alternative hypothesis, first presented by Cabreira et al. (2016), argues that Eodromaeus was not a theropod, but rather a more basal saurischian.[13] This means that its lineage would have evolved prior to the split between sauropodomorphs and true theropods. Other putative theropods such as Tawa, Chindesaurus, Daemonosaurus, and herrerasaurids fall even further stemwards than Eodromaeus according to this study and derived works.[14][15][16] A few other unusual placements have been found in studies relating to the controversial Ornithoscelida hypothesis of Baron et al. (2017).[8] Although Baron et al.'s original paper did place Eodromaeus as a theropod, a critique and recoding by Langer et al. (2017) recovered Saurischia and moved Eodromaeus out of Theropoda.[17][18] A subsequent response to that critique, by Baron et al. (2017), placed Eodromaeus as a basal herrerasaurian and simultaneously shifted the entire family Herrerasauridae outside of Dinosauria.[19]
The following cladogram represents the original theropodan placement of Eodromaeus found by Martinez et al., 2011:[1]
^ abcWeise E, "New dog-sized dinosaur discovered", www.usatoday.com, 2011-01-23.
^Martínez, R.N.; Apaldetti, C.; Alcober, O.A.; Colombi, C.E.; Sereno, P.C.; Fernandez, E.; Malnis, P.S.; Correa, G.A.; Abelin, D. (2013). "Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (Supplement 1: Memoir 12: Basal sauropodomorphs and the vertebrate fossil record of the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic: Carnian–Norian) of Argentina): 10–30. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.818546. S2CID 37918101.
^Benson, Roger B. J.; Hunt, Gene; Carrano, Matthew T.; Campione, Nicolás (2018). "Cope's rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution". Palaeontology. 61 (1): 13–48. doi:10.1111/pala.12329. ISSN 1475-4983.
^Kubo, Tai; Kubo, Mugino O. (2012-06-01). "Associated evolution of bipedality and cursoriality among Triassic archosaurs: a phylogenetically controlled evaluation". Paleobiology. 38 (3): 474–485. doi:10.1666/11015.1. ISSN 0094-8373. JSTOR 41684613. S2CID 85941954 – via jstor.
^Bowdler N, "'Dawn runner casts light on birth of the dinosaurs", www.bbc.co.uk, 2011-01-13.
^Bergman D.S., Sues H-D. (2011), "A late-surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, published online 2011-04-13.
^ abcBaron, Matthew G.; Norman, David B.; Barrett, Paul (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution" (PDF). Nature. 543 (7646): 501–506. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..501B. doi:10.1038/nature21700. PMID 28332513. S2CID 205254710.
^Bittencourt, Jonathas; Arcucci, Andrea; Marsicano, Claudia; Langer, Max (15 December 2014). "Osteology of the Middle Triassic archosaur Lewisuchus admixtus Romer (Chañares Formation, Argentina), its inclusivity, and relationships amongst early dinosauromorphs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (3): 189–219. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.878758. S2CID 56155733.
^Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Ezcurra, Martin D. (13 July 2015). "The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 60. doi:10.4202/app.00143.2014.
^Marsh, Adam D.; Parker, William G.; Langer, Max C.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (2019-05-04). "Redescription of the holotype specimen of Chindesaurus bryansmalli Long and Murry, 1995 (Dinosauria, Theropoda), from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (3): e1645682. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1645682. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 202865005.
^Marsh, A.D.; Rowe, T.B. (2020). "A comprehensive anatomical and phylogenetic evaluation of Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with descriptions of new specimens from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (S78): 1–103. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.14. S2CID 220601744.
^ abCabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; da Silva, L.R.; Bronzati, M.; de Almeida Marsola, J.C.; Müller, R.T.; de Souza Bittencourt, J.; Batista, B.J.; Raugust, T.; Carrilho, R.; Brodt, A.; Langer, M.C. (2016). "A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet". Current Biology. 26 (22): 3090–3095. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040. PMID 27839975.
^Pacheco, Cristian; Müller, Rodrigo; Langer, Max; Pretto, Flávio; Kerber, Leonardo; da Silva, Sérgio Dias (2019). "Gnathovorax cabreirai: a new early dinosaur and the origin and initial radiation of predatory dinosaurs". PeerJ. 7: e7963. doi:10.7717/peerj.7963. PMC6844243. PMID 31720108.
^Marsola, Júlio C. A.; Bittencourt, Jonathas S.; J. Butler, Richard; Da Rosa, Átila A. S.; Sayão, Juliana M.; Langer, Max C. (2019). "A new dinosaur with theropod affinities from the Late Triassic Santa Maria, South Brazil". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (5): e1531878. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878. S2CID 91999370.
^Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Garcia, Maurício Silva (2020-08-26). "A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs". Biology Letters. 16 (8): 20200417. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417. PMC7480155. PMID 32842895.
^Max C. Langer; Martín D. Ezcurra; Oliver W. M. Rauhut; Michael J. Benton; Fabien Knoll; Blair W. McPhee; Fernando E. Novas; Diego Pol; Stephen L. Brusatte (2017). "Untangling the dinosaur family tree" (PDF). Nature. 551 (7678): E1–E3. Bibcode:2017Natur.551E...1L. doi:10.1038/nature24011. hdl:1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3. PMID 29094688. S2CID 205260354.
^Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (3 August 2020). "The osteology of the early-diverging dinosaur Daemonosaurus chauliodus (Archosauria: Dinosauria) from the Coelophysis Quarry (Triassic: Rhaetian) of New Mexico and its relationships to other early dinosaurs". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191: 150–179. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa080.
^Matthew G. Baron; David B. Norman; Paul M. Barrett (2017). "Baron et al. reply". Nature. 551 (7678): E4–E5. Bibcode:2017Natur.551E...4B. doi:10.1038/nature24012. PMID 29094705. S2CID 205260360.
Bibliography
Martínez, Ricardo N.; Paul C. Sereno; Oscar A. Alcober; Carina E. Colombi; Paul R. Renne; Isabel P. Montañez, and Brian S. Currie. 2011. A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea. Science 331(6014). 206–210. Accessed 2019-03-29.
External links
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Video: “Video: Fast, "Nasty" Little Dinosaur Discovered.” National Geographic January 13, 2011.
eodromaeus, meaning, dawn, runner, extinct, genus, probable, basal, theropod, dinosaurs, from, late, triassic, argentina, like, many, other, earliest, known, dinosaurs, hails, from, carnian, ischigualasto, formation, within, ischigualasto, villa, unión, basin,. Eodromaeus meaning dawn runner is an extinct genus of probable basal theropod dinosaurs from the Late Triassic of Argentina Like many other of the earliest known dinosaurs it hails from the Carnian age 230 Ma Ischigualasto Formation within the Ischigualasto Villa Union Basin of northwestern Argentina Upon its discovery it was argued to be one of the oldest true theropods supplanting its contemporary Eoraptor which was reinterpreted as a basal sauropodomorph 1 EodromaeusTemporal range Late Triassic Carnian 231 4 229 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Restored skeletal mount in JapanScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClade DinosauriaClade SaurischiaClade TheropodaGenus EodromaeusMartinez et al 2011Species E murphiBinomial name Eodromaeus murphiMartinez et al 2011 Contents 1 Discovery 2 Description 3 Classification 4 References 4 1 Bibliography 5 External linksDiscovery Edit Skeletal diagram of Eodromaeus murphi known remains depicted in white and light grey unknown in dark grey Fossils from Eodromaeus were first discovered in 1996 by Argentinean paleontologist Ricardo N Martinez and Earthwatch volunteer Jim Murphy and it was first believed that the fossils were a new species of Eoraptor However as the researchers started to take a closer look at the fossils they found that it had many skeletal features which were absent in Eoraptor and they understood that it came from a new genus 1 2 Eodromaeus is known from six specimens found at various levels of the Ischigualasto Formation of San Juan Province Argentina By far the most complete specimen is the holotype PVSJ 560 a crushed but nearly complete articulated skeleton recovered from the base of the Valle de la Luna Member The Valle de la Luna Member is the thick third oldest member of the formation It overlies the thinner Cancha de Bochas and La Pena Members the second oldest and oldest members of the formation respectively Other referred specimens include PVSJ 561 562 and 563 from the Valle de la Luna Member PVSJ 534 from the La Pena Member and PVSJ 877 from the Cancha de Bochas Member Every Eodromaeus specimen lived within the humid Scaphonyx Exaeretodon Herrerasaurus biozone which occupies the first half of the Ischigualasto Formation A bentonite deposit in the La Pena Member has been dated to 231 0 4 Ma indicating that the Ischigualasto Formation corresponds to the later part of the Carnian stage the first stage in the Late Triassic 1 3 Eodromaeus was named by Ricardo N Martinez Paul C Sereno Oscar A Alcober Carina E Colombi Paul R Renne Isabel P Montanez and Brian S Currie in 2011 and the type species is Eodromaeus murphi The generic name is derived from the Greek words Eos Dawn Early and Dromaeus Runner The specific name honors Jim Murphy who used to work the area nearby where the fossils were found 1 Description Edit Size comparison between Eodromaeus and a human Eodromaeus was a relatively small dinosaur like most Carnian dinosaurs apart from herrerasaurids 1 A press release estimated that its total length reach about 1 2 meters 3 9 feet from nose to tail with a weight of about 4 5 to 6 8 kg 9 9 to 15 0 lb 2 Benson et al 2018 estimated that Eodromaeus had a mass of 7 1 kg 16 lb 4 The animal was lightly built and had long hindlimbs suggesting that it was well built for running even by the standards of most early dinosaurs Kubo amp Kubo 2012 found that among 23 sampled Triassic archosaurs only Marasuchus exceeded Eodromaeus in adaptations for cursoriality 5 Paul Sereno has estimated that it could run about 32 km per hour 20 miles per hour 2 Eodromaeus has been cited by Sereno as resembling a predicted common ancestor to all dinosaurs the Eve of dinosaurs 6 Life restoration The skull was low and rectangular about 12 cm 4 7 in in length It had an expansive antorbital fenestra edged from below by a sharp ridge The antorbital fenestra was preceded a promaxillary fenestra an additional hole in the skull characteristic of theropods and Herrerasaurus The braincase had deep depressions on its side like many theropods and connected to the palate via thin and blade like basipterygoid processes The cranium had a relatively low number of knife shaped teeth fifteen in total which were longest in the front half of the maxilla There was also a row of tiny teeth on the pterygoid bone of the palate Palatal teeth are very rare in dinosaurs and true archosaurs in general though they have also been found in Eoraptor The lower jaw was slender with widely spaced teeth extending to the tip of the snout as in early theropods 1 The cervicals neck vertebrae were significantly more elongated than those of Eoraptor and those near the shoulders had large pits which would have housed air sacs The shorter but more numerous dorsals trunk vertebrae were reinforced by hyposphene hypantrum articulations while the caudals tail vertebrae were connected by elongated prezygapophyses as seen in other theropods The shoulder girdle had a deep coracoid connecting to a long and rod shaped scapula The large forelimbs had closely appressed forearm bones and strongly developed wrist and elbow joints The manus hand had five fingers with the second and third elongating towards their tips In contrast the fourth and fifth fingers were very thin and short The pelvis hip had a tall ilium which connected to three sacrals hip vertebrae It also included an elongated ischium and pubis the latter of which tapers before expanding into a small pubic boot similar to that of other theropods The hindlimb possessed several muscle scars characteristic of theropods such as a depression on the femur for extensor muscles and a flange for tibial ligaments on the fibula 1 Classification Edit Reconstructed skeletal mount When originally described in 2011 Eodromaeus was regarded as the earliest member of Theropoda Theropods include the vast majority of carnivorous dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus Allosaurus and Velociraptor as well as the only living dinosaurs birds Eodromaeus was considered one of most basal theropod and placed outside of the group Neotheropoda which contains coelophysoids and post Triassic theropods The only putative theropods found to be more basal were the herrerasaurids a group of relatively large early carnivorous dinosaurs with an unstable relationship to other dinosaurs 1 The discovery of Eodromaeus also lead to scrutiny regarding the contemporary early dinosaur Eoraptor Eoraptor had previously been regarded as a theropod but Martinez et al 2011 instead concluded that it likely represented one of the most basal sauropodomorphs the group that includes animals like Apatosaurus 1 There is still a small amount of debate over the position of Eoraptor with a few studies reclaiming it as a theropod alongside Eodromaeus 7 8 Most studies since 2011 have continued to place Eodromaeus as a basal theropod akin to the results of Martinez et al There are some disagreements many subsequent studies consider Eodromaeus to lie crownward i e more advanced relative to Tawa and or Chindesaurus 9 10 11 12 A few also reject the notion of herrerasaurids being theropods 8 An alternative hypothesis first presented by Cabreira et al 2016 argues that Eodromaeus was not a theropod but rather a more basal saurischian 13 This means that its lineage would have evolved prior to the split between sauropodomorphs and true theropods Other putative theropods such as Tawa Chindesaurus Daemonosaurus and herrerasaurids fall even further stemwards than Eodromaeus according to this study and derived works 14 15 16 A few other unusual placements have been found in studies relating to the controversial Ornithoscelida hypothesis of Baron et al 2017 8 Although Baron et al s original paper did place Eodromaeus as a theropod a critique and recoding by Langer et al 2017 recovered Saurischia and moved Eodromaeus out of Theropoda 17 18 A subsequent response to that critique by Baron et al 2017 placed Eodromaeus as a basal herrerasaurian and simultaneously shifted the entire family Herrerasauridae outside of Dinosauria 19 The following cladogram represents the original theropodan placement of Eodromaeus found by Martinez et al 2011 1 Dinosauromorpha Lagerpetidae Marasuchus Silesauridae Dinosauria Ornithischia Saurischia Sauropodomorpha EoraptorPanphagiaSaturnaliaSauropodiformes Theropoda Herrerasauridae Herrerasaurus StaurikosaurusEodromaeusNeotheropoda Coelophysoidea TawaDilophosaurus Syntarsus kayentakataeS rhodesiensisCoelophysis Ceratosaurus The following cladogram represents the alternative hypothesis of Cabreira et al 2016 placing Eodromaeus as a basal saurischian 13 Dinosauria Ornithischia including Silesauridae Saurischia Herrerasauridae Daemonosaurus TawaChindesaurusEodromaeusGuaibasaurusSauropodomorpha Theropoda References Edit a b c d e f g h i j Martinez et al 2011 a b c Weise E New dog sized dinosaur discovered www usatoday com 2011 01 23 Martinez R N Apaldetti C Alcober O A Colombi C E Sereno P C Fernandez E Malnis P S Correa G A Abelin D 2013 Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation PDF Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 Supplement 1 Memoir 12 Basal sauropodomorphs and the vertebrate fossil record of the Ischigualasto Formation Late Triassic Carnian Norian of Argentina 10 30 doi 10 1080 02724634 2013 818546 S2CID 37918101 Benson Roger B J Hunt Gene Carrano Matthew T Campione Nicolas 2018 Cope s rule and the adaptive landscape of dinosaur body size evolution Palaeontology 61 1 13 48 doi 10 1111 pala 12329 ISSN 1475 4983 Kubo Tai Kubo Mugino O 2012 06 01 Associated evolution of bipedality and cursoriality among Triassic archosaurs a phylogenetically controlled evaluation Paleobiology 38 3 474 485 doi 10 1666 11015 1 ISSN 0094 8373 JSTOR 41684613 S2CID 85941954 via jstor Bowdler N Dawn runner casts light on birth of the dinosaurs www bbc co uk 2011 01 13 Bergman D S Sues H D 2011 A late surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America Proceedings of the Royal Society B published online 2011 04 13 a b c Baron Matthew G Norman David B Barrett Paul 2017 A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution PDF Nature 543 7646 501 506 Bibcode 2017Natur 543 501B doi 10 1038 nature21700 PMID 28332513 S2CID 205254710 Bittencourt Jonathas Arcucci Andrea Marsicano Claudia Langer Max 15 December 2014 Osteology of the Middle Triassic archosaur Lewisuchus admixtus Romer Chanares Formation Argentina its inclusivity and relationships amongst early dinosauromorphs Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 3 189 219 doi 10 1080 14772019 2013 878758 S2CID 56155733 Nesbitt Sterling J Ezcurra Martin D 13 July 2015 The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas PDF Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60 doi 10 4202 app 00143 2014 Marsh Adam D Parker William G Langer Max C Nesbitt Sterling J 2019 05 04 Redescription of the holotype specimen of Chindesaurus bryansmalli Long and Murry 1995 Dinosauria Theropoda from Petrified Forest National Park Arizona PDF Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 3 e1645682 doi 10 1080 02724634 2019 1645682 ISSN 0272 4634 S2CID 202865005 Marsh A D Rowe T B 2020 A comprehensive anatomical and phylogenetic evaluation of Dilophosaurus wetherilli Dinosauria Theropoda with descriptions of new specimens from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona Journal of Paleontology 94 S78 1 103 doi 10 1017 jpa 2020 14 S2CID 220601744 a b Cabreira S F Kellner A W A Dias da Silva S da Silva L R Bronzati M de Almeida Marsola J C Muller R T de Souza Bittencourt J Batista B J Raugust T Carrilho R Brodt A Langer M C 2016 A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet Current Biology 26 22 3090 3095 doi 10 1016 j cub 2016 09 040 PMID 27839975 Pacheco Cristian Muller Rodrigo Langer Max Pretto Flavio Kerber Leonardo da Silva Sergio Dias 2019 Gnathovorax cabreirai a new early dinosaur and the origin and initial radiation of predatory dinosaurs PeerJ 7 e7963 doi 10 7717 peerj 7963 PMC 6844243 PMID 31720108 Marsola Julio C A Bittencourt Jonathas S J Butler Richard Da Rosa Atila A S Sayao Juliana M Langer Max C 2019 A new dinosaur with theropod affinities from the Late Triassic Santa Maria South Brazil Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 5 e1531878 doi 10 1080 02724634 2018 1531878 S2CID 91999370 Muller Rodrigo Temp Garcia Mauricio Silva 2020 08 26 A paraphyletic Silesauridae as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs Biology Letters 16 8 20200417 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2020 0417 PMC 7480155 PMID 32842895 Max C Langer Martin D Ezcurra Oliver W M Rauhut Michael J Benton Fabien Knoll Blair W McPhee Fernando E Novas Diego Pol Stephen L Brusatte 2017 Untangling the dinosaur family tree PDF Nature 551 7678 E1 E3 Bibcode 2017Natur 551E 1L doi 10 1038 nature24011 hdl 1983 d088dae2 c7fa 4d41 9fa2 aeebbfcd2fa3 PMID 29094688 S2CID 205260354 Nesbitt Sterling J Sues Hans Dieter 3 August 2020 The osteology of the early diverging dinosaur Daemonosaurus chauliodus Archosauria Dinosauria from the Coelophysis Quarry Triassic Rhaetian of New Mexico and its relationships to other early dinosaurs Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 150 179 doi 10 1093 zoolinnean zlaa080 Matthew G Baron David B Norman Paul M Barrett 2017 Baron et al reply Nature 551 7678 E4 E5 Bibcode 2017Natur 551E 4B doi 10 1038 nature24012 PMID 29094705 S2CID 205260360 Bibliography Edit Martinez Ricardo N Paul C Sereno Oscar A Alcober Carina E Colombi Paul R Renne Isabel P Montanez and Brian S Currie 2011 A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea Science 331 6014 206 210 Accessed 2019 03 29 External links EditEodromaeus skeleton Eodromaeus skull Video Video Fast Nasty Little Dinosaur Discovered National Geographic January 13 2011 Portal Dinosaurs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eodromaeus amp oldid 1139608746, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
