Entoloma hochstetteri, also known as the blue pinkgill, sky-blue mushroom or similar names, is a species of mushroom that is native to New Zealand. The small mushroom is a distinctive all-blue colour, while the gills have a slight reddish tint from the spores. The blue colouring of the fruit body is due to azulene pigments.[1] Whether Entoloma hochstetteri is poisonous or not is unknown.
The Māori name for the mushroom is werewere-kōkako, because its colour is similar to the blue wattle of the kōkako bird.[2]
This species was one of six native fungi featured in a set of fungal stamps issued in New Zealand in 2002.[3][4] It is also featured on the New Zealand fifty-dollar note.[5] With E. hochstetteri's inclusion, this makes it the only banknote in the world which features a mushroom on it.[6] In a 2018 poll, E. hochstetteri was ranked first by Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research for its pick as New Zealand's national fungus.[7]
The species was first described as Cortinarius hochstetteri in 1866 by the Austrian mycologist Erwin Reichardt, before being given its current binomial in 1962 by Greta Stevenson. It is named after the German-Austrian naturalist Ferdinand von Hochstetter.[8]
In 1976 Egon Horak combined Entoloma hochstetteri and Entoloma aeruginosum from Japan with Entoloma virescens, first described from the Bonin Islands in Japan.[9][10] In 1989 S. Dhancholia recorded E. hochstetteri in India.[11] In 1990 Tsuguo Hongo from Japan examined E. hochstetteri and E. aeruginosum and concluded that they were different taxa, because of difference in the size of the spores and the shape of the pseudocystidia.[10][12] In 2008 Horak recognized E. hochstetteri as a different species from E. virescens,[13] while noting that "it is open to speculation" whether taxa such as E. virescens are the same species.[8]
A similar mushroom is found in Australia and mycologists differ as to whether it is E. hochstetteri, E. virescens or a separate species.[14]
Description
Entoloma hochstetteri has a small delicate epigeous (above-ground) fruit body (basidiocarp). The cap may be up to 4 cm (1.4 in) in diameter and conical in shape. The cap colour is indigo-blue with a green tint, and is fibrillose. The cap margin is striate and rolled inwards. The gill attachment is adnexed or emarginate, gills are thin and 3–5 mm wide, essentially the same colour as the cap, sometimes with a yellow tint. The cylindrical stipe (stalk) is up to 5 cm (2 in) long by 0.5 cm thick, fibrillose and stuffed. The spore print is reddish-pink. The spores are 9.9–13.2 by 11.8–13.2 μm, tetrahedric in shape, hyaline, smooth and thin-walled. The basidia are 35.2–44.2 by 8.8–13.2 µm, club-shaped, hyaline, and with two or four sterigmata.[11]
Mythology
The distinctive Entoloma hochstetteri is part of Māori folklore
The Ngāi Tūhoe describe that the Kōkako bird (Callaeas wilsoni) got its blue wattles from it rubbing its cheek against the mushroom. Thus giving the mushroom the title of werewere-kōkako.[6]
Habitat and distribution
Entoloma hochstetteri is common in forests throughout New Zealand,[15] where it grows on soil among litter in broadleaf/podocarp forest.[8] It fruits in January to July.[8]
It was also reported from India in 1989[11] and from Australia, though it is unclear whether these are the same species or whether E. hochstetteri is endemic to New Zealand.[8]
Attempts of lab cultivation of Entoloma hochstetteri have been made, to no avail.[16]
Toxicity
Although many members of the genus Entoloma are poisonous, the toxicity of this species is unknown. It is being investigated to see if its gene cluster that is responsible for blue colouring might be used to manufacture a natural blue food dye.[16]
^Jaklitsch, W. M.; Stadler, M.; Voglmayr, H. (2012-07-01). "Blue pigment in Hypocrea caerulescens sp. nov. and two additional new species in sect. Trichoderma". Mycologia. 104 (4): 925–941. doi:10.3852/11-327. ISSN 0027-5514. PMC3432493. PMID 22453122.
^Gates, Charlie (November 2013). "Mushroom might yield major value". Stuff.co.nz. Stuff. from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
^Moss MO, Pegler DN. (2003). Recent stamp issues of fungi from New Zealand. Mycologist 17:176-178.
^. Archived from the original on 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
^$50 2021-05-16 at the Wayback Machine. Reserve Bank of New Zealand.
^ abManch, Thomas (8 November 2016). "Are those magic mushrooms on the $50 note?". Stuff. from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^"New Zealand's favourite fungus has been revealed". RNZ. 8 June 2018. from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ abcdeHorak, E. (2008). Agaricales of New Zealand 1: Pluteaceae (Pluteus, Volvariella), Entolomataceae (Claudopus, Clitopilus, Entoloma, Pouzarella, Rhodocybe, Richoniella). Fungi of New Zealand / Ngā Harore o Aotearoa. Vol. 5. Hong Kong: Fungal Diversity Press. pp. 148–151. ISBN978-9-88-993201-5.
^Horak, E. (1976). "On cuboid-spored species of Entoloma (Agaricales)" (PDF). Sydowia. 28: 200–203. (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
^ abAlves, Maria Helena; Nascimento, Cristiano Coelho do (2012). "Entoloma virescens (Sacc.) E. Horak ex Courtec., 1986 (Agaricales: Entolomataceae): The first record for the Caatinga biome, Ceará, Brazil". Check List. 8 (3): 579. doi:10.15560/8.3.577. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
^ abcDhancholia S. (1989). "Entoloma hochstetteri (Agaricales) - a new record from India. Current Science58 (3): 146–7.
^Hongo, Tsuguo (1990). "New and Noteworthy agarics from New Zealand 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine". Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute. 28: 129–34.
^Largent, David L.; Abell-Davis, Sandra E. (2011). "Observations on Inocephalus virescens comb. nov. and Alboleptonia stylophora from northeastern Queensland". Mycotaxon. 116: 238. doi:10.5248/116.231.
^Boatwright, Wayne (2017). "True Blue – Some Australian Blue Fungi and a Story Behind Nomenclature" (PDF). The Queensland Mycologist. 12 (2): 7. (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
^"Entoloma". Fungal Guide. Landcare Research. from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
^ abSisson, Olivia (2021-10-25). "Could our national fungus become the blue food dye of the future?". The Spinoff. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
External links
Data related to Entoloma hochstetteri at Wikispecies
Media related to Entoloma hochstetteri at Wikimedia Commons
More information from the Landcare Research NZFUNGI database
Entoloma hochstetteri discussed on RNZ Critter of the Week, 2 December 2016
January 21, 2023
entoloma, hochstetteri, also, known, blue, pinkgill, blue, mushroom, similar, names, species, mushroom, that, native, zealand, small, mushroom, distinctive, blue, colour, while, gills, have, slight, reddish, tint, from, spores, blue, colouring, fruit, body, az. Entoloma hochstetteri also known as the blue pinkgill sky blue mushroom or similar names is a species of mushroom that is native to New Zealand The small mushroom is a distinctive all blue colour while the gills have a slight reddish tint from the spores The blue colouring of the fruit body is due to azulene pigments 1 Whether Entoloma hochstetteri is poisonous or not is unknown Entoloma hochstetteriScientific classificationKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaClass AgaricomycetesOrder AgaricalesFamily EntolomataceaeGenus EntolomaSpecies E hochstetteriBinomial nameEntoloma hochstetteri Reich G Stev Entoloma hochstetteriMycological characteristicsgills on hymeniumcap is convexhymenium is adnatestipe is barespore print is pinkedibility unknownThe Maori name for the mushroom is werewere kōkako because its colour is similar to the blue wattle of the kōkako bird 2 This species was one of six native fungi featured in a set of fungal stamps issued in New Zealand in 2002 3 4 It is also featured on the New Zealand fifty dollar note 5 With E hochstetteri s inclusion this makes it the only banknote in the world which features a mushroom on it 6 In a 2018 poll E hochstetteri was ranked first by Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research for its pick as New Zealand s national fungus 7 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Mythology 4 Habitat and distribution 5 Toxicity 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy EditThe species was first described as Cortinarius hochstetteri in 1866 by the Austrian mycologist Erwin Reichardt before being given its current binomial in 1962 by Greta Stevenson It is named after the German Austrian naturalist Ferdinand von Hochstetter 8 In 1976 Egon Horak combined Entoloma hochstetteri and Entoloma aeruginosum from Japan with Entoloma virescens first described from the Bonin Islands in Japan 9 10 In 1989 S Dhancholia recorded E hochstetteri in India 11 In 1990 Tsuguo Hongo from Japan examined E hochstetteri and E aeruginosum and concluded that they were different taxa because of difference in the size of the spores and the shape of the pseudocystidia 10 12 In 2008 Horak recognized E hochstetteri as a different species from E virescens 13 while noting that it is open to speculation whether taxa such as E virescens are the same species 8 A similar mushroom is found in Australia and mycologists differ as to whether it is E hochstetteri E virescens or a separate species 14 Description EditEntoloma hochstetteri has a small delicate epigeous above ground fruit body basidiocarp The cap may be up to 4 cm 1 4 in in diameter and conical in shape The cap colour is indigo blue with a green tint and is fibrillose The cap margin is striate and rolled inwards The gill attachment is adnexed or emarginate gills are thin and 3 5 mm wide essentially the same colour as the cap sometimes with a yellow tint The cylindrical stipe stalk is up to 5 cm 2 in long by 0 5 cm thick fibrillose and stuffed The spore print is reddish pink The spores are 9 9 13 2 by 11 8 13 2 mm tetrahedric in shape hyaline smooth and thin walled The basidia are 35 2 44 2 by 8 8 13 2 µm club shaped hyaline and with two or four sterigmata 11 Mythology Edit The distinctive Entoloma hochstetteri is part of Maori folklore The Ngai Tuhoe describe that the Kōkako bird Callaeas wilsoni got its blue wattles from it rubbing its cheek against the mushroom Thus giving the mushroom the title of werewere kōkako 6 Habitat and distribution EditEntoloma hochstetteri is common in forests throughout New Zealand 15 where it grows on soil among litter in broadleaf podocarp forest 8 It fruits in January to July 8 It was also reported from India in 1989 11 and from Australia though it is unclear whether these are the same species or whether E hochstetteri is endemic to New Zealand 8 Attempts of lab cultivation of Entoloma hochstetteri have been made to no avail 16 Toxicity EditAlthough many members of the genus Entoloma are poisonous the toxicity of this species is unknown It is being investigated to see if its gene cluster that is responsible for blue colouring might be used to manufacture a natural blue food dye 16 See also Edit Fungi portalList of Entoloma speciesReferences Edit Jaklitsch W M Stadler M Voglmayr H 2012 07 01 Blue pigment in Hypocrea caerulescens sp nov and two additional new species in sect Trichoderma Mycologia 104 4 925 941 doi 10 3852 11 327 ISSN 0027 5514 PMC 3432493 PMID 22453122 Gates Charlie November 2013 Mushroom might yield major value Stuff co nz Stuff Archived from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Moss MO Pegler DN 2003 Recent stamp issues of fungi from New Zealand Mycologist 17 176 178 WNS NZ008 02 Native fungi Entoloma hochstetteri Archived from the original on 2009 01 30 Retrieved 2008 11 14 50 Archived 2021 05 16 at the Wayback Machine Reserve Bank of New Zealand a b Manch Thomas 8 November 2016 Are those magic mushrooms on the 50 note Stuff Archived from the original on 10 July 2021 Retrieved 10 July 2021 New Zealand s favourite fungus has been revealed RNZ 8 June 2018 Archived from the original on 27 July 2021 Retrieved 27 July 2021 a b c d e Horak E 2008 Agaricales of New Zealand 1 Pluteaceae Pluteus Volvariella Entolomataceae Claudopus Clitopilus Entoloma Pouzarella Rhodocybe Richoniella Fungi of New Zealand Nga Harore o Aotearoa Vol 5 Hong Kong Fungal Diversity Press pp 148 151 ISBN 978 9 88 993201 5 Horak E 1976 On cuboid spored species of Entoloma Agaricales PDF Sydowia 28 200 203 Archived PDF from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 a b Alves Maria Helena Nascimento Cristiano Coelho do 2012 Entoloma virescens Sacc E Horak ex Courtec 1986 Agaricales Entolomataceae The first record for the Caatinga biome Ceara Brazil Check List 8 3 579 doi 10 15560 8 3 577 Retrieved 19 June 2021 a b c Dhancholia S 1989 Entoloma hochstetteri Agaricales a new record from India Current Science 58 3 146 7 Hongo Tsuguo 1990 New and Noteworthy agarics from New Zealand Archived 2021 06 24 at the Wayback Machine Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute 28 129 34 Largent David L Abell Davis Sandra E 2011 Observations on Inocephalus virescens comb nov and Alboleptonia stylophora from northeastern Queensland Mycotaxon 116 238 doi 10 5248 116 231 Boatwright Wayne 2017 True Blue Some Australian Blue Fungi and a Story Behind Nomenclature PDF The Queensland Mycologist 12 2 7 Archived PDF from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Entoloma Fungal Guide Landcare Research Archived from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 a b Sisson Olivia 2021 10 25 Could our national fungus become the blue food dye of the future The Spinoff Retrieved 2023 01 21 External links Edit Data related to Entoloma hochstetteri at Wikispecies Media related to Entoloma hochstetteri at Wikimedia Commons More information from the Landcare Research NZFUNGI database Entoloma hochstetteri discussed on RNZ Critter of the Week 2 December 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Entoloma hochstetteri amp oldid 1134852173, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
