Drug lord

"Drug king" redirects here. For the film, see The Drug King.

A drug lord, drug baron, kingpin, or lord of drugs is a type of crime boss in charge of a drug trafficking network, organization, or enterprise.

Such lords are often difficult to bring to justice, as they are normally not directly in possession of something illegal but are insulated from the actual trade in drugs by several layers of staff. The prosecution of drug lords is therefore usually the result of carefully planned infiltration into their networks, often using informants from within the organizations.

When a group of independent drug lords collude with each other, in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade, they form an organization called a drug cartel.

Organizational role

Since the 1970s, research on organized crime leadership (and, by extension, drug lords) has evolved. Where once studies emphasised the importance of the leader's human capital (e.g. individual traits), it has now developed to focus upon the leader's social capital (e.g. information and resource brokers, social status, access to information).^[1]

List of well-known drug lords

Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo

Main articles: Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo and Drug barons of Colombia

Known as "El Padrino" (The Godfather) and "El Jefe de Jefes" (The boss of bosses) was born in 1946, and is the founder and former leader of the Guadalajara Cartel, the first Mexican Cartel ever established. He had strong ties with the Cali Cartel and Escobar's Medellin Cartel as he distributed drugs for them. He controlled almost all of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border in 1970s and the 80s. Until the end of the 1980s, Guadalajara Cartel headed by Félix Gallardo was one of the most powerful cartels in the world. He had a huge involvement in politics and bribed political authorities to protect himself and his business. After his capture in 1989 for the alleged murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena, Félix and allegedly the Mexican Government decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down by law enforcement.

Félix Gallardo instructed his lawyer to convene the nation's top drug narcos in 1989 at a house in the resort of Acapulco where he designated the plazas (turfs) or territories. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews, the Arellano Felix brothers. The Ciudad Juárez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family and to Rafael Aguilar Guajardo. Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor. Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar were left the Pacific coast operations, with Ismael Zambada García joining them soon after and thus becoming the Sinaloa Cartel, who was not yet a party to the 1989 pact. Félix Gallardo still planned to oversee national operations and remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone until he was transferred in the 1990s to the Altiplano maximum security prison and lost all remaining contacts with other drug lords. On 18 December 2014, federal authorities approved his request to transfer to a medium-security prison in Guadalajara (State of Jalisco), due to his declining health. He still strongly denies any involvement in the murder of Enrique Camarena. He was particularly known for using less violence and many even attribute the current bloodshed due to the turf war between rival cartels to the fall of Félix

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria

Main article: Pablo Escobar

 

Pablo Escobar

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949 – December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug overlord. Often referred to as the "World's Greatest Outlaw", Escobar was perhaps the most elusive cocaine trafficker to have ever existed. He is considered the 'King of Cocaine' and is known as the lord of all drug lords.^[2] In 1989, Forbes magazine declared Escobar as the seventh-richest man in the world, with an estimated personal fortune of US$30 billion.^[3] In 1986, he attempted to enter Colombian politics. It is said that Pablo Escobar once burnt two million dollars in cash to keep his daughter warm while on the run.^[4] Escobar was the boss of the famous Medellin Cartel, the most powerful drug empire to exist and is said to have had over twice the power and money of their rivals, the Cali Cartel. Pablo was known as Paisa Robin Hood, for his contributions to the poor, but was also known for murdering anyone who got in his way. His carrot-and-stick strategy of bribing public officials in the Colombian government, and sending hitmen to murder the ones who rejected his bribes, came to be known as "silver or lead" or "money or bullets". When the Colombian government launched a manhunt for Escobar, it needed assistance from the DEA, the CIA, the Cali Cartel, and Los Pepes. On December 2, Search Bloc killed Pablo on a rooftop.

Amado Carrillo Fuentes

Main article: Amado Carrillo Fuentes

As a top drug lord in Mexico, Amado Carrillo (1956–1997) was transporting four times more cocaine to the U.S. than any other trafficker, building a fortune of over $25 billion.^[5] He was called El Señor de Los Cielos ("The Lord of the Skies") for his use of over 22 private 727 jet airliners to transport Colombian cocaine to municipal airports and dirt airstrips around Mexico, including Juárez.^{[citation needed]} He was a member of the Guadalajara Cartel and worked for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo. After Félix was arrested, Amado formed the Juarez Cartel. In the months before his death, the DEA described Carrillo as the most-powerful drug trafficker of his era, and many analysts claimed profits neared $25 billion.

Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán

Main article: Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán

 

Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán

Guzman is the most notorious drug lord of all time, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).^[6] In the 1980s, he was a member of the Guadalajara Cartel and used to work for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo. After Félix's arrest in 1989, Guzmán formed the Sinaloa Cartel along with Ismael Zambada García and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar. He is well known for his use of sophisticated tunnels—similar to the one located in Douglas, Arizona—to smuggle cocaine from Mexico into the United States in the early 1990s. In 1993, a 7.3-ton shipment of his cocaine, concealed in cans of chili peppers and destined for the United States, was seized in Tecate, Baja California. That same year he barely escaped an ambush by the Tijuana Cartel led by Ramon Arellano Felix and his gunmen. After being captured in Guatemala, he was jailed in 1993 and in 1995 he was moved to the maximum-security prison called Puente Grande, but paid his way out of prison and hid in a laundry van as it drove through the gates. On 22 February 2014, Guzmán was arrested again. He is considered a folk hero in the narcotics world, celebrated by musicians who write and perform a narcocorridos (drug ballads) extolling his exploits.^[7] For example, Los Traviezos recorded a ballad extolling his life on the run.^[8] In July 2015, Guzman escaped a second time from a maximum-security prison through a hole in a shower floor that led to a mile-long tunnel, ending at a nearby house.^[9] A large-scale manhunt ensued. On 8 January 2016, Guzmán was captured by the Mexican Marines.^[10]

Osiel Cárdenas Guillén

Main article: Osiel Cárdenas Guillén

Osiel Cárdenas Guillén (born 18 May 1967) is a former Mexican drug lord who was the leader of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas. Originally a mechanic in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Guillén eventually became involved in the illegal drug trade the Gulf Cartel before becoming its leader in 1997 by assassinating drug lord Salvador Gómez Herrera. Guillén recruited over 30 deserters from the Mexican Army's special forces unit, the Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales, to form the cartel's armed wing; this group would go on to be among the founding members of Los Zetas, another Mexican drug cartel. In 1999, Guillén and a group of Gulf Cartel gunmen threatened two U.S. federal agents at gunpoint, which triggered a massive combined effort from American and Mexican law enforcement agencies to crack down on the leadership structure of the Gulf Cartel and led to Guillén becoming one of the most wanted criminals in the world. Guillén was arrested in Mexico in 2003 and deported to the U.S. in 2007, where he remains incarcerated to this day.^[11][12]

Jorge Alberto Rodriguez

Jorge Alberto Rodriguez, also known as Don Cholito, is a notorious Argentine-born, Puerto Rican and Colombian mixed drug lord from New York, who headed the 400 criminal organization, a dismantled secret cell of the Cali Cartel. Pulled into the drug trade at age 12, he left home at age 14 to begin working for his Father, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, who headed the Cali Cartel. Within six years he had amassed a fortune exceeding over US$300 million by shipping drugs from Colombia to nearly every state in the U.S. He was one of the most ruthless international drug lords unknown to law enforcement or governments. During that time, the murder rate and cocaine-related hospital emergencies in the United States doubled. He was arrested on July 6, 1990, in Tallahassee, Florida and sentenced to a 25-year prison term for a number of federal violations. Following his conviction, Rodriguez continued to operate his illicit business from behind bars, importing as much as 12,500 kilograms of cocaine into the U.S. each month and ordering numerous murders of informants, witnesses, in the U.S. and Colombia. He reigned and flourished while incarcerated until he was placed in court-ordered high-security isolation in 1994. According to the Bureau of Prisons, Rodriguez was released in 2012.^[13][14][15]

Marcola

Main article: Marcola

Born on April 13, 1968, in Osasco (a city located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil), Marcos Willians Herbas Camacho, known as "Marcola" is one of the founders and the current leader of Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC), the largest and the most powerful Brazilian criminal organization.^[16] A Brazilian with Bolivian origins, Marcola (whose criminal career began when he was a child, at the age of nine and currently serving a sentence of 234 years in prison for murder, drug trafficking and other crimes) is the current leader of PCC and commands this powerful crime syndicate from inside the Taubaté Prison, one of the most infamous prisons in Brazil. Under the command of Marcola, the PCC expanded its influence outside Brazil, to having a presence in Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Paraguay and Peru. The PCC is notorious for its use of violence, for its numerous confrontations with police officers and because of their violent conflicts over territory control and the control of drug trafficking against another powerful Brazilian criminal organization, the Comando Vermelho (or CV), a powerful crime syndicate based in the city of Rio de Janeiro.^[17]

Griselda Blanco

Main article: Griselda Blanco

 

Griselda Blanco

Griselda Blanco (1943–2012), known as the "Godmother of Cocaine", was a drug lady who operated between Miami and Colombia during the 1970s and 1980s. During the height of her operation, she smuggled nearly 1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb) of cocaine into the U.S. every month through a network in south Florida.^[18] She was noted for her ruthlessness and use of extreme violence, employing tactics such as publicly assassinating people in broad daylight, bayoneting a rival trafficker inside Miami International Airport, and inventing the drive-by motorcycle shooting execution method.^[19][20] It was estimated that she was responsible for the homicides of 200 people in Colombia, Florida, New York, and California.^[19] Arrested in 1985 for drug-trafficking charges, she was subsequently convicted and spent almost 20 years in a U.S. prison.^[21] She was killed by motorcycle hitmen in Colombia on 3 September 2012 as she was coming out of a butcher's shop.^[22]

Roberto Suárez Gómez

Main article: Roberto Suárez Goméz

Pablo Escobar started to buy cocaine from Roberto Suárez in the 1970s when he had just created the Medellín cartel.^{[citation needed]} Suárez started building cocaine laboratories in the middle of the Bolivian Amazon jungle and in the zone of "Los Yungas" in the end of the 1960s and created the first cocaine cartel in Bolivia called "La Corporación".^{[citation needed]} At first, the Medellin cartel bought cocaine at $8,000 per kilogram ($3,600/lb). La Corporación then sold cocaine-based paste to Colombian cartels, and they finished and distributed it in the east of the United States.^{[citation needed]} The finished cocaine was sold directly to Mexican cartels for distribution in the west of the United States. Suárez received untold amounts of money, but as detectives and journalists discovered the corruption between Bolivia and the U.S., the empire Suárez built began to fall.^{[citation needed]} Suárez was arrested by the DEA in 1988, and Escobar took over of the production and distribution of 80% of the world's cocaine.^{[citation needed]}

Rick Ross

 

"Freeway" Rick Ross

Main article: "Freeway" Rick Ross

Rick Ross (born January 28, 1960),^[23] a.k.a. "Freeway" Ricky Ross, is a convicted drug-trafficker best known for the drug empire he presided over in Los Angeles in the early 1980s.^[24] The nickname "Freeway" came from Ross growing up next to the 110 Harbor Freeway.^[25] During the height of his drug dealing, Ross was said to have made "$2 million in one day." According to the Oakland Tribune, "In the course of his rise, prosecutors estimate that Ross transported several tons of cocaine to New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere, and made more than $600 million in the process."^[26]

In 1998, Ross was sentenced to life imprisonment after being convicted of purchasing more than 100 kilograms of cocaine from a federal agent during a sting operation. Ross became the subject of controversy later that year when a series of articles by journalist Gary Webb in the San Jose Mercury News revealed a connection between Ross's main cocaine source, Danilo Blandon, and the CIA as part of the Iran–Contra affair.^[27] Ross's case went before the federal court of appeals and his sentence was reduced to 20 years. He was later moved to a halfway house in March 2009 and released from custody on September 29, 2009.^[23]

In June 2014, Ross released his book, Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography, co-written by crime-writer Cathy Scott.^[28]

Manuel Noriega

 

Manuel Noriega, following his arrest by U.S. authorities

Main article: Manuel Noriega

For more than a decade, Panamanian Manuel Noriega was a highly paid CIA asset and collaborator, despite knowledge by U.S. drug authorities as early as 1971 that the general was heavily involved in drug trafficking and money laundering.^{[citation needed]} Noriega facilitated "guns-for-drugs" flights for the Nicaraguan Contras, whom the U.S. were heavily supporting: providing protection and pilots, safe havens for drug cartel officials, and discreet banking facilities.^[29] He was arrested in 1990.

Ramon Arellano Felix

Main article: Ramon Arellano Felix

Ramón Arellano Félix was a Mexican drug lord who was a founding member of the Tijuana drug cartel (a.k.a. the Arellano-Félix Organization) alongside his brothers.^[30] Arellano Félix was allegedly one of the most ruthless enforcers in the organization and was a suspect in various murders. He had been linked by Mexican police to the 1997 massacre of twelve members of a family outside of Ensenada, Baja California. The family was related to a drug dealer that had an unpaid debt to the Arellano Félix Cartel.^{[citation needed]} On September 18, 1997, Arellano Félix was placed on the FBI's ten most-wanted list.^[31] In a sealed indictment in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, he was charged with conspiracy to import cocaine and marijuana.^{[citation needed]}. Ramon and his brothers, primarily Benjamin Arellano Felix were the undisputed leaders of the Tijuana Cartel and developed an intense rivalry with Joaquin Guzman Loera’s Sinaloa Cartel. The war between both organizations lasted more than 10 years until Ramón was killed in Mazatlán on February 10, 2002, by policemen allegedly on the payroll of the rival, Sinaloa Cártel.

Ismael Zambada García

Main article: Ismael Zambada García

Ismael Zambada García is a drug smuggler in Mexico and co-founder of the Sinaloa Cartel.^[32] Mexico's top anti-drug prosecutor, José Santiago Vasconcelos, called Zambada "drug dealer No. 1" and said the fugitive has become more powerful as his fellow kingpins have fallen, including one who was allegedly killed on Zambada's orders.^{[citation needed]}

Klaas Bruinsma

Main article: Klaas Bruinsma (drug lord)

Klaas Bruinsma (1953–1991) was a major Dutch drug lord, shot to death by mafia member and former police officer Martin Hoogland.^{[citation needed]} Bruinsma was known as "De Lange" ("the tall one") and as "De Dominee" ("the preacher") because of his black clothing and his habit of lecturing others.^{[citation needed]}

Arturo Beltran Leyva

Main article: Arturo Beltran Leyva

Marcos Arturo Beltrán Leyva (September 27, 1961 – December 16, 2009) was the leader of the Mexican drug-trafficking organization known as the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, which is headed by the Beltrán Leyva brothers: Marcos Arturo, Carlos, Alfredo and Héctor.^[33] The cartel was engaged in cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and methamphetamine production, transportation, and wholesaling. It controlled numerous drug-trafficking corridors into the United States. and was also responsible for human smuggling, money laundering, extortion, kidnapping, murder, contract killing, torture, gun-running, and other acts of violence in Mexico.^[34] The organization was connected with the assassinations of numerous Mexican law-enforcement officials.^[34]

Frank Lucas

 

Frank Lucas

Main article: Frank Lucas (drug lord)

Frank Lucas was a former heroin dealer and organized crime boss who operated in Harlem, New York during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was known for cutting out middlemen in the drug trade and buying heroin directly from his source in the Golden Triangle. Lucas boasted that he smuggled heroin using the coffins of dead American servicemen,^[35][36] but this claim is denied by his South Asian associate, Leslie "Ike" Atkinson.^[37] His career was dramatized in the 2007 feature film American Gangster starring Denzel Washington.

Leroy Barnes

Main article: Leroy Barnes

Leroy Antonio "Nicky" Barnes (born October 15, 1933) was a former drug lord and crime boss of the notorious African-American crime organization known as The Council, which controlled the heroin trade in Harlem, New York during the 1970s.^[38] In 2007 he released a book, Mr Untouchable, written with Tom Folsom, and a documentary DVD of the same name, about his life.^[39][40] In the 2007 film American Gangster, Barnes is portrayed by Cuba Gooding, Jr.

Zhenli Ye Gon

Main article: Zhenli Ye Gon

 

Part of the currency seized from Ye Gon's home

Zhenli Ye Gon (traditional Chinese: 葉真理;^[41] born January 31, 1963, Shanghai, People's Republic of China) is a Mexican businessman of Chinese origin accused of trafficking pseudoephedrine into Mexico from Asia. At the time of his arrest, he had $207 million in cash and 18 million Mexican pesos in his house. He claimed that he was forced by Javier Lozano Alarcón, putatively identified as the Secretary of Labor, to keep it at his home and that this money would be used during Felipe Calderón's presidential campaign in 2006. He is the legal representative of Unimed Pharm Chem México. The charges against him were dismissed with prejudice in August 2009^[42] as a result of the efforts of his attorneys, Manuel J. Retureta ^[43] and A. Eduardo Balarezo.^[44]

Christopher Coke

 

Christopher Coke

Main article: Christopher Coke

Michael Christopher Coke (born 13 March 1969),^[45] a.k.a. Dudus,^[46] is a Jamaican drug lord and the leader of the Shower Posse gang. He is the youngest son of drug lord Lester Lloyd Coke whose extradition had also, prior to his 1992 death in a Jamaican prison cell, been requested by the U.S.^[46] Until the younger Coke's handover to U.S. forces on 24 June 2010,^{[citation needed]} "Dudus" served as the de facto leader of Tivoli Gardens in the city of Kingston;^[46] prior to his 2010 capture Jamaican police were unable to enter this neighborhood without community consent.^[46]

The son of a prominent drug lord, Coke grew up wealthy, going to school with children of the country's political elite.^{[citation needed]} Ruling the gang where his father left off, he became a leader in the community of Tivoli Gardens, distributing money to the area's poor, creating employment, and setting up community centers.^[47]

In 2009, the U.S. began requesting his extradition, and in May 2010, a recalcitrant Government of Jamaica issued a warrant.^[46] That same month the government took steps to capture Coke. In a run-up to Coke's arrest, more than 70 people–all but one of them civilians–died in a 24 May 2010 raid of Tivoli Gardens.^[46] He was arrested at a Jamaican checkpoint on 22 June 2010.^[46]

Demetrius Flenory

 

Demetrius Flenory

Demetrius Flenory is known as one of the co-founders of the Black Mafia Family, a Detroit-based drug-trafficking organization involving the large-scale distribution of cocaine throughout the U.S. from 1990 to 2005.^[48] There are currently plans to produce a film based upon his career.^[49][50]

José Figueroa Agosto

Main article: José Figueroa Agosto

Jose Figueroa Agosto (born June 28, 1964), also known as "José David Figueroa Agosto", "Junior Capsula" and "the Don Pablo Escobar of the Caribbean", is a Puerto Rican drug trafficker.^[51] As the head of a major drug trafficking organization that made 90% of cocaine in Puerto Rico, Figueroa Agosto is considered to be one of the most dangerous drug lords of Puerto Rico.^[52] He was the most wanted fugitive in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.^[53]

Jari Aarnio

Main article: Jari Aarnio

Jari Seppo Aarnio (born 5 September 1957) is the former chief investigator and head of Helsinki's anti-drugs police, who spent 30 years in the anti-drugs force in Finland.^[54] He has been sentenced to jail for drug crimes and other offences.^[54][55]

Christy Kinahan

Main article: Christy Kinahan

Known as "The Dapper Don", Christy Kinahan (born 1958) is a notorious Irish drug lord from Dublin, Ireland and the head of Kinahan Cartel, a powerful Irish crime syndicate with territories in several countries around the world, such as Spain (Costa del Sol),^[56][57] United Arab Emirates (Dubai),^[58] The Netherlands,^[59] among others. Under the command of Christy Kinahan, the Kinahan Cartel became responsible for a large part of drug smuggling (such as heroin, ecstasy and methamphetamine) and arms smuggling to many places in the world.^[60] According to Gardai (the national police of Ireland, Kinahan has connections with other powerful Irish mobsters like George Mitchell (Known as "The Penguin")^[59] (a notorious gangster from Ballyfermot and cousin of the politicians Gay Mitchell and Jim Mitchell). The Kinahan Cartel is notorious for its bloody feud against another powerful Irish crime syndicate, the Hutch gang (led by Gerry Hutch), in a gang war that became known as the Hutch–Kinahan feud^[61][62] (whose conflict started after the murder of Gary Hutch, Gerry Hutch's nephew and the Shooting of David Byrne at the Regency Hotel in Whitehall, Dublin whose main target was Daniel Kinahan, Christy's oldest son and also a head in the Kinahan Cartel, but ended up taking the life of another important member of the cartel, David Byrne (the son of James Byrne, the brother of Liam Byrne (a notorious lieutenant for Christy Kinahan), the cousin of Freddie Thompson and brother-in-law of Thomas Kavanagh (known as "bomber"), a senior member in the Kinahan Cartel).^{[citation needed]}

 

Garza during a video in which he asks President George W. Bush to spare his life

Juan Raul Garza

Main article: Juan Raul Garza

Juan Raul Garza (November 18, 1956 – June 19, 2001) ran his own marijuana trafficking ring in Texas, Louisiana, Michigan, and Mexico, exporting thousands of kilograms of marijuana across the border into the United States. He is known as the first and currently the only drug lord to be executed by the United States federal government under the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. He was executed for three murders he committed in Texas, but was also found to be responsible for five other murders, four of which were committed in Mexico.^[63][64]

Liu Zhaohua

Main article: Liu Zhaohua

Liu Zhaohua (March 5, 1965 – September 15, 2009) was a Chinese Drug Lord known for producing and trafficking over 18 tonnes of Methamphetamine.^[65] The amount Liu made was worth more than US$5 billion.^[65] He was arrested on March 5, 2005, sentenced to death on June 26, 2006, and executed on September 15, 2009.^[65]

Shaheed "Roger" Khan

Main article: Roger Khan

Shaheed "Roger" Khan (born 13 January 1972) is a Guyanese drug lord who is known for his money-laundering activities as well as his distribution and importation of substantial amounts of cocaine into the US from South America. He was also allegedly the leader of the infamous "Phantom Squad," a death squad that was active in Guyana between 2002 and 2006. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison.

Modern drug lords

Following the death of Pablo Escobar in 1993, significant changes occurred in the structure of the drug trade, departing from massive cartels such as Juan David Ochoa's Medellín cartel. Drug lords have begun breaking the large cartels into much smaller organizations. In so doing, they decreased the number of people involved and shrank their role as targets—most likely in an attempt to avoid the fate of their predecessors. With newer technology, drug lords are able to manage their operations more effectively from behind the scenes, keeping themselves out of the spotlight and off the FBI and DEA wanted lists. These smaller cartels are slowly proving to be safer and more profitable for those involved.^[66]

Drug lords often have de facto control over the governments of the locations they operate in, through bribery, corruption, obstruction of justice, intimidation, contract killings, and narco-terrorism. They may also control or influence civilian populations through violence, and/or by winning hearts and minds. Drug lords like Pablo Escobar and El Chapo, are both known for controlling or influencing the civilian populations of their territories through using both methods. This phenomenon takes place in developing countries with weak and/or corrupt governments, where impunity is present or rife, and rule of law is missing or lacking. In narco-states, corrupt politicians and drug lords have symbiotic relationships.

Drug lords can benefit from political corruption and a spoils system, by contributing donations to political candidates, and/or by colluding with political candidates to rig elections in their favor, through vote buying and/or voter intimidation, in exchange for political favors. After such candidates are elected, they use their power to reward the drug lords, who supported them. The rewards might include: impunity, import/export licenses, and/or favorable decisions, such as banning extradition, softening laws against drug-trafficking, etc. For example, Juan Orlando Hernández protected drug cartels, who contributed donations to his presidential campaign, from criminal investigations, prosecutions, arrests, and convictions, after he was elected as the President of Honduras. While in office, the aforementioned politicians may also solicit or accept bribes from the drug lords, to provide them with even more impunity. In some cases, corrupt politicians in office, who lack any previous ties to the drug lords, may also solicit or accept bribes from them. It is also common for drug lords to intimidate, threaten, blackmail, or assassinate political candidates, who reject their political donations and/or bribes.

Drug lords also take advantage of police corruption, judicial corruption, prosecutorial corruption, and military corruption, through bribery, especially if the drug lords already possess a certain level of impunity, granted by corrupt politicians. In exchange for expensive bribes, corrupt police officers turn a blind eye towards the criminal activities of the drug lords and leak confidential information to them about any police operations. It is crucial for drug lords to gain access to confidential information about police operations, so they are able to: identify confidential informants and undercover police; detect the presence of wiretaps, bugs, and sting operations efficiently; receive advance notice of police raids or manhunts; know the radio frequencies used by police radios; etc. For example, a corrupt police commander helps a drug lord evade capture, by giving him advance notice that the police will raid his mansion in 1 hour. Hence, the police fail to find the drug lord in his mansion during the raid, because he dodged them.

Although, drug lords do not need to bribe every police officer in a police force, they must be able to bribe some high-ranking and mid-ranking cops, in addition to some low-rankings ones, in order to achieve long-term impunity, because high-ranking and mid-ranking cops oversee police operations and have the most access to confidential information. Hence, drug lords, who only bribe low-ranking cops, can achieve short-term impunity, but not long-term impunity. In some cases, drug lords also have to bribe corrupt police officers, to retrieve drugs or weapons, that were confiscated from them during searches and seizures. In other cases, corrupt police officers might sell weapons or drugs to drug lords, that were confiscated from other criminals. For example, a corrupt police chief steals 100 assault rifles from an evidence room in his police station, after they were confiscated from an arms trafficker during a search and seizure; eventually, he sells all of them at once to a drug lord, for $400,000 USD in total.

If a drug lord has strong ties to a corrupt politician in office, such as a mayor, for example, he can ask the mayor to fire a police chief, who is not allied with the drug lord, and to appoint a new one, who is allied. This simple appointment facilitates the drug lord's ability, to bribe and influence the ranks of a police force, from top to bottom. A drug lord who has enough influence over a corrupt police force, can utilize the police to target his rivals in the drug trade. This practice is common in Mexico, where drug cartels de facto control different regions of the country, including the municipal and state police forces of said regions, and often use them as weapons for targeting rival drug cartels. Some drug lords and drug cartels have so much influence over certain police forces, that they are able to gain access to police badges, uniforms, equipment, and vehicles, so they can impersonate police officers. In some cases, drug lords also hire corrupt police officers as bodyguards, hitmen, or kidnappers. Corrupt politicians in office, can also appoint corruptible judges, prosecutors, and military officers, whom the drug lords can also bribe and influence. A drug lord who has enough influence over a corrupt judiciary or a corrupt military unit, can also utilize them as weapons for targeting rivals in the drug trade. For example, some corrupt prosecutors and judges collude with a drug lord, by filing criminal charges and issuing arrest warrants on his rivals in the drug trade, while said drug lord operates with total impunity.

It is also common for drug lords to use violence or intimidation, as an additional tool for controlling or influencing members of law-enforcement agencies. For example, Pablo Escobar was known for using a carrot-and-stick approach, by offering "lead or silver" to Colombian police officers, judges, prosecutors, and military personnel. A drug lord with strong ties to corrupt politicians in office, is also more likely to be able to get away with committing such acts of violence. In some cases, corrupt politicians in office, may collude with drug lords to commit acts of violence or intimidation against members of law-enforcement agencies, who investigate or prosecute political corruption, to prevent said politicians in office from being charged, prosecuted, arrested, and/or convicted for corruption.

One of the most-notorious examples of the treatment given to drug lords is the incarceration of Escobar. Although Escobar was, after turning himself in, jailed for his participation in drug trafficking in Colombia, the "jail" in which he was captive, was a million-dollar palace built with his own funds and guarded by his own private army. Another famous crime lord who enjoyed lightened jail life was Al Capone, who continued to run his business from his jail cell, which contained tables, chairs, a bed, flowers, and paintings. For some crime lords, a short jail or prison sentence, serves as a way to avoid further persecution.

In Mexico, after the arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, there was a rise in the rate of violence. Félix was particularly known for his use of non-violence to keep his business running smooth and had bribed many political authorities for protecting himself and his business. He divided his territory and the remaining members of his organization formed other cartels. He kept in contact with the drug lords and remained as one of Mexico's major traffickers until he was transferred to Altiplano maximum security prison. Eventually, the cartels fought each other for territory and lead to brutal Drug Wars which caused thousands of deaths.

In developing countries, it is still common for drug lords to control local and regional governments, although this phenomenon is not as common as it was in the past. For example, Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada currently holds de facto control over the Mexican state of Durango, by contributing donations to political campaigns during gubernatorial elections, along with assassinating political candidates who reject his donations, and through bribing and intimidating the Durango State Police.^[67] As of early 2023, he has never been arrested or incarcerated.^[68]

In developed countries, drug lords seldom control local and regional governments; they also have less influence over their surroundings, and their ability to continue to run their businesses, upon being arrested and incarcerated. Unlike developing countries, developed countries have stronger rule of law and do not suffer from nearly as much corruption. Hence, it is difficult for drug lords to operate in a developed countries, such as the United States or Canada, in modern times. However, it is still relatively easy for drug lords to operate in developing countries, such as Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico, and Brazil, in modern times. Thus, it is still common for drug lords and drug cartels to operate with certain levels of impunity in developing countries, especially Latin American countries.^[35][69]

Another trend that has been emerging in the last decade is a willingness of local authorities to cooperate with foreign nations, most notably the U.S., in an effort to apprehend and incarcerate drug lords. Recently, especially in the last five years,^[when?] countries have been more willing to extradite their drug lords to face charges in other countries, an act that not only benefits them directly but also gives them favor with foreign governments. Mexico extradited 63 drug dealers to the U.S. in 2006. However, extradition may be prohibited if the person faces either the death penalty or a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Nevertheless, such efforts have failed to curb the rise of new drug lords because of widespread corruption in foreign countries, especially Latin American countries. Today, there are also many drug lords in Latin America, who have never been extradited, and continue to operate with impunity.^[36]

See also

• Drug barons of Colombia
• Drug cartel
• List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords
• War on Drugs

References

1. Calderoni, Francesco (31 March 2020). "The nature of organised crime leadership: criminal leaders in meeting and wiretap networks". Crime, Law and Social Change. 72 (4): 419–444. doi:10.1007/s10611-019-09829-6. hdl:10807/131988. S2CID 150995312.
2. . ColombiaLink.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
3. Zschoche, Sören (April 18, 2008). . World Financial Blog. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
4. "Pablo Escobar burnt £5m in cash to keep warm on the run". The Daily Telegraph. London. November 3, 2009. from the original on 2016-10-10.
5. Moore, Molly (July 12, 1997). "Drug lord goes home in coffin". The Washington Post.
6. "Joaquin Guzman Has Become The Biggest Drug Lord Ever". Forbes. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
7. "'He Leads a Gang of Mafioso Gunmen': Songs in Honor of Mexico's 'El Chapo'". The Wall Street Journal. June 13, 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
8. Grayson, George (August 31, 2009). Mexico: narco-violence and a failed state?. Transaction Publishers. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-1-4128-1151-4. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
9. "Mexican Drug Lord Joaquin Guzman Loera Escapes Prison 2015 : People.com". PEOPLE.com.
10. Patrick Radden Keefe (July 12, 2015). "El Chapo Escapes Again". The New Yorker.
11. "Con Oziel Cárdenas, sucesor de García Abrego, el cártel del Golfo recobra fuerza". Proceso (in Spanish). 11 December 1999. from the original on 4 December 2018.
12. "Osiel Cardenas-Guillen, Former Head of the Gulf Cartel, Sentenced to 25 Years' Imprisonment". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 24 February 2010. from the original on 4 January 2017.
13. U.S. vs Jorge Alberto Rodriguez, 981 Federal Reporter 2d, Page 1199.
14. "Federal Register, Volume 74 Issue 77 (Thursday, April 23, 2009)". gpo.gov.
15. U.S. Bureau Of Prisons Prisoner Registry Number: 09086-017.
16. "Marcos Willians Herbas Camacho, alias 'Marcola'". 8 June 2018.
17. "Brazil's largest cocaine cartels are waging a bloody war in the country's prisons". 12 January 2017.
18. Corben, Billy (director); Cosby, Charles (himself); Blanco, Griselda (herself) (July 29, 2008). Cocaine Cowboys 2: Hustlin' with the Godmother (DVD). Magnolia Home Entertainment. ASIN B00180R03Q. UPC 876964001366. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
19. Corben, Billy (2 September 2012). "Griselda Blanco: So Long and Thanks for All the Cocaine". Vice. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
20. Greene, David (6 September 2012). "'Godmother' Of Cocaine Trade Murdered In Colombia". NPR Morning Edition. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
21. Villarreal, Ryan (4 September 2012). "Colombian Drug Lord Griselda Blanco's Life of Violence Comes Full Circle". International Business Times.
22. "Godmother of Cocaine,' Colombian drug lord who ran Miami cocaine empire in 1970s and 1980s, shot to death by motorcycle gunmen". Daily News. New York. 4 September 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
23. . bop.gov. Federal Bureau of Prisons. Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
24. "CIA Contra Crack Cocaine Controversy - D. Law Enforcement Investigations of Ross". USDOJ.gov. United States Department of Justice Archive. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
25. Sager, Mike (September 25, 2013). "Say Hello to Rick Ross". Esquire magazine.
26. Scott JohnsonOakland Tribune (2012-04-17). "Oakland Tribune". Insidebayarea.com. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
27. "NBC: Drugs and the CIA". YouTube. May 29, 2007.
28. "Rick Ross Book signing Event Recap - Los Angeles Sentinel". Los Angeles Sentinel. 27 June 2014.
29. Lormand, Eric (May 8, 2007). "Panama: The Resume of Manuel Noriega". personal.umich.edu
30. Steller, Tim (April 15, 1998). . The Arizona Daily Star. Archived at California State University Northridge. Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
31. "The Business - Arellano-Felix Cartel". Drug Wars - Frontline. PBS. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
32. "Portrait Of A Mexican Drug Lord". CBS News. October 24, 2003.
33. Garza, Antonio O. (May 30, 2008). . Embassy of the U.S. in Mexico. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
34. . U.S. Department of State. 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
35. Vincent, Isabel (January 29, 2006). . Vol. 120, no. 3. Maclean's. Academic Search Premier. pp. 23–24, 2p, 3c. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
36. "Mexico extradites 'unprecedented' number of drug lords to U.S.". USA Today. January 20, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
37. McKinley, James C. Jr. (February 9, 2005). "Drug Lord, Ruthless and Elusive, Reaches High in Mexico". The New York Times. Vol. 154, no. 53120. Academic Search Premier. p. A3, 1/3p, 1 map, 2bw. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
38. Sam Roberts (March 4, 2007). "Crime's 'Mr. Untouchable' Emerges From Shadows". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
39. Leroy "Nicky" Barnes, Tom Folsom (2007). Mr. Untouchable: My Crimes and Punishments (March 6, 2007 ed.). Rugged Land. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-59071-041-8.
40. Mr. Untouchable (2007) at IMDb  
41. "Profile: Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela". BBC. December 4, 2004. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
42. Jeffery, Jeff (August 28, 2009). "Federal Judge Dismisses Ye Gon Case With Prejudice". Legal Times. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
43. "Returetawassem.com" Manuel J. Retreat.
44. "Balarezo.net". A. Eduardo Balarezo.
45. "Who is 'Dudus'? - Lead Stories - Jamaica Gleaner - Monday | May 24, 2010". Jamaica Gleaner. 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
46. Schwartz, Mattathias (2011-12-12), "A Massacre in Jamaica", The New Yorker, pp. 62–71, retrieved 2011-12-26
47. Extraditing Coke. Al Jazeera. June 30, 2010.
48. "Black Mafia Family Members Sentenced to 30 Years" September 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. September 12, 2008. Drug Enforcement Administration. Press release.
49. "Film in works about Detroit gangster Demetrius Flenory, Black Mafia Family" . June 25, 2011. Examiner.com^{[dubious ]}
50. Clark, Kevin L. (June 24, 2011). "The 'Black Mafia Family' Movie Is Coming To A Theater Near You!". complex.com, Complex Media.
51. "Caribbean 'drug baron' arrested". BBC News. July 18, 2010.
52. Fieser, Ezra (August 18, 2010). "The Caribbean Drug Kingpin Turned Porn Star". Time – via content.time.com.
53. "DEA agents nab alleged drug kingpin in Puerto Rico - CNN.com". www.cnn.com.
54. "Finland jails police chief Aarnio for drug-smuggling". BBC. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
55. "Convicted ex-Helsinki drug cop Jari Aarnio begins appeal to overturn 10-year prison sentence". Yle. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
56. "Why is Irish drug trafficker Christy Kinahan still at liberty on the Costa del Sol?". 7 November 2016.
57. "Nightclub which 'launders money for the Irish Kinahan drug cartel' reportedly at centre of date rape attacks probe on Spain's Costa del Sol". 4 November 2019.
58. "Costa del Sol-based Kinahan clan begin relocation to Dubai". 23 June 2016.
59. "Kinahan cartel joined with George 'The Penguin' Mitchell to buy €7m in drugs". 17 November 2017.
60. "Spanish police seize €10m worth of guns believed to be linked to Kinahan cartel". 16 January 2017.
61. "Kinahan-Hutch feud: Man appears in court over murder of Gary Hutch". BBC News. 15 September 2016.
62. "New gang feuds emerge in shadow of Kinahan-Hutch conflict". The Irish Times.
63. enforcement, Richard A. Serrano Richard A. Serrano was a federal law; Washington, terrorism reporter in the Los Angeles Times’; D.C.; in 2015, bureau He left The Times (2001-06-20). "Texas Murderer Becomes 2nd to Be Executed by U.S. in 8 Days". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-04-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
64. "The Case of Juan Garza - Trial | Capital Punishment in Context". capitalpunishmentincontext.org. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
65. "Notorious drug kingpin executed for trafficking". South China Morning Post. September 15, 2009.
66. . CNN. Archived from the original on October 29, 2007. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
67. "The World".
68. "Insight Crime". 5 May 2021.
69. Kershaw, Sarah (February 20, 2006). "Dizzying Rise and Abrupt Fall For a Reservation Drug Lord". The New York Times. Vol. 155, no. 53496. Academic Search Premier. p. A1-A10, 2p, 2c. Retrieved 2011-11-12.

External links

• 31 Notorious Drug Lords 2009-10-11 at the Wayback Machine – slideshow by Life magazine