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Empress dowager

May 26, 2023

For the 1975 Hong Kong film, see The Empress Dowager.

Empress dowager (also dowager empress or empress mother) (Chinese and Japanese: 皇太后; pinyin: huángtàihòu; rōmaji: Kōtaigō; Korean: 황태후 (皇太后); romaja: Hwang Tae Hu; Vietnamese: Hoàng Thái Hậu (皇太后)) is the English language translation of the title given to the mother or widow of a Chinese, Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese emperor in the Chinese cultural sphere.

The title was also given occasionally to another woman of the same generation, while a woman from the previous generation was sometimes given the title of grand empress dowager (Chinese and Japanese: 太皇太后; pinyin: tàihúangtàihòu; rōmaji: Taikōtaigō; Korean: 태황태후 (太皇太后); romaja: Tae Hwang Tae Hu; Vietnamese: Thái Hoàng Thái Hậu (太皇太后)). Numerous empress dowagers held regency during the reign of underage emperors. Many of the most prominent empress dowagers also extended their control for long periods after the emperor was old enough to govern. This was a source of political turmoil according to the traditional view of Chinese history.

The title dowager empress was given to the wife of a deceased emperor of Russia or Holy Roman emperor.

By country

For grand empresses dowager, visit grand empress dowager.

East Asia

Chinese empresses dowager

Han dynasty
Jin dynasty
Northern Wei dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Tang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Song dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Qing dynasty

Japanese empress dowager

Further information: Empress of Japan § List of empress dowagers
 
Standard of the Japanese Empress Dowager

In the complex organization of the Japanese Imperial Court, the title of "empress dowager" does not automatically devolve to the principal consort of an Emperor who has died. The title "Kōtaigō" can only be bestowed or granted by the Emperor who will have acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne.

The following were among the individuals who were granted this imperial title:

Korean empress dowager

Europe

Holy Roman dowager empresses

Eleonora Gonzaga was empress dowager from 1657–1686.[5]

Although never referred to as a dowager, Empress Matilda was controversially the Holy Roman Empress and continued to be referred to as "empress" long after the death of her first husband Henry V, and her subsequent remarriage. Despite having abandoned the throne of Sicily for her son Frederick II, Empress Constance widow of Henry VI retained her title as empress dowager till her death.

Russian dowager empresses

Dowager empresses of Russia held precedence over the empress consort. This was occasionally a source of tension. For example, when Paul I was assassinated, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), for whom this tradition was started, often took the arm of her son Tsar Alexander I at court functions and ceremonies while his wife Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden) walked behind, which caused resentment on the part of the young empress. The same thing happened decades later when Emperor Alexander III died, and the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) held precedence over Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna (Alix of Hesse), which put an enormous strain on their already tense relationship. The power struggle culminated when the Dowager Empress refused to hand over certain jewels traditionally associated with the Empress Consort.[citation needed]

There have been four dowager empresses in Russia:

Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna was briefly and concurrently, along with her mother in-law Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, a Dowager empress. She is therefore often forgotten as an Dowager Empress.

South Asia

Indian empresses dowager

Queen-Empress Victoria (1819–1901, r. 1837–1901) was widowed in 1861, before her accession as Queen-Empress of India. Her son, her grandson and her great-grandson all died before their wives, and their widows were known as empresses dowager in this Indian context. Had George VI, the last Emperor of India, died before the independence of India was proclaimed in 1947, his widow would have been known as the dowager empress of India. However, George VI did not die until 1952, some years after India's formal independence and the renunciation of the title Emperor of India by the British monarch (which took place formally in 1948).

Southeast Asia

Vietnamese empresses dowager

Notes: The parentheses show the dates of birth and the dates of death.
Đinh-Early Lê dynasties
  • Empress Dowager Dương Vân Nga (952–1000): In 979, her husband Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died after an assassination, her son Prince Đinh Toàn ascended to the throne, she became empress dowager and handled all political matters. But later she dethroned her son and ceded the throne to Lê Đại Hành and married him. Once again she took the title of empress consort. Because she was an empress twice with two different emperors, she is called "Hoàng hậu hai triều" (Two-dynasty Empress).[6]
Lý dynasty
  • Empress Dowager Thượng Dương (?–1073): While she could not give birth to any sons, her husband's concubine Lady Ỷ Lan gave birth to a prince, called Lý Càn Đức. After husband's death, she became empress dowager and declared that she will "buông rèm nhiếp chính" (regent) for the new seven-year-old emperor, but the mother of the new emperor Lady Dowager Ỷ Lan vehemently opposed and forced her to the death. Her tenure of being an empress dowager is one year.
  • Empress Dowager Ỷ Lan (c. 1044–1117): After dethroning and killing the empress dowager, she became empress dowager and kept all political powers
  • Empress Dowager Chiêu Linh (?–1200): Empress of Emperor Lý Thần Tông. Her son was appointed as crown prince, but later he was dethroned from the seat of crown prince to a normal prince due to an event. Her husband's concubine Lady Đỗ Thụy Châu gave birth to a prince and he was appointed as crown prince later. After her husband's death, the crown prince ascended to the throne, she became empress dowager.
  • Empress Dowager Đỗ Thụy Châu: After her son ascended to the throne, she became the co-empress dowager with Empress Dowager Chiêu Linh.
  • Empress Dowager An Toàn (?–1226): She was famous for misusing authority during the reign of her son Emperor Lý Huệ Tông. Her daughter-in-law, Empress Trần Thị Dung joined Trần Thủ Độ plotting to overthrow the Lý dynasty and replace by Trần dynasty. Trần Thủ Độ forced her son to abdicate and be a monk at the pagoda, her son did as Trần Thủ Độ told and ceded the throne to her granddaughter Lý Chiêu Hoàng, who is the only empress of Vietnamese history, thus, she became grand empress dowager. But later Trần Thủ Độ forced Lý Chiêu Hoàng to get married with his seven-year-old nephew Trần Cảnh and ceded the throne to Trần Cảnh. At that point, An Toàn was no longer an empress dowager.
  • Empress Dowager Trần Thị Dung (?–1259): She became empress dowager after her daughter Lý Chiêu Hoàng ascended to the throne. But later, Lý Chiêu Hoàng ceded the throne to her husband Trần Cảnh. Trần Thị Dung was no longer empress dowager.
Trần dynasty
Nguyễn dynasty
  • Empress Dowager Từ Dụ (1810-1902),born Phạm Thị Hằng, was a Vietnamese empress, the wife of Emperor Thiệu Trị (1807-1847, r. 1841-1847) and mother of Emperor Tự Đức.
  • Empress Dowager Từ Cung (1890-1980), mother of the last Vietnamese Emperor Bảo Đại.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Indian Independence Act 1947

References

Citations

  1. ^ Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 333–334.
  2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 334–335.
  3. ^ Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 335–337.
  4. ^ Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 337–338.
  5. ^ "Souborný katalog AV ČR - Zápas o funkci nejvyššího štolmistra na dvoře císařovny vdovy Eleonory Gonzagové : Edice důvěrné korespondence bratří Ditrichštejnů z roku 1683 = Struggle for the stallmeister's position on the court of the empress dowager Eleonora Gonzaga. : Edition of private correspondence between the Dietrichstein brothers dated 1683 / Jiří Kubeš". www.lib.cas.cz.
  6. ^ VnExpress. "Chuyện về 'hoàng hậu hai triều' Dương Vân Nga - VnExpress".
  7. ^ "Vietnampackagetour.com". vietnampackagetour.com.

Works cited

Books
  • Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887.

May 26, 2023
empress, dowager, 1975, hong, kong, film, empress, dowager, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, ne. For the 1975 Hong Kong film see The Empress Dowager This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Empress dowager news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message Empress dowager also dowager empress or empress mother Chinese and Japanese 皇太后 pinyin huangtaihou rōmaji Kōtaigō Korean 황태후 皇太后 romaja Hwang Tae Hu Vietnamese Hoang Thai Hậu 皇太后 is the English language translation of the title given to the mother or widow of a Chinese Japanese Korean or Vietnamese emperor in the Chinese cultural sphere The title was also given occasionally to another woman of the same generation while a woman from the previous generation was sometimes given the title of grand empress dowager Chinese and Japanese 太皇太后 pinyin taihuangtaihou rōmaji Taikōtaigō Korean 태황태후 太皇太后 romaja Tae Hwang Tae Hu Vietnamese Thai Hoang Thai Hậu 太皇太后 Numerous empress dowagers held regency during the reign of underage emperors Many of the most prominent empress dowagers also extended their control for long periods after the emperor was old enough to govern This was a source of political turmoil according to the traditional view of Chinese history The title dowager empress was given to the wife of a deceased emperor of Russia or Holy Roman emperor Contents 1 By country 1 1 East Asia 1 1 1 Chinese empresses dowager 1 1 2 Japanese empress dowager 1 1 3 Korean empress dowager 1 2 Europe 1 2 1 Holy Roman dowager empresses 1 2 2 Russian dowager empresses 1 3 South Asia 1 3 1 Indian empresses dowager 1 4 Southeast Asia 1 4 1 Vietnamese empresses dowager 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 Works citedBy country EditFor grand empresses dowager visit grand empress dowager East Asia Edit Chinese empresses dowager Edit Han dynastyEmpress Dowager Lu 241 180 BC empress consort of Emperor Gaozu of Han 256 195 BC r 202 195 BC Empress Dowager Dou Empress Dowager Wang Empress Dowager Deng Empress Dowager Liang 116 150 empress to Emperor Shun of Han 115 144 r 125 144 Empress Dowager He d 189 second empress consort of Emperor Ling of Han 156 189 r 168 189 Jin dynastyEmpress Wenming 217 268 wife of Sima Zhao 211 265 Northern Wei dynastyEmpress Dowager Feng empress consort of Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei Empress Dowager Hu d 528 concubine of Emperor Xuanwu 483 515 r 499 515 Liu Song dynastyEmpress Dowager Xiao Wenshou 343 423 stepmother of Emperor Wu of Liu Song 363 422 r 420 422 Tang dynastyEmpress Dowager Wu more commonly known as Wu Zetian Empress Dowager Xiao Empress Dowager HeLiao dynastyEmpress Dowager Xiao d 951 concubine of Yelu Bei Empress Dowager Chengtian Empress Dowager Xiao Noujin 980 1057 concubine of Emperor ShengzongSong dynastyEmpress Dowager Xie 1210 1283 empress consort of Emperor Lizong of SongYuan dynastyEmpress Gi 1315 1369 one of the primary empresses of Toghon TemurQing dynastyEmpress Dowager Xiaoduanwen 1599 1649 consort of Hong Taiji 1592 1643 second Khan of the Later Jin dynasty r 1626 1636 and first Emperor of the Qin dynasty r 1636 1643 Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang 1613 1688 consort of Hong Taiji Empress Dowager Renxian 1641 1718 Empress Dowager Cihe Empress Dowager Chongqing Empress Dowager Ci an Empress Dowager Cixi de facto ruler of the Qing dynasty for 40 years Empress Dowager Longyu 1868 1913 wife and empress consort of Zaitian the Guangxu Emperor abdicated on behalf of PuyiJapanese empress dowager Edit Further information Empress of Japan List of empress dowagers Standard of the Japanese Empress Dowager In the complex organization of the Japanese Imperial Court the title of empress dowager does not automatically devolve to the principal consort of an Emperor who has died The title Kōtaigō can only be bestowed or granted by the Emperor who will have acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne The following were among the individuals who were granted this imperial title Empress Dowager Yoshiko 欣子皇太后 Yoshiko kōtaigō 1779 1846 1 widow of Emperor Kōkaku Empress Dowager Eishō 英照皇太后 Eishō kōtaigō 1834 1898 2 widow of Emperor Kōmei Empress Dowager Shōken 昭憲皇太后 Shōken kōtaigō 1849 1914 3 widow of Emperor Meiji Empress Dowager Teimei 貞明皇后 Teimei kōtaigō 1884 1951 4 widow of Emperor Taishō Empress Dowager Kōjun 香淳皇后 Kōjun kōtaigō 1903 2000 widow of Emperor ShōwaKorean empress dowager Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2020 Empress dowager Myeongheon 1831 1903 wife and widow of Heonjong of Joseon Europe Edit Holy Roman dowager empresses Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2014 Eleonora Gonzaga was empress dowager from 1657 1686 5 Although never referred to as a dowager Empress Matilda was controversially the Holy Roman Empress and continued to be referred to as empress long after the death of her first husband Henry V and her subsequent remarriage Despite having abandoned the throne of Sicily for her son Frederick II Empress Constance widow of Henry VI retained her title as empress dowager till her death Russian dowager empresses Edit Dowager empresses of Russia held precedence over the empress consort This was occasionally a source of tension For example when Paul I was assassinated Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna Sophie Dorothea of Wurttemberg for whom this tradition was started often took the arm of her son Tsar Alexander I at court functions and ceremonies while his wife Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna Louise of Baden walked behind which caused resentment on the part of the young empress The same thing happened decades later when Emperor Alexander III died and the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna Dagmar of Denmark held precedence over Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna Alix of Hesse which put an enormous strain on their already tense relationship The power struggle culminated when the Dowager Empress refused to hand over certain jewels traditionally associated with the Empress Consort citation needed There have been four dowager empresses in Russia Empress Maria Feodorovna Sophie Dorothea of Wurttemberg 1759 1828 Empress Consort of Paul I of Russia r 1796 1801 Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna Louise of Baden 1779 1826 Empress Consort of Alexander I of Russia r 1801 1825 Empress Alexandra Feodorovna Charlotte of Prussia 1798 1860 Empress Consort of Nicholas I of Russia r 1825 1855 Empress Maria Feodorovna Dagmar of Denmark 1847 1928 Empress Consort of Alexander III of Russia r 1881 1894 Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna was briefly and concurrently along with her mother in law Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna a Dowager empress She is therefore often forgotten as an Dowager Empress South Asia Edit Indian empresses dowager Edit Queen Empress Victoria 1819 1901 r 1837 1901 was widowed in 1861 before her accession as Queen Empress of India Her son her grandson and her great grandson all died before their wives and their widows were known as empresses dowager in this Indian context Had George VI the last Emperor of India died before the independence of India was proclaimed in 1947 his widow would have been known as the dowager empress of India However George VI did not die until 1952 some years after India s formal independence and the renunciation of the title Emperor of India by the British monarch which took place formally in 1948 Queen Empress Alexandra d 20 Nov 1925 widow of King Emperor Edward VII r 1901 1910 Queen Empress Mary d 24 Mar 1953 widow of King Emperor George V r 1910 1936 Queen Empress Elizabeth d 30 Mar 2002 widow of King Emperor George VI r 1936 1947 a Southeast Asia Edit Vietnamese empresses dowager Edit Notes The parentheses show the dates of birth and the dates of death Đinh Early Le dynastiesEmpress Dowager Dương Van Nga 952 1000 In 979 her husband Emperor Đinh Bộ Lĩnh died after an assassination her son Prince Đinh Toan ascended to the throne she became empress dowager and handled all political matters But later she dethroned her son and ceded the throne to Le Đại Hanh and married him Once again she took the title of empress consort Because she was an empress twice with two different emperors she is called Hoang hậu hai triều Two dynasty Empress 6 Ly dynastyEmpress Dowager Thượng Dương 1073 While she could not give birth to any sons her husband s concubine Lady Ỷ Lan gave birth to a prince called Ly Can Đức After husband s death she became empress dowager and declared that she will buong rem nhiếp chinh regent for the new seven year old emperor but the mother of the new emperor Lady Dowager Ỷ Lan vehemently opposed and forced her to the death Her tenure of being an empress dowager is one year Empress Dowager Ỷ Lan c 1044 1117 After dethroning and killing the empress dowager she became empress dowager and kept all political powers Empress Dowager Chieu Linh 1200 Empress of Emperor Ly Thần Tong Her son was appointed as crown prince but later he was dethroned from the seat of crown prince to a normal prince due to an event Her husband s concubine Lady Đỗ Thụy Chau gave birth to a prince and he was appointed as crown prince later After her husband s death the crown prince ascended to the throne she became empress dowager Empress Dowager Đỗ Thụy Chau After her son ascended to the throne she became the co empress dowager with Empress Dowager Chieu Linh Empress Dowager An Toan 1226 She was famous for misusing authority during the reign of her son Emperor Ly Huệ Tong Her daughter in law Empress Trần Thị Dung joined Trần Thủ Độ plotting to overthrow the Ly dynasty and replace by Trần dynasty Trần Thủ Độ forced her son to abdicate and be a monk at the pagoda her son did as Trần Thủ Độ told and ceded the throne to her granddaughter Ly Chieu Hoang who is the only empress of Vietnamese history thus she became grand empress dowager But later Trần Thủ Độ forced Ly Chieu Hoang to get married with his seven year old nephew Trần Cảnh and ceded the throne to Trần Cảnh At that point An Toan was no longer an empress dowager Empress Dowager Trần Thị Dung 1259 She became empress dowager after her daughter Ly Chieu Hoang ascended to the throne But later Ly Chieu Hoang ceded the throne to her husband Trần Cảnh Trần Thị Dung was no longer empress dowager Trần dynastyEmpress Dowager Tuyen Từ 1318 A concubine and younger sister in law of Emperor Trần Nhan Tong she is younger sister of the proper Empress Bảo Thanh In 1293 Emperor Trần Nhan Tong ceded the throne to his son with Empress Bảo Thanh Trần Anh Tong some months later her sister Grand Empress Bảo Thanh died she became the only surviving consort of Grand Emperor Trần Nhan Tong 1308 Grand Emperor Trần Nhan Tong died she became empress dowager 1314 Emperor Trần Anh Tong ceded the throne to his son Trần Minh Tong she became grand empress dowager Nguyễn dynastyEmpress Dowager Từ Dụ 1810 1902 born Phạm Thị Hằng was a Vietnamese empress the wife of Emperor Thiệu Trị 1807 1847 r 1841 1847 and mother of Emperor Tự Đức Empress Dowager Từ Cung 1890 1980 mother of the last Vietnamese Emperor Bảo Đại 7 See also EditConsort kin Grand empress dowager Queen dowager and queen mother Valide sultan of the Ottoman EmpireNotes Edit Indian Independence Act 1947References EditCitations Edit Ponsonby Fane 1959 pp 333 334 Ponsonby Fane 1959 pp 334 335 Ponsonby Fane 1959 pp 335 337 Ponsonby Fane 1959 pp 337 338 Souborny katalog AV CR Zapas o funkci nejvyssiho stolmistra na dvore cisarovny vdovy Eleonory Gonzagove Edice duverne korespondence bratri Ditrichstejnu z roku 1683 Struggle for the stallmeister s position on the court of the empress dowager Eleonora Gonzaga Edition of private correspondence between the Dietrichstein brothers dated 1683 Jiri Kubes www lib cas cz VnExpress Chuyện về hoang hậu hai triều Dương Van Nga VnExpress Vietnampackagetour com vietnampackagetour com Works cited Edit BooksPonsonby Fane Richard Arthur Brabazon 1959 The Imperial House of Japan Kyoto Ponsonby Memorial Society OCLC 194887 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Empress dowager amp oldid 1151157321, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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