Zuckerkandl was raised in Vienna, Austria in a household of intellectuals, but his family relocated in 1938 to Paris, and later Algiers, to escape the racial policy of Nazi Germany with respect to Jews. At the end of World War II, he spent one year at the University of Paris (Sorbonne), then came to the United States to study physiology—earning a master's degree in 1947 from the University of Illinois, under C. Ladd Prosser—then returned to the Sorbonne to complete a Ph.D. in biology. Zuckerkandl developed a strong interest in molecular problems; his early research at a marine biology lab in Roscoff emphasized the roles of copper oxidases and hemocyanin in the molting cycles of crabs. In 1957, Zuckerkandl met renowned chemist Linus Pauling, who was becoming interested in molecular diseases and molecular evolution as an outgrowth of his activism on topics concerning nuclear power. They arranged a post-doctoral fellowship, and Zuckerkandl (now with his wife Jane) returned to the United States to work with Pauling at the California Institute of Technology beginning in 1959.[2] He was an atheist.[3]
Linus Pauling and the molecular clock hypothesisedit
Zuckerkandl's first project under Pauling (working with graduate student Richard T. Jones) was the application of new protein identification techniques—a combination of paper chromatography and electrophoresis that produced a two-dimensional pattern—to hemoglobin. The peptide fragments of hemoglobin samples from different species, partially broken apart by digestive enzymes, would produce unique patterns that could be used to estimate differences of protein structure. Zuckerkandl, Jones and Pauling published a comparison of several species' hemoglobin identification patterns in 1960, observing that the degree of dissimilarity of protein patterns corresponded approximately to the phylogenetic distance between source species. However, the method was not conducive to quantitative comparisons, so Zuckerkandl began working on the determination of the actual peptide sequence of the α and β chains of human and gorilla hemoglobin.[4]
In 1962, Pauling and Zuckerkandl published their first paper using the molecular clock concept (though not yet by that name). Like a number subsequent collaborative papers, it was not peer-reviewed—it was an invited paper in honor of Albert Szent-Györgyi—and they intentionally took the opportunity to "say something outrageous". The paper used the number of differences in the α and β chains of hemoglobin to infer the time since the last common ancestor for a number of species, calibrated based on paleontological evidence for humans and horses. Though the paper did not provide any explanation for why amino acid differences in a protein should accumulate at a uniform rate (the essential assumption of the molecular clock), it did show that the results were fairly consistent with those of paleontologists.[5]
During the succeeding years, Zuckerkandl worked to refine the molecular clock. In 1963, he and Pauling invented the term "semantides" for biological sequences—DNA, RNA, and polypeptides—that have evolutionary information and argued that such sequences could be the basis for constructing molecular phylogenies, suggesting that the "molecular clock" method might be useful for other semantides besides proteins. Emanuel Margoliash's first publication of sequence data for cytochrome c allowed comparison of the rates of molecular evolution for different proteins (cytochrome c seemed to evolve faster than hemoglobin), which Zuckerkandl discussed at a 1964 conference in Bruges. Zuckerkandl also adjusted the mathematics of the "clock" to account for the observation that some positions in an amino acid sequence were more stable than others, and the likelihood of multiple substitutions at the same position. In September 1964, he attended the important Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium, where he and Pauling presented their most influential paper ("Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins", published in the conference proceedings the next year). The paper, primarily Zuckerkandl's work, named the "evolutionary clock" and presented a derivation of its basic mathematical form. Though Zuckerkandl and Pauling saw the clock as compatible with natural selection, it would later become the basis of the neutral theory of molecular evolution, in which genetic drift rather than selection is the driving force of evolution at the molecular level.[6]
^Gregory J. Morgan, "Emile Zuckerkandl, Linus Pauling, and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock, 1959-1965", Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 31 (1998), pp. 155-178. pp. 157, 159-161.
^David Klinghoffer. "'Darwin Would Put God Out of Business'". Beliefnet, Inc. Retrieved 21 May 2013. The author is Emile Zuckerkandl of Stanford University. Prof. Zuckerkandl ferociously attacks ID and any belief in a designer, God, or other "superghost".
^Gregory J. Morgan, "Emile Zuckerkandl, Linus Pauling, and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock, 1959-1965", Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 31 (1998), pp. 155-178. pp. 161-162.
^Gregory J. Morgan, "Emile Zuckerkandl, Linus Pauling, and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock, 1959-1965", Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 31 (1998), pp. 155-178. pp. 163-166.
^Gregory J. Morgan, "Emile Zuckerkandl, Linus Pauling, and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock, 1959-1965", Journal of the History of Biology, Vol. 31 (1998), pp. 155-178. pp. 169-173.
^Jay Aronson, "Profiles-Emile Zuckerkandl 2007-06-25 at the Wayback Machine" (December 9, 2001), Documents in Molecular Evolution website. Accessed May 27, 2007.
^Emile Zuckerkandl, "Social constructionism, a lost cause", Journal of Molecular Evolution, Vol. 51, Issue 6 (2000), pp. 517-9
^Emile Zuckerkandl, "Intelligent design and biological complexity", Gene, Vol. 385 (2006), pp. 2-18
January 01, 1970
emile, zuckerkandl, anatomist, surgeon, emil, zuckerkandl, Émile, zuckerkandl, july, 1922, november, 2013, austrian, born, french, biologist, considered, founders, field, molecular, evolution, introduced, with, linus, pauling, concept, molecular, clock, which,. For the anatomist and surgeon see Emil Zuckerkandl Emile Zuckerkandl July 4 1922 November 9 2013 was an Austrian born French biologist considered one of the founders of the field of molecular evolution 1 He introduced with Linus Pauling the concept of the molecular clock which enabled the neutral theory of molecular evolution Emile ZuckerkandlBorn 1922 07 04 4 July 1922Vienna AustriaDied9 November 2013 2013 11 09 aged 91 Palo Alto CaliforniaKnown forMolecular clockScientific careerFieldsMolecular Biology Contents 1 Life and work 1 1 Linus Pauling and the molecular clock hypothesis 1 2 Later work 2 ReferencesLife and work editZuckerkandl was raised in Vienna Austria in a household of intellectuals but his family relocated in 1938 to Paris and later Algiers to escape the racial policy of Nazi Germany with respect to Jews At the end of World War II he spent one year at the University of Paris Sorbonne then came to the United States to study physiology earning a master s degree in 1947 from the University of Illinois under C Ladd Prosser then returned to the Sorbonne to complete a Ph D in biology Zuckerkandl developed a strong interest in molecular problems his early research at a marine biology lab in Roscoff emphasized the roles of copper oxidases and hemocyanin in the molting cycles of crabs In 1957 Zuckerkandl met renowned chemist Linus Pauling who was becoming interested in molecular diseases and molecular evolution as an outgrowth of his activism on topics concerning nuclear power They arranged a post doctoral fellowship and Zuckerkandl now with his wife Jane returned to the United States to work with Pauling at the California Institute of Technology beginning in 1959 2 He was an atheist 3 Linus Pauling and the molecular clock hypothesis edit Zuckerkandl s first project under Pauling working with graduate student Richard T Jones was the application of new protein identification techniques a combination of paper chromatography and electrophoresis that produced a two dimensional pattern to hemoglobin The peptide fragments of hemoglobin samples from different species partially broken apart by digestive enzymes would produce unique patterns that could be used to estimate differences of protein structure Zuckerkandl Jones and Pauling published a comparison of several species hemoglobin identification patterns in 1960 observing that the degree of dissimilarity of protein patterns corresponded approximately to the phylogenetic distance between source species However the method was not conducive to quantitative comparisons so Zuckerkandl began working on the determination of the actual peptide sequence of the a and b chains of human and gorilla hemoglobin 4 In 1962 Pauling and Zuckerkandl published their first paper using the molecular clock concept though not yet by that name Like a number subsequent collaborative papers it was not peer reviewed it was an invited paper in honor of Albert Szent Gyorgyi and they intentionally took the opportunity to say something outrageous The paper used the number of differences in the a and b chains of hemoglobin to infer the time since the last common ancestor for a number of species calibrated based on paleontological evidence for humans and horses Though the paper did not provide any explanation for why amino acid differences in a protein should accumulate at a uniform rate the essential assumption of the molecular clock it did show that the results were fairly consistent with those of paleontologists 5 During the succeeding years Zuckerkandl worked to refine the molecular clock In 1963 he and Pauling invented the term semantides for biological sequences DNA RNA and polypeptides that have evolutionary information and argued that such sequences could be the basis for constructing molecular phylogenies suggesting that the molecular clock method might be useful for other semantides besides proteins Emanuel Margoliash s first publication of sequence data for cytochrome c allowed comparison of the rates of molecular evolution for different proteins cytochrome c seemed to evolve faster than hemoglobin which Zuckerkandl discussed at a 1964 conference in Bruges Zuckerkandl also adjusted the mathematics of the clock to account for the observation that some positions in an amino acid sequence were more stable than others and the likelihood of multiple substitutions at the same position In September 1964 he attended the important Evolving Genes and Proteins symposium where he and Pauling presented their most influential paper Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins published in the conference proceedings the next year The paper primarily Zuckerkandl s work named the evolutionary clock and presented a derivation of its basic mathematical form Though Zuckerkandl and Pauling saw the clock as compatible with natural selection it would later become the basis of the neutral theory of molecular evolution in which genetic drift rather than selection is the driving force of evolution at the molecular level 6 Later work edit In 1965 Zuckerkandl moved back to France to direct in Montpellier the Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoleculaire of the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique In 1971 he became the founding editor of the Journal of Molecular Evolution and in the late 1970s became President of the Linus Pauling Institute then in 1992 of its successor the Institute of Molecular Medical Sciences 7 His recent work includes criticism of social constructionism 8 and intelligent design 9 References edit derStandard at Emile Zuckerkandl 1922 2013 Zeit in German Derstandard at Retrieved 2013 11 20 Gregory J Morgan Emile Zuckerkandl Linus Pauling and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock 1959 1965 Journal of the History of Biology Vol 31 1998 pp 155 178 pp 157 159 161 David Klinghoffer Darwin Would Put God Out of Business Beliefnet Inc Retrieved 21 May 2013 The author is Emile Zuckerkandl of Stanford University Prof Zuckerkandl ferociously attacks ID and any belief in a designer God or other superghost Gregory J Morgan Emile Zuckerkandl Linus Pauling and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock 1959 1965 Journal of the History of Biology Vol 31 1998 pp 155 178 pp 161 162 Gregory J Morgan Emile Zuckerkandl Linus Pauling and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock 1959 1965 Journal of the History of Biology Vol 31 1998 pp 155 178 pp 163 166 Gregory J Morgan Emile Zuckerkandl Linus Pauling and the Molecular Evolutionary Clock 1959 1965 Journal of the History of Biology Vol 31 1998 pp 155 178 pp 169 173 Jay Aronson Profiles Emile Zuckerkandl Archived 2007 06 25 at the Wayback Machine December 9 2001 Documents in Molecular Evolution website Accessed May 27 2007 Emile Zuckerkandl Social constructionism a lost cause Journal of Molecular Evolution Vol 51 Issue 6 2000 pp 517 9 Emile Zuckerkandl Intelligent design and biological complexity Gene Vol 385 2006 pp 2 18 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emile Zuckerkandl amp oldid 1174547959, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
