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Elephant shrew

April 25, 2024

Elephant shrews, also called jumping shrews or sengis, are small insectivorous mammals native to Africa, belonging to the family Macroscelididae, in the order Macroscelidea. Their traditional common English name "elephant shrew" comes from a perceived resemblance between their long noses and the trunk of an elephant, and their superficial similarity with shrews (family Soricidae) in the order Eulipotyphla. However, phylogenetic analysis has revealed that elephant shrews are not properly classified with true shrews, but are in fact more closely related to elephants than to shrews.[4] In 1997, the biologist Jonathan Kingdon proposed that they instead be called "sengis" (singular sengi),[5] a term derived from the Bantu languages of Africa, and in 1998, they were classified into the new clade Afrotheria.[6]

Elephant shrew[3]
Temporal range: 48–0 Ma[1][2]
Black and rufous elephant shrew, Rhynchocyon petersi, Philadelphia Zoo
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Superorder: Afrotheria
Grandorder: Afroinsectiphilia
Mirorder: Afroinsectivora
Order: Macroscelidea
Butler, 1956
Family: Macroscelididae
Bonaparte, 1838
Type genus
Macroscelides
A. Smith, 1829
Genera

Elephantulus
Galegeeska
Macroscelides
Petrodromus
Petrosaltator
Rhynchocyon

Range map of elephant shrew by genus
R. petersi skeleton, Museum of Osteology
Eastern rock elephant shrew, Elephantulus myurus, South Africa
Bushveld elephant shrew, E. intufi, Namibia

They are widely distributed across the southern part of Africa, and although common nowhere, can be found in almost any type of habitat, from the Namib Desert to boulder-strewn outcrops in South Africa to thick forest. One species, the North African elephant shrew, remains in the semi-arid, mountainous country in the far northwest of Africa. The Somali elephant shrew went unobserved from 1968 to 2020 but was rediscovered by a group of scientists in Djibouti.[7]

Characteristics edit

The creature is one of the fastest small mammals, having been recorded to reach speeds of 28.8 kilometres per hour (17.9 mph).[8] Compared to other mammalian insectivores, sengis have relatively large brains.[9] They are solitary animals which means that they rely on a combination of vocalizations and scent markings for communication with their vocalizations, which serves the purposes such as territory defense and mate attraction.[10]

 
Skeleton of North African elephant shrew.

Elephant shrews are small, quadrupedal, insectivorous mammals resembling rodents or opossums, with scaly tails, long snouts, and legs quite long for their size, which are used to move from one place to another like rabbits. They vary in size from about 10 to 30 centimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in), from 50 to 500 grams (1.8 to 17.6 oz).The body weight of the grey-faced sengi is about 700 g, which is 25–50% greater than any other giant sengi. The new Rhynchocyon is only known from two populations that cover about 300 km2 of montane forest. It has an estimated density of 50–80 individuals km−2 The short-eared elephant shrew has an average size of 150 mm (5.9 in). Although the size of the trunk varies among species, all are able to twist it about in search of food. Their lifespans are about two and a half to four years in the wild.[11][page needed] They have large canine teeth, and also high-crowned cheek teeth similar to those of ungulates.[12] Their dental formula is 1-3.1.4.23.1.4.2-3G

Although mostly diurnal[13] and very active, they are difficult to trap and very seldom seen; elephant shrews are wary, well camouflaged, and adept at dashing away from threats. Several species make a series of cleared pathways through the undergrowth and spend their day patrolling them for insect life. If the animal is disturbed, the pathway provides an obstacle-free escape route.

Elephant shrews are not highly social animals, but many live in monogamous pairs,and live in seldom. They share and defend their home territory if another organism were to trespass into their territory they would be violently kicked out, which involves screaming, sparring, snapping and kicking (Simmons, 1991). Marked using scent glands.[12] Rhynchocyon species also dig small conical holes in the soil, bandicoot-style, but others may make use of natural crevices, or make leaf nests. and keep track of each other through scent marking.


Short-eared elephant shrews inhabit the dry steppes and stone deserts of southwestern Africa. They can even be found in the Namib Desert, one of the driest regions of the earth. Females drive away other females, while males try to ward off other males. Although they live in pairs, the partners do not care much for each other and their sole purpose of even associating with the opposite sex is for reproduction. Social behaviors are not very common and they even have separate nests. The one or two young are well developed at birth; they are able to run within a few hours.[14]

Female elephant shrews undergo a menstrual cycle similar to that of human females and the species is one of the few nonprimate mammals to do so.[15] Elephant shrews were used in the 1940s to study the human menstruation cycle.[16] The elephant shrew mating period lasts for several days. After mating, the pair will return to their solitary habits. After a gestation period varying from 45 to 60 days, the female will bear litters of one to three young several times a year. The young are born relatively well developed, but remain in the nest for several days before venturing outside.[12]

After five days, the young's milk diet is supplemented with mashed insects, which are collected and transported in the cheek pouches of the female. The young then slowly start to explore their environment and hunt for insects. After about 15 days, the young will begin the migratory phase of their lives, which lessens their dependency on their mother. The young will then establish their own home ranges (about 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi)) and will become sexually active within 41–46 days.[17][18]

The thermal characteristics of elephant shrews with similar body size, habitat and distribution are very close in most of the classifications. They can maintain homeothermy in different ambient temperatures where most of the species regulate their body temperature at 35 °C and neither become hyperthermic but they balance the heat offload by increasing the EWL (evaporative water loss).[19]

Feeding habits edit

Elephant shrews mainly eat insects, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and earthworms. An elephant shrew uses its nose to find prey and uses its tongue to flick small food into its mouth, much like an anteater. Eating large prey can pose a challenge; an elephant shrew struggling with an earthworm must first pin its prey to the ground with a forefoot. Then, turning its head to one side, it chews pieces off with its cheek teeth, much like a dog chewing a bone. This is a sloppy process, and many small pieces of worm drop to the ground; these are simply flicked up with the tongue. Some elephant shrews also feed on small amounts of plant matter, especially new leaves, seeds, and small fruits.[17]

Evolution edit

A number of fossil species are known, all from Africa. They were separate from the similar-appearing order Leptictida. A considerable diversification of macroscelids occurred in the Paleogene period. Some, such as Myohyrax, were so similar to hyraxes that they were initially included with that group, while others, such as Mylomygale, were relatively rodent-like. These unusual forms all died out by the Pleistocene.[20] Although macroscelids were classified in the past with many groups, often on the basis of superficial characteristics, considerable morphological and molecular evidence places them within Afrotheria, at the base of Afroinsectivora.[21]

In terms of timing, the divergence between macroscelids and afrosoricidans is thought to have occurred roughly 57.5 million years (Ma) ago, in the late Paleocene, while the diversification of extant macroscelids apparently began when the Rhynchocyon lineage split off about 33 Ma ago, in the early Oligocene.[22] Elephantulus is considered to have separated from Macroscelidini later in the Oligocene, about 28.5 Ma ago.[22]

Phylogeny edit

A cladogram of Afrotheria based on molecular evidence[21]

Classification edit

Main article: List of macroscelids
 
Round-eared elephant shrew, Macroscelides proboscideus, Basel Zoo
 
Four-toed sengi, Petrodromus tetradactylus, Mozambique
 
North African elephant shrew, Petrosaltator rozeti, Morocco

The 20 species of elephant shrew are placed in six genera, three of which are monotypic:

References edit

  1. ^ Martin Pickford; Brigitte Senut; Helke Mocke; Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Jean-Claude Rage; Pierre Mein (2014). "Eocene aridity in southwestern Africa: timing of onset and biological consequences". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 69 (3): 139–144. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2014.933452. S2CID 128423895.
  2. ^ Martin Pickford (2015). "Chrysochloridae (Mammalia) from the Lutetian (Middle Eocene) of Black Crow, Namibia" (PDF). Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 16: 105–113.
  3. ^ a b Schlitter, D.A. (2005). "Order Macroscelidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 82–85. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Nishihara, Hidenori; Satta, Yoko; Nikaido, Masato; Thewissen, J. G. M.; Stanhope, Michael J.; Okada, Norihiro (2005). "A Retroposon Analysis of Afrotherian Phylogeny". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (9): 1823–1833. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi179. PMID 15930154.
  5. ^ Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. London: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11692-1.
  6. ^ Stanhope, M. J.; Waddell, V. G.; Madsen, O.; de Jong, W.; Hedges, S. B.; Cleven, G. C.; Kao, D.; Springer, M. S. (1998). "Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (17): 9967–9972. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9967S. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967. PMC 21445. PMID 9707584.
  7. ^ Briggs, Helen (18 August 2020). "Elephant shrew rediscovered in Africa after 50 years". BBC News. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  8. ^ Davies, Ella (16 January 2014). . BBC Nature. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16.
  9. ^ Iwaniuk, A.; Kaufman, J.A.; Turner, G.H.; Holroyd, P.A.; Rovero, F.; Grossman, A. (2013). "Brain Volume of the Newly-Discovered Species Rhynchocyon udzungwensis (Mammalia: Afrotheria: Macroscelidea): Implications for Encephalization in Sengis". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58667. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858667K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058667. PMC 3596274. PMID 23516530.
  10. ^ Rathbun, Galen B.; Woodall, Peter F. (March 2002). "A bibliography of elephant‐shrews or sengis (Macroscelidea)". Mammal Review. 32 (1): 66–70. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00092.x. ISSN 0305-1838.
  11. ^ Encyclopedia of Animals. Online database: EBSCO Publishing.
  12. ^ a b c Rathbun, Galen B. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 730–733. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
  13. ^ Conniff, Richard. Shrewd Configuration, Smithsonian, June 2005. pp. 26-28.
  14. ^ . Natur Spot. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  15. ^ van der Horst, Cornelius; Gillman, Joseph (1941). "The menstrual cycle in Elephantulus". The South African Journal of Medical Sciences. 6: 27–47.
  16. ^ Carter, A.M. (2018). "Classics revisited: C. J. Van der Horst on pregnancy and menstruation in elephant shrews". Placenta. 67: 24–30. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2018.05.010. PMID 29941170. S2CID 49414099.
  17. ^ a b Rathbun, Galen B. (September 1992). "The Fairly True Elephant-Shrew". Natural History. 101. New York.
  18. ^ Unger, Regina. "Short-eared Elephant-Shrews". Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  19. ^ Downs, Colleen T.; Perrin, M.R. (1995). "The thermal biology of three southern African elephant-shrews". Journal of Thermal Biology. 20 (6): 445–450. doi:10.1016/0306-4565(95)00003-F.
  20. ^ Savage, RJG & Long, MR (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. New York: Facts on File. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8160-1194-0.
  21. ^ a b Tabuce, R.; Asher, R. J.; Lehmann, T. (2008). (PDF). Mammalia. 72: 2–14. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.004. S2CID 46133294. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  22. ^ a b c d Heritage, S.; Rayaleh, H.; Awaleh, D.G.; Rathbun, G.B. (2020). "New records of a lost species and a geographic range expansion for sengis in the Horn of Africa". PeerJ. 8: e9652. doi:10.7717/peerj.9652. PMC 7441985. PMID 32879790.
  23. ^ Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019). "Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation". PLOS Biol. 17 (12): e3000494. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494. PMC 6892540. PMID 31800571.
  24. ^ Smit, H.A.; Robinson, T.J.; Watson, J.; Jansen Van Vuuren, B. (October 2008). "A new species of elephant-shrew (Afrotheria:Macroselidea: Elephantulus) from South Africa". Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (5): 1257–1269. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-254.1.
  25. ^ Krásová, Jarmila; Mikula, Ondřej; Šumbera, Radim; Horáková, Sylvie; Robovský, Jan; Kostin, Danila S.; Martynov, Aleksey A.; Lavrenchenko, Leonid A.; Bryja, Josef (2021). "The Rufous Sengi is not Elephantulus—Multilocus reconstruction of evolutionary history of sengis from the subfamily Macroscelidinae". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 59 (4): 918–932. doi:10.1111/jzs.12460. ISSN 1439-0469. S2CID 233667864.
  26. ^ Agwanda B. R., Rovero F., Lawson L. P., Vernesi C., & Amin R. (2021), "A new subspecies of giant sengi (Macroscelidea: Rhynchocyon) from coastal Kenya", Zootaxa, 4948 (2): zootaxa.4948.2.5, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4948.2.5, PMID 33757027{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Carlen, E.J.; Rathbun, G.B.; Olson, L.E.; Sabuni, C.A.; Stanley, W.T.; Dumbacher, J.P. (2017). "Reconstructing the molecular phylogeny of giant sengis (Macroscelidea; Macroscelididae; Rhynchocyon)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 113: 150–160. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.012. PMID 28552433.
  • Murata, Y.; Nikaido, M.; Sasaki, T.; Cao, Y.; Fukumoto, Y.; Hasegawa, M.; Okada, N. (2003). "Afrotherian phylogeny as inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (2): 253–260. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00035-6. PMID 12878462.
  • Murphy, W.J.; Eizirik, E.; Johnson, W.E.; Zhang, Y.P.; Ryder, O.A.; O'Brien, S.J. (2001). "Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals". Nature. 409 (6820): 614–618. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..614M. doi:10.1038/35054550. PMID 11214319. S2CID 4373847.
  • Tabuce, R.; Marivaux, L.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Hartenberger, J.-L.; Mahboubi, M.; Mebrouk, F.; Tafforeau, P.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2007). "Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1614): 1159–1166. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0229. PMC 2189562. PMID 17329227.

External links edit

  • "Elephant Shrew". African Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  • . California Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  • "New Species Of Giant Elephant-shrew Discovered". Science Daily. February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  • "New sengi species is related to an elephant, but small as a mouse". Los Angeles Times. June 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.

April 25, 2024
elephant, shrew, also, called, jumping, shrews, sengis, small, insectivorous, mammals, native, africa, belonging, family, macroscelididae, order, macroscelidea, their, traditional, common, english, name, elephant, shrew, comes, from, perceived, resemblance, be. Elephant shrews also called jumping shrews or sengis are small insectivorous mammals native to Africa belonging to the family Macroscelididae in the order Macroscelidea Their traditional common English name elephant shrew comes from a perceived resemblance between their long noses and the trunk of an elephant and their superficial similarity with shrews family Soricidae in the order Eulipotyphla However phylogenetic analysis has revealed that elephant shrews are not properly classified with true shrews but are in fact more closely related to elephants than to shrews 4 In 1997 the biologist Jonathan Kingdon proposed that they instead be called sengis singular sengi 5 a term derived from the Bantu languages of Africa and in 1998 they were classified into the new clade Afrotheria 6 Elephant shrew 3 Temporal range 48 0 Ma 1 2 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Black and rufous elephant shrew Rhynchocyon petersi Philadelphia Zoo Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Placentalia Superorder Afrotheria Grandorder Afroinsectiphilia Mirorder Afroinsectivora Order MacroscelideaButler 1956 Family MacroscelididaeBonaparte 1838 Type genus MacroscelidesA Smith 1829 Genera Elephantulus Galegeeska Macroscelides Petrodromus Petrosaltator Rhynchocyon Range map of elephant shrew by genus R petersi skeleton Museum of Osteology Eastern rock elephant shrew Elephantulus myurus South Africa Bushveld elephant shrew E intufi Namibia They are widely distributed across the southern part of Africa and although common nowhere can be found in almost any type of habitat from the Namib Desert to boulder strewn outcrops in South Africa to thick forest One species the North African elephant shrew remains in the semi arid mountainous country in the far northwest of Africa The Somali elephant shrew went unobserved from 1968 to 2020 but was rediscovered by a group of scientists in Djibouti 7 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Feeding habits 3 Evolution 4 Phylogeny 5 Classification 6 References 7 External linksCharacteristics editThe creature is one of the fastest small mammals having been recorded to reach speeds of 28 8 kilometres per hour 17 9 mph 8 Compared to other mammalian insectivores sengis have relatively large brains 9 They are solitary animals which means that they rely on a combination of vocalizations and scent markings for communication with their vocalizations which serves the purposes such as territory defense and mate attraction 10 nbsp Skeleton of North African elephant shrew Elephant shrews are small quadrupedal insectivorous mammals resembling rodents or opossums with scaly tails long snouts and legs quite long for their size which are used to move from one place to another like rabbits They vary in size from about 10 to 30 centimetres 3 9 to 11 8 in from 50 to 500 grams 1 8 to 17 6 oz The body weight of the grey faced sengi is about 700 g which is 25 50 greater than any other giant sengi The new Rhynchocyon is only known from two populations that cover about 300 km2 of montane forest It has an estimated density of 50 80 individuals km 2 The short eared elephant shrew has an average size of 150 mm 5 9 in Although the size of the trunk varies among species all are able to twist it about in search of food Their lifespans are about two and a half to four years in the wild 11 page needed They have large canine teeth and also high crowned cheek teeth similar to those of ungulates 12 Their dental formula is 1 3 1 4 2 3 1 4 2 3 GAlthough mostly diurnal 13 and very active they are difficult to trap and very seldom seen elephant shrews are wary well camouflaged and adept at dashing away from threats Several species make a series of cleared pathways through the undergrowth and spend their day patrolling them for insect life If the animal is disturbed the pathway provides an obstacle free escape route Elephant shrews are not highly social animals but many live in monogamous pairs and live in seldom They share and defend their home territory if another organism were to trespass into their territory they would be violently kicked out which involves screaming sparring snapping and kicking Simmons 1991 Marked using scent glands 12 Rhynchocyon species also dig small conical holes in the soil bandicoot style but others may make use of natural crevices or make leaf nests and keep track of each other through scent marking Short eared elephant shrews inhabit the dry steppes and stone deserts of southwestern Africa They can even be found in the Namib Desert one of the driest regions of the earth Females drive away other females while males try to ward off other males Although they live in pairs the partners do not care much for each other and their sole purpose of even associating with the opposite sex is for reproduction Social behaviors are not very common and they even have separate nests The one or two young are well developed at birth they are able to run within a few hours 14 Female elephant shrews undergo a menstrual cycle similar to that of human females and the species is one of the few nonprimate mammals to do so 15 Elephant shrews were used in the 1940s to study the human menstruation cycle 16 The elephant shrew mating period lasts for several days After mating the pair will return to their solitary habits After a gestation period varying from 45 to 60 days the female will bear litters of one to three young several times a year The young are born relatively well developed but remain in the nest for several days before venturing outside 12 After five days the young s milk diet is supplemented with mashed insects which are collected and transported in the cheek pouches of the female The young then slowly start to explore their environment and hunt for insects After about 15 days the young will begin the migratory phase of their lives which lessens their dependency on their mother The young will then establish their own home ranges about 1 km2 0 39 sq mi and will become sexually active within 41 46 days 17 18 The thermal characteristics of elephant shrews with similar body size habitat and distribution are very close in most of the classifications They can maintain homeothermy in different ambient temperatures where most of the species regulate their body temperature at 35 C and neither become hyperthermic but they balance the heat offload by increasing the EWL evaporative water loss 19 Feeding habits editElephant shrews mainly eat insects spiders centipedes millipedes and earthworms An elephant shrew uses its nose to find prey and uses its tongue to flick small food into its mouth much like an anteater Eating large prey can pose a challenge an elephant shrew struggling with an earthworm must first pin its prey to the ground with a forefoot Then turning its head to one side it chews pieces off with its cheek teeth much like a dog chewing a bone This is a sloppy process and many small pieces of worm drop to the ground these are simply flicked up with the tongue Some elephant shrews also feed on small amounts of plant matter especially new leaves seeds and small fruits 17 Evolution editA number of fossil species are known all from Africa They were separate from the similar appearing order Leptictida A considerable diversification of macroscelids occurred in the Paleogene period Some such as Myohyrax were so similar to hyraxes that they were initially included with that group while others such as Mylomygale were relatively rodent like These unusual forms all died out by the Pleistocene 20 Although macroscelids were classified in the past with many groups often on the basis of superficial characteristics considerable morphological and molecular evidence places them within Afrotheria at the base of Afroinsectivora 21 In terms of timing the divergence between macroscelids and afrosoricidans is thought to have occurred roughly 57 5 million years Ma ago in the late Paleocene while the diversification of extant macroscelids apparently began when the Rhynchocyon lineage split off about 33 Ma ago in the early Oligocene 22 Elephantulus is considered to have separated from Macroscelidini later in the Oligocene about 28 5 Ma ago 22 Phylogeny editAfrotheria Paenungulata Hyracoidea Procaviidae nbsp Tethytheria Sirenia Trichechidae nbsp Dugongidae nbsp Proboscidea Elephantidae nbsp Afroinsectiphilia Tubulidentata Orycteropodidae nbsp Afroinsectivora Macroscelidea Macroscelididae nbsp Afrosoricida Chrysochloridae nbsp Tenrecomorpha Tenrecidae nbsp Potamogalidae nbsp A cladogram of Afrotheria based on molecular evidence 21 Cladogram of living elephant shrews 23 22 Macroscelididae Rhynchocyoninae Rhynchocyon R chrysopygus R cirnei R stuhlmanni R petersi R udzungwensis Macroscelidinae Macroscelidini Galegeeska G revoilii G rufescens Petrosaltator rozeti Petrodromus tetradactylus Macroscelides M flavicaudatus M proboscideus M micus Elephantulus E rupestris E intufi E brachyrhynchus E edwardii E pilicaudus E myurusClassification editMain article List of macroscelids nbsp Round eared elephant shrew Macroscelides proboscideus Basel Zoo nbsp Four toed sengi Petrodromus tetradactylus Mozambique nbsp North African elephant shrew Petrosaltator rozeti Morocco The 20 species of elephant shrew are placed in six genera three of which are monotypic ORDER MACROSCELIDEA 3 Family Macroscelididae Genus Elephantulus Short snouted elephant shrew E brachyrhynchus Cape elephant shrew E edwardii Dusky footed elephant shrew E fuscipes Dusky elephant shrew E fuscus Bushveld elephant shrew E intufi Eastern rock elephant shrew E myurus Karoo rock elephant shrew E pilicaudus 24 Western rock elephant shrew E rupestris Genus Galegeeska Somali elephant shrew G revoilii 22 Rufous elephant shrew G rufescens 25 Genus Macroscelides Namib round eared sengi M flavicaudatus Etendeka round eared sengi M micus Round eared elephant shrew M proboscideus Genus Petrodromus Four toed elephant shrew P tetradactylus Genus Petrosaltator North African elephant shrew P rozeti Genus Rhynchocyon Golden rumped sengi R chrysopygus Rhynchocyon chrysopygus mandelai 26 Chequered sengi R cirnei Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei Rhynchocyon cirnei shirensis Rhynchocyon cirnei reichardi Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni Rhynchocyon cirnei macrurus Black and rufous sengi R petersi Rhynchocyon petersi petersi Rhynchocyon petersi adersi Stuhlmann s sengi R stuhlmanni 27 Grey faced sengi R udzungwensisReferences edit Martin Pickford Brigitte Senut Helke Mocke Cecile Mourer Chauvire Jean Claude Rage Pierre Mein 2014 Eocene aridity in southwestern Africa timing of onset and biological consequences Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 69 3 139 144 doi 10 1080 0035919X 2014 933452 S2CID 128423895 Martin Pickford 2015 Chrysochloridae Mammalia from the Lutetian Middle Eocene of Black Crow Namibia PDF Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia 16 105 113 a b Schlitter D A 2005 Order Macroscelidea In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 82 85 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Nishihara Hidenori Satta Yoko Nikaido Masato Thewissen J G M Stanhope Michael J Okada Norihiro 2005 A Retroposon Analysis of Afrotherian Phylogeny Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 9 1823 1833 doi 10 1093 molbev msi179 PMID 15930154 Kingdon J 1997 The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals London Academic Press ISBN 978 0 691 11692 1 Stanhope M J Waddell V G Madsen O de Jong W Hedges S B Cleven G C Kao D Springer M S 1998 Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 17 9967 9972 Bibcode 1998PNAS 95 9967S doi 10 1073 pnas 95 17 9967 PMC 21445 PMID 9707584 Briggs Helen 18 August 2020 Elephant shrew rediscovered in Africa after 50 years BBC News Retrieved 19 August 2020 Davies Ella 16 January 2014 Secrets of the sengi the world s fastest small mammal BBC Nature Archived from the original on 2014 01 16 Iwaniuk A Kaufman J A Turner G H Holroyd P A Rovero F Grossman A 2013 Brain Volume of the Newly Discovered Species Rhynchocyon udzungwensis Mammalia Afrotheria Macroscelidea Implications for Encephalization in Sengis PLOS ONE 8 3 e58667 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 858667K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0058667 PMC 3596274 PMID 23516530 Rathbun Galen B Woodall Peter F March 2002 A bibliography of elephant shrews or sengis Macroscelidea Mammal Review 32 1 66 70 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2907 2002 00092 x ISSN 0305 1838 Encyclopedia of Animals Online database EBSCO Publishing a b c Rathbun Galen B 1984 Macdonald D ed The Encyclopedia of Mammals New York Facts on File pp 730 733 ISBN 978 0 87196 871 5 Conniff Richard Shrewd Configuration Smithsonian June 2005 pp 26 28 Short eared elephant shrew Macroscelides proboscideus A living fossil from the Namib desert Natur Spot Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 1 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