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Substance abuse prevention

December 15, 2023

Substance abuse prevention, also known as drug abuse prevention, is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive substances. Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings. A concept that is known as "environmental prevention" focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand.[1] Individual Substance Abuse Prevention, also known as drug abuse prevention involves numerous different sessions depending on the individual to help cease or reduce the use of substances. The time period to help a specific individual can vary based upon many aspects of an individual. The type of Prevention efforts should be based upon the individual's necessities which can also vary. Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults – especially between 12–35 years of age. Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol (including binge drinking, drunkenness and driving under the influence), tobacco (including cigarettes and various forms of smokeless tobacco), marijuana, inhalants (volatile solvents including among other things glue, gasoline, aerosols, ether, fumes from correction fluid and marking pens), coke, methamphetamine, steroids, club drugs (such as MDMA), and opioids. Community advocacy against substance use is imperative due to the significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States alone. It has been estimated that about one hundred and thirty individuals continue to lose their lives daily due to opioid overdoses alone.[2]

Rational scale to assess the harm of drugs

Protective and risk factors edit

Environmental and internal are two main factors that contribute to the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder. Environmental factors in the individual's adolescence include: child abuse, exposure to substances, lack of supervision, media influence, and peer pressure. Drug activity in an individual's community may normalize the usage of drugs.[3][page needed] The result of substance use can be caused due to stressful situations within household which can result of learned behavior of the is of substances to cope. Similarly.[4] if an individual is placed through treatment and then placed back into the same environment that they left, there is a great chance that person will relapse to their previous behavior. Internal factors that are within the child or personality-based are self-esteem, poor social skills, stress, attitudes about drugs, mental disorder and many others.[5] A few more factors that contribute to teen drug abuse are lack of or poor parent to child communication,[6] unsupervised accessibility of alcohol at home, having too much freedom and being left alone for long periods of time.[7] Additionally, there is evidence that gender moderates the effect of family, school and peer factors on adolescent substance use.[8] For example, some studies report that not living with both biological parents or having poor parent-adolescent communication is associated with substance use, especially in female adolescents.[9][10]

Main risk periods for substance use occur during major transitions in a child's life. Some of these transitional periods that could increase the possibility of youth using drugs are puberty, moving, divorce, leaving the security of the home, and entering school. School transitions such as those from elementary to middle school or middle school to high school can be times that children and teenagers make new friends and are more susceptible to fall into environments where there are drugs available. One recent study examined that by the time are seniors in high school, "almost 70 percent will have tried alcohol, half will have taken an illegal drug, nearly 40 percent will have smoked a cigarette, and more than 20 percent will have used a prescription drug for a nonmedical purpose” (Johnston et al., 2013).[11] Binge drinking has also, been shown to increase once an individual leaves the home to attend college or live on their own.[12]

Most youths do not progress towards regular, heavy substance use after experimentation. Research has shown, when drug use begins at an early age, there is a greater possibility for addiction to occur.[13] Three exacerbating factors that can influence substance use to become substance use are social approval, lack of perceived risks, and availability of drugs in the community. Youths from certain demographics are also at higher risk for addiction. These groups include those suffering from a mental illness and who comes from a family history of addiction. Yet, some[quantify] teens living with dual diagnosis prove that there is not always a causal relationship between mental illness and a substance use disorder. Moreover, when addiction occurs, youth are more likely to require teen rehab as a form of treatment.[14][promotion?] Most young adults have a false perception that they may be invincible. These individuals believe changes won't be made until an extreme event happens i.e. a friend overdoses, a car accident or even death. Even then it is not likely that they will see the correlation between use and trauma.

Substance use includes risk factors that correlate to one's health that can include HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B virus, and Hepatitis C virus. These viral infections can be easily be spread by injections from needles.[15]

Plans on preventing substance use edit

Family based prevention programs edit

"Prevention programs can strengthen protective factors among young children by teaching parents better family communication skills, appropriate discipline styles, firm, and consistent rule enforcement, and other family management approaches. Research confirms the benefits of parents providing consistent rules and discipline, talking to children about drugs, monitoring their activities, getting to know their friends, understanding their problems and concerns, and being involved in their learning. The importance of the parent-child relationship continues through adolescence and beyond" (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2003).[16] Research has been done showing that the measures taken within family prevention has been shown to reduce the risk of substance abuse.[17]

Smit, Verdurmen, Monshouwer, and Smil conducted research analysis to measure the effectiveness of family interventions about teen and adolescence drug and alcohol use.[18] According to their data, use of alcohol and other drugs is very common in Western societies. For example, 18% of the young adults between the ages of 12–14 years old in the US have indulged in binge drinking. According to quantities in 2006, 73% of 16-year-old US students were reported having used alcohol; In Northern Europe, this is 90%. Since early use of alcohol and other substances may cause serious health, immediate solutions to these problem are required .[19]

School-based prevention programs edit

 
US Navy Master-at-Arms 1st Class Michael Turner of Mobile Security Squadron Two (MSS-2) collects information at the Substance Abuse Prevention Summit
Drama based education to motivate participation in substance use prevention. (media from BioMed Central)

There are a number of community-based prevention programs and classes that aim to educate children and families about the harms of substance use. Schools began introducing substance use oriented classes for their students in grades as low as preschool. The inclusion of prevention studies into classroom curricula at a young age has been shown to help to break early behaviors that could be signs of an increased risk for developing a substance use disorder in the future. Around 40% of children have tried alcohol by the time that they are ten.[citation needed]

Many organizations educate, advocate, and collaborate to prevent substance use. Some programs may begin by allowing students to be interactive and learn skills such as how to refuse drugs. This is proven to be a more effective method than strictly educational or non-interactive ones. When direct influences (e.g., peers) and indirect influences (e.g., media influence) are addressed, the program is better able to cover broad social influences that most programs do not consider. Programs that encourage a social commitment to abstain from drugs show lower rates of drug use. Getting the community outside of the school to participate and also using peer leaders to facilitate the interactions tend to be an effective facet of these programs. Even though adolescents are frequently aware of the negative consequences of substance use, they may start and maintain this habit. Adolescents, their parents, and other family members are the focus of comprehensive preventive and control programs in schools and the community. These effective actions help promote children's development of a positive sense of self-worth and sufficiency, to stop adolescent risk behavior, and to help them build strong, healthy coping skills.[20] Lastly, teaching youth and adolescents skills that increase resistance skills in social situations may increase protective factors in that population.[21][22]

Community prevention programs edit

Prevention programs work at the community level with civic, religious, law enforcement, and other government organizations to enhance anti-drug norms and pro-social behaviors. Many programs help with prevention efforts across settings to help send messages through school, work, religious institutions, and the media. Research has shown that programs that reach youth through multiple settings can remarkably influence community norms. Community-based programs also typically include the development of policies or enforcement of regulations, mass media efforts, and community-wide awareness programs.[23] Increasing health education in the community also plays a role in helping to decrease the consequences of substance use.

On a community level, established safe injection sites that provide a hygienic space supervised by licensed healthcare professionals allow for safe monitoring of participants and provide health education and care to prevent overdose. Another way to help prevent overdose, especially regarding opioids, is the increased access and knowledge of naloxone. Naloxone is the standard opioid overdose reversal agent.[24] Studies show Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) programs decrease the rate of rate of deaths from opioid overdose.[25] Naloxone comes in different routes of administration such as, an injection that's administered intravenously, intramuscular, or subcutaneously and a nasal spray. Naloxone injection and the nasal spray are both commonly used in adults and children who are going through drug overdose because it is successful in reversing the overdose effects [26][27] As a safety precaution, patients taking opioids are recommended to always carry naloxone with them and should replace the naloxone regularly, via reference to the expiration date.[28] Research has shown that extra effort in providing incentives, flexible schedules, personal contact, and the public support of important community leaders helps attract and retain program participants.

Medical-based prevention programs edit

Prevention within the medical field plays a large role in impeding substance abuse. This is largely seen when looking at the role nurses play in the opioid crisis in the United States. One program that nurses can get involved with regarding the opioid epidemic is medication-assisted treatment (MAT) system. This system is an evidence based approach that uses both therapy and medication to treat patients struggling with opioid addiction.[29] Special training is required for nurses who want to participate in this program, meaning there are a limited number of nurses who can partake, however, it has greatly reversed the number of overdoses and deaths from opioids in the United States. Another type of program that nurses can assist in to reduce opioid addiction is called "eat, sleep, console." This is an approach that nurses can take when treating patients that can reduce which medications a patient needs and how long their hospital stay is. This is used for newborns that became exposed to opioids in utero, and it gives nurses the opportunity to educate their patients on how to reduce the side effects of addiction.[30] Looking at it in whole, there are several different programs within the medical field that are used to treat substance abuse.[31]

Levels of Prevention edit

There are three types of prevention which are all aimed to help reduce and or help deal with health problems that can be caused by substance use. The first intervention when dealing with substance use is primary use which involves ceasing the result of substances being used before it happens. Examples of primordial prevention include preventing the development of risk factors (e.g., depression) that increase a person's chances of developing a future substance use disorder. Examples of primary substance prevention would be the promotion of no interaction with the drug. Tertiary prevention is when the individual has to receive treatment for the substance that has been consumed. Examples include rehab & intensive outpatient therapy are examples of a few short-term preventions. Tertiary prevention involves an individual such as one suffering from substance use to receive treatment such as rehab or an intensive therapy but the process of recuperating will be longer due to the intense amount of intake within the body.[32]

National recognition of substance use prevention edit

In 2011 President Obama issued October as National Substance Abuse Prevention Month. It pays tribute to all people working hard to prevent use in communities and working hard to make a safer drug-free country. [33]

Millions of Americans currently participate in Red Ribbon Week activities, according to the National Family Partnership (NFP)—the Red Ribbon campaign's national organizer. The Drug Enforcement Administration, a Federal partner in Red Ribbon Week, describes it as “the most far-reaching and well-known drug prevention event in America.” Through the efforts of the NFP, other national organizations, Federal and State agencies, and communities, Red Ribbon Week has become more than a call to action. It has grown to be a unifying symbol of family and community dedication to preventing the use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs among youth.[34]

In 2017, the FDA created the Opioid Policy Steering Committee (OPSC) to help guide FDA efforts in fighting this opioid epidemic specifically focusing on topics of new addiction, treatment support and development, assessment of risk over benefit and overall enforcement.[35]

In the United States, there is a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration that provides a free 365 days per year 24-hour phone service. Their purpose is to provide information or therapy referrals to anyone experiencing substance use disorders or mental health issues. This national helpline number is (1800-662-HELP (4357)).[36]

The NIH has made research-based guides available to help prevent substance use and addiction in youth.[37] One guide speaks on prevention for early childhood.[38] Another talks about prevention in children and adolescents.[39]

Successful intervention programs typically involve high levels of interactivity, time-intensity, and universal approaches that are delivered in the middle school years. These program characteristics aligned with many of the effective program elements found in previous reviews exploring the impact of school-based drug prevention on licit drug use.

More recently, a $3.3 billion federal spending bill has been passed by Congress, which will be used to support prevention, treatment, and law enforcement activities, supporting state and local governments.[40]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Drug Prevention". www.scodc.org/tag/drug-prevention/.
  2. ^ "Understanding the Epidemic | Drug Overdose | CDC Injury Center". www.cdc.gov. 2019-07-24. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  3. ^ Futures Of Palm Beach. (2014). Contributing Factors of Drug Abuse. Retrieved from http://www.futuresofpalmbeach.com/drug-abuse/contributing-factors/ 2015-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Kilpatrick, Dean G (2000). "Risk Factors for Adolescent Substance Abuse and Dependence: Data from a National Sample". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 68 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.19. PMID 10710837.
  5. ^ "What are risk factors and protective factors? | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)". Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  6. ^ Carver, Hannah; Elliott, Lawrie; Kennedy, Catriona; Hanley, Janet (2017-03-04). "Parent–child connectedness and communication in relation to alcohol, tobacco and drug use in adolescence: An integrative review of the literature". Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 24 (2): 119–133. doi:10.1080/09687637.2016.1221060. hdl:1893/25032. ISSN 0968-7637.
  7. ^ . cdac.info. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06.
  8. ^ Whaley, Rachel Bridges; Hayes-Smith, Justin; Hayes-Smith, Rebecca (2010-11-28). "Gendered Pathways? Gender, Mediating Factors, and the Gap in Boys' and Girls' Substance Use". Crime & Delinquency. 59 (5): 651–669. doi:10.1177/0011128710389581. ISSN 0011-1287. S2CID 145157054.
  9. ^ Richter, Matthias; Kunst, Anton E.; Kannas, Lasse; Willemsen, Marc; Bendtsen, Pernille; de Looze, Margreet; Nagelhout, Gera E.; Pförtner, Timo-Kolja; Lenzi, Michela (2015-06-01). "Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking across 35 countries: a multilevel analysis of the role of family, school and peers". European Journal of Public Health. 25 (3): 457–463. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cku244. ISSN 1101-1262. PMID 25713016.
  10. ^ Picoito, João; Santos, Constança; Loureiro, Isabel; Aguiar, Pedro; Nunes, Carla (2019-05-10). "Gender-specific substance use patterns and associations with individual, family, peer, and school factors in 15-year-old Portuguese adolescents: a latent class regression analysis". Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 13 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0281-4. ISSN 1753-2000. PMC 6511212. PMID 31110558.
  11. ^ Johnston, L.D.; O’Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.G.; and Schulenberg, J.E. Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2013. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2013.
  12. ^ "Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents".
  13. ^ Lynskey MT, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Slutske WS, Madden PAF, Nelson EC, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. JAMA 289:427-33, 2003.
  14. ^ "About Teen Rehab". Teen Rehab.
  15. ^ Meade, Christina S.; Weiss, Roger D. (March 2007). "Substance abuse as a risk factor for HIV sexual risk behavior among persons with severe mental illness: Review of evidence and exploration of mechanisms". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 14 (1): 23–33. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00059.x. ISSN 1468-2850.
  16. ^ National Institute of Drug Abuse. (2003). "Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents". www.drugabuse.gov/. Retrieved 6 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Hogue, Aaron; Liddle, Howard A. (July 1999). "Family-based preventive intervention: An approach to preventing substance use and antisocial behavior". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 69 (3): 278–293. doi:10.1037/h0080403. ISSN 1939-0025. PMID 10439843.
  18. ^ Barnes, Kate. "Are Teen Drug Intervention Letters Helpful?". keytransitions.com. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
  19. ^ Smit, Verdurmen, Monshouwer, Smil, Evelien, Jacqueline, Karin, Filip (2008). "Family interventions and their effect on adolescent alcohol use in general populations; a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 97 (3): 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.032. PMID 18485621.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Jiloha RC. Prevention, early intervention, and harm reduction of substance use in adolescents. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017 Jan-Mar;59(1):111-118. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.204444. PMID 28529370; PMCID: PMC5418996.
  21. ^ O'Connell, M.E., Boat, T., Warner, K.E. (2009). Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children, Youth and Young Adults: Research Advances and Promising Interventions. Institute of Medicine; National Research Council. ISBN 9780309126748. Retrieved 2 February 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Faggiano, Fabrizio; Minozzi, Silvia; Versino, Elisabetta; Buscemi, Daria (2014). "Universal school-based prevention for illicit drug use". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (12): CD003020. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003020.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6483627. PMID 25435250.
  23. ^ National Institute of Drug Abuse. "Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents". www.drugabuse.gov/. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  24. ^ Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (2019-09-25). "Information about Naloxone". FDA.
  25. ^ Walley, Alexander Y.; Xuan, Ziming; Hackman, H. Holly; Quinn, Emily; Doe-Simkins, Maya; Sorensen-Alawad, Amy; Ruiz, Sarah; Ozonoff, Al (2013-01-31). "Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts: interrupted time series analysis". BMJ. 346: f174. doi:10.1136/bmj.f174. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4688551. PMID 23372174.
  26. ^ "Naloxone - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  27. ^ "Narcan - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  28. ^ lynne.walsh (2015-06-16). "Naloxone". www.samhsa.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  29. ^ Moore, Dorothy James (2019-05-01). "Nurse Practitioners' Pivotal Role in Ending the Opioid Epidemic". The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 15 (5): 323–327. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.01.005. ISSN 1555-4155. S2CID 86853490.
  30. ^ "Nurses Can Help Minimize Opioid Crisis - NSU". Northeastern State University Online. 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  31. ^ "Teen Substance Abuse Treatment". Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  32. ^ "Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug Abuse in Family Practice - American Family Physician Monograph". January 1, 2003.
  33. ^ "October 2014 is National Substance Abuse Prevention Month". Office of National Drug Control Policy. 12 March 2015 – via National Archives.
  34. ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (2010). "Focus On Prevention" (PDF) (HHS Publication No. (SMA) 10–4120 Revision 2010): 1. Retrieved 6 October 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. ^ Commissioner, Office of the (2019-08-13). "Opioid Policy Steering Committee". FDA.
  36. ^ chanell.baylor (2014-05-14). "National Helpline". www.samhsa.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  37. ^ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Preventing Drug Misuse and Addiction: The Best Strategy". www.drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  38. ^ Abuse, National Institute on Drug (7 March 2016). "Principles of Substance Abuse Prevention for Early Childhood". www.drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  39. ^ Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Preface". www.drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  40. ^ "Opioid Epidemic". ANA. 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2022-09-26.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Substance abuse prevention.
  • Hot Topic: Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention - Service-learning-related substance abuse prevention information at Learn and Serve America's National Service-Learning Clearinghouse
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration official website
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse: "NIDA for Teens".

Further reading edit

  • Editor, N. (2019, June 27). Nursing plays a critical role in addressing the opioid crisis. Consult QD. Retrieved September 5, 2022, from https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/nursing-plays-a-critical-role-in-addressing-the-opioid-crisis/
  • Nurses' role in the opioid epidemic - EIU online. Eastern Illinois University. (2022, September 2). Retrieved September 5, 2022, from https://learnonline.eiu.edu/programs/rn-to-bsn/nurses-role-in-the-opioid-epidemic/
  • Phillips, J., Bakerjian, D., & Malliaris, A. (2021, April 21). Nursing and patient safety. Patient Safety Network. Retrieved August 30, 2022, from https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer/nursing-and-patient-safety#

December 15, 2023
substance, abuse, prevention, also, known, drug, abuse, prevention, process, that, attempts, prevent, onset, substance, limit, development, problems, associated, with, using, psychoactive, substances, prevention, efforts, focus, individual, their, surroundings. Substance abuse prevention also known as drug abuse prevention is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive substances Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings A concept that is known as environmental prevention focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand 1 Individual Substance Abuse Prevention also known as drug abuse prevention involves numerous different sessions depending on the individual to help cease or reduce the use of substances The time period to help a specific individual can vary based upon many aspects of an individual The type of Prevention efforts should be based upon the individual s necessities which can also vary Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults especially between 12 35 years of age Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol including binge drinking drunkenness and driving under the influence tobacco including cigarettes and various forms of smokeless tobacco marijuana inhalants volatile solvents including among other things glue gasoline aerosols ether fumes from correction fluid and marking pens coke methamphetamine steroids club drugs such as MDMA and opioids Community advocacy against substance use is imperative due to the significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States alone It has been estimated that about one hundred and thirty individuals continue to lose their lives daily due to opioid overdoses alone 2 Rational scale to assess the harm of drugs Contents 1 Protective and risk factors 2 Plans on preventing substance use 2 1 Family based prevention programs 2 2 School based prevention programs 2 3 Community prevention programs 2 4 Medical based prevention programs 2 5 Levels of Prevention 3 National recognition of substance use prevention 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 7 Further readingProtective and risk factors editEnvironmental and internal are two main factors that contribute to the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder Environmental factors in the individual s adolescence include child abuse exposure to substances lack of supervision media influence and peer pressure Drug activity in an individual s community may normalize the usage of drugs 3 page needed The result of substance use can be caused due to stressful situations within household which can result of learned behavior of the is of substances to cope Similarly 4 if an individual is placed through treatment and then placed back into the same environment that they left there is a great chance that person will relapse to their previous behavior Internal factors that are within the child or personality based are self esteem poor social skills stress attitudes about drugs mental disorder and many others 5 A few more factors that contribute to teen drug abuse are lack of or poor parent to child communication 6 unsupervised accessibility of alcohol at home having too much freedom and being left alone for long periods of time 7 Additionally there is evidence that gender moderates the effect of family school and peer factors on adolescent substance use 8 For example some studies report that not living with both biological parents or having poor parent adolescent communication is associated with substance use especially in female adolescents 9 10 Main risk periods for substance use occur during major transitions in a child s life Some of these transitional periods that could increase the possibility of youth using drugs are puberty moving divorce leaving the security of the home and entering school School transitions such as those from elementary to middle school or middle school to high school can be times that children and teenagers make new friends and are more susceptible to fall into environments where there are drugs available One recent study examined that by the time are seniors in high school almost 70 percent will have tried alcohol half will have taken an illegal drug nearly 40 percent will have smoked a cigarette and more than 20 percent will have used a prescription drug for a nonmedical purpose Johnston et al 2013 11 Binge drinking has also been shown to increase once an individual leaves the home to attend college or live on their own 12 Most youths do not progress towards regular heavy substance use after experimentation Research has shown when drug use begins at an early age there is a greater possibility for addiction to occur 13 Three exacerbating factors that can influence substance use to become substance use are social approval lack of perceived risks and availability of drugs in the community Youths from certain demographics are also at higher risk for addiction These groups include those suffering from a mental illness and who comes from a family history of addiction Yet some quantify teens living with dual diagnosis prove that there is not always a causal relationship between mental illness and a substance use disorder Moreover when addiction occurs youth are more likely to require teen rehab as a form of treatment 14 promotion Most young adults have a false perception that they may be invincible These individuals believe changes won t be made until an extreme event happens i e a friend overdoses a car accident or even death Even then it is not likely that they will see the correlation between use and trauma Substance use includes risk factors that correlate to one s health that can include HIV AIDS Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus These viral infections can be easily be spread by injections from needles 15 Plans on preventing substance use editFamily based prevention programs edit Prevention programs can strengthen protective factors among young children by teaching parents better family communication skills appropriate discipline styles firm and consistent rule enforcement and other family management approaches Research confirms the benefits of parents providing consistent rules and discipline talking to children about drugs monitoring their activities getting to know their friends understanding their problems and concerns and being involved in their learning The importance of the parent child relationship continues through adolescence and beyond National Institute of Drug Abuse 2003 16 Research has been done showing that the measures taken within family prevention has been shown to reduce the risk of substance abuse 17 Smit Verdurmen Monshouwer and Smil conducted research analysis to measure the effectiveness of family interventions about teen and adolescence drug and alcohol use 18 According to their data use of alcohol and other drugs is very common in Western societies For example 18 of the young adults between the ages of 12 14 years old in the US have indulged in binge drinking According to quantities in 2006 73 of 16 year old US students were reported having used alcohol In Northern Europe this is 90 Since early use of alcohol and other substances may cause serious health immediate solutions to these problem are required 19 School based prevention programs edit nbsp US Navy Master at Arms 1st Class Michael Turner of Mobile Security Squadron Two MSS 2 collects information at the Substance Abuse Prevention Summit source source source source source Drama based education to motivate participation in substance use prevention media from BioMed Central There are a number of community based prevention programs and classes that aim to educate children and families about the harms of substance use Schools began introducing substance use oriented classes for their students in grades as low as preschool The inclusion of prevention studies into classroom curricula at a young age has been shown to help to break early behaviors that could be signs of an increased risk for developing a substance use disorder in the future Around 40 of children have tried alcohol by the time that they are ten citation needed Many organizations educate advocate and collaborate to prevent substance use Some programs may begin by allowing students to be interactive and learn skills such as how to refuse drugs This is proven to be a more effective method than strictly educational or non interactive ones When direct influences e g peers and indirect influences e g media influence are addressed the program is better able to cover broad social influences that most programs do not consider Programs that encourage a social commitment to abstain from drugs show lower rates of drug use Getting the community outside of the school to participate and also using peer leaders to facilitate the interactions tend to be an effective facet of these programs Even though adolescents are frequently aware of the negative consequences of substance use they may start and maintain this habit Adolescents their parents and other family members are the focus of comprehensive preventive and control programs in schools and the community These effective actions help promote children s development of a positive sense of self worth and sufficiency to stop adolescent risk behavior and to help them build strong healthy coping skills 20 Lastly teaching youth and adolescents skills that increase resistance skills in social situations may increase protective factors in that population 21 22 Community prevention programs edit Prevention programs work at the community level with civic religious law enforcement and other government organizations to enhance anti drug norms and pro social behaviors Many programs help with prevention efforts across settings to help send messages through school work religious institutions and the media Research has shown that programs that reach youth through multiple settings can remarkably influence community norms Community based programs also typically include the development of policies or enforcement of regulations mass media efforts and community wide awareness programs 23 Increasing health education in the community also plays a role in helping to decrease the consequences of substance use On a community level established safe injection sites that provide a hygienic space supervised by licensed healthcare professionals allow for safe monitoring of participants and provide health education and care to prevent overdose Another way to help prevent overdose especially regarding opioids is the increased access and knowledge of naloxone Naloxone is the standard opioid overdose reversal agent 24 Studies show Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution OEND programs decrease the rate of rate of deaths from opioid overdose 25 Naloxone comes in different routes of administration such as an injection that s administered intravenously intramuscular or subcutaneously and a nasal spray Naloxone injection and the nasal spray are both commonly used in adults and children who are going through drug overdose because it is successful in reversing the overdose effects 26 27 As a safety precaution patients taking opioids are recommended to always carry naloxone with them and should replace the naloxone regularly via reference to the expiration date 28 Research has shown that extra effort in providing incentives flexible schedules personal contact and the public support of important community leaders helps attract and retain program participants Medical based prevention programs edit Prevention within the medical field plays a large role in impeding substance abuse This is largely seen when looking at the role nurses play in the opioid crisis in the United States One program that nurses can get involved with regarding the opioid epidemic is medication assisted treatment MAT system This system is an evidence based approach that uses both therapy and medication to treat patients struggling with opioid addiction 29 Special training is required for nurses who want to participate in this program meaning there are a limited number of nurses who can partake however it has greatly reversed the number of overdoses and deaths from opioids in the United States Another type of program that nurses can assist in to reduce opioid addiction is called eat sleep console This is an approach that nurses can take when treating patients that can reduce which medications a patient needs and how long their hospital stay is This is used for newborns that became exposed to opioids in utero and it gives nurses the opportunity to educate their patients on how to reduce the side effects of addiction 30 Looking at it in whole there are several different programs within the medical field that are used to treat substance abuse 31 Levels of Prevention edit There are three types of prevention which are all aimed to help reduce and or help deal with health problems that can be caused by substance use The first intervention when dealing with substance use is primary use which involves ceasing the result of substances being used before it happens Examples of primordial prevention include preventing the development of risk factors e g depression that increase a person s chances of developing a future substance use disorder Examples of primary substance prevention would be the promotion of no interaction with the drug Tertiary prevention is when the individual has to receive treatment for the substance that has been consumed Examples include rehab amp intensive outpatient therapy are examples of a few short term preventions Tertiary prevention involves an individual such as one suffering from substance use to receive treatment such as rehab or an intensive therapy but the process of recuperating will be longer due to the intense amount of intake within the body 32 National recognition of substance use prevention editIn 2011 President Obama issued October as National Substance Abuse Prevention Month It pays tribute to all people working hard to prevent use in communities and working hard to make a safer drug free country 33 Millions of Americans currently participate in Red Ribbon Week activities according to the National Family Partnership NFP the Red Ribbon campaign s national organizer The Drug Enforcement Administration a Federal partner in Red Ribbon Week describes it as the most far reaching and well known drug prevention event in America Through the efforts of the NFP other national organizations Federal and State agencies and communities Red Ribbon Week has become more than a call to action It has grown to be a unifying symbol of family and community dedication to preventing the use of alcohol tobacco and illicit drugs among youth 34 In 2017 the FDA created the Opioid Policy Steering Committee OPSC to help guide FDA efforts in fighting this opioid epidemic specifically focusing on topics of new addiction treatment support and development assessment of risk over benefit and overall enforcement 35 In the United States there is a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration that provides a free 365 days per year 24 hour phone service Their purpose is to provide information or therapy referrals to anyone experiencing substance use disorders or mental health issues This national helpline number is 1800 662 HELP 4357 36 The NIH has made research based guides available to help prevent substance use and addiction in youth 37 One guide speaks on prevention for early childhood 38 Another talks about prevention in children and adolescents 39 Successful intervention programs typically involve high levels of interactivity time intensity and universal approaches that are delivered in the middle school years These program characteristics aligned with many of the effective program elements found in previous reviews exploring the impact of school based drug prevention on licit drug use More recently a 3 3 billion federal spending bill has been passed by Congress which will be used to support prevention treatment and law enforcement activities supporting state and local governments 40 See also edit0 0 1 3 Abuse prevention program Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Reach Out non profit Education sector responses to substance abuseReferences edit Drug Prevention www scodc org tag drug prevention Understanding the Epidemic Drug Overdose CDC Injury Center www cdc gov 2019 07 24 Retrieved 2019 10 23 Futures Of Palm Beach 2014 Contributing Factors of Drug Abuse Retrieved from http www futuresofpalmbeach com drug abuse contributing factors Archived 2015 12 30 at the Wayback Machine Kilpatrick Dean G 2000 Risk Factors for Adolescent Substance Abuse and Dependence Data from a National Sample Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 1 19 30 doi 10 1037 0022 006X 68 1 19 PMID 10710837 What are risk factors and protective factors National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA Drugabuse gov Retrieved 2013 12 10 Carver Hannah Elliott Lawrie Kennedy Catriona Hanley Janet 2017 03 04 Parent child connectedness and communication in relation to alcohol tobacco and drug use in adolescence An integrative review of the literature Drugs Education Prevention and Policy 24 2 119 133 doi 10 1080 09687637 2016 1221060 hdl 1893 25032 ISSN 0968 7637 Causes of Teen Drug Abuse CDAC cdac info Archived from the original on 2012 10 06 Whaley Rachel Bridges Hayes Smith Justin Hayes Smith Rebecca 2010 11 28 Gendered Pathways Gender Mediating Factors and the Gap in Boys and Girls Substance Use Crime amp Delinquency 59 5 651 669 doi 10 1177 0011128710389581 ISSN 0011 1287 S2CID 145157054 Richter Matthias Kunst Anton E Kannas Lasse Willemsen Marc Bendtsen Pernille de Looze Margreet Nagelhout Gera E Pfortner Timo Kolja Lenzi Michela 2015 06 01 Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking across 35 countries a multilevel analysis of the role of family school and peers European Journal of Public Health 25 3 457 463 doi 10 1093 eurpub cku244 ISSN 1101 1262 PMID 25713016 Picoito Joao Santos Constanca Loureiro Isabel Aguiar Pedro Nunes Carla 2019 05 10 Gender specific substance use patterns and associations with individual family peer and school factors in 15 year old Portuguese adolescents a latent class regression analysis Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 13 1 21 doi 10 1186 s13034 019 0281 4 ISSN 1753 2000 PMC 6511212 PMID 31110558 Johnston L D O Malley P M Bachman J G and Schulenberg J E Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use Overview of Key Findings 2013 Bethesda MD National Institute on Drug Abuse 2013 Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents Lynskey MT Heath AC Bucholz KK Slutske WS Madden PAF Nelson EC Statham DJ Martin NG Escalation of drug use in early onset cannabis users vs co twin controls JAMA 289 427 33 2003 About Teen Rehab Teen Rehab Meade Christina S Weiss Roger D March 2007 Substance abuse as a risk factor for HIV sexual risk behavior among persons with severe mental illness Review of evidence and exploration of mechanisms Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 14 1 23 33 doi 10 1111 j 1468 2850 2007 00059 x ISSN 1468 2850 National Institute of Drug Abuse 2003 Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents www drugabuse gov Retrieved 6 October 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Hogue Aaron Liddle Howard A July 1999 Family based preventive intervention An approach to preventing substance use and antisocial behavior American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 69 3 278 293 doi 10 1037 h0080403 ISSN 1939 0025 PMID 10439843 Barnes Kate Are Teen Drug Intervention Letters Helpful keytransitions com Retrieved 2017 10 19 Smit Verdurmen Monshouwer Smil Evelien Jacqueline Karin Filip 2008 Family interventions and their effect on adolescent alcohol use in general populations a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Drug and Alcohol Dependence 97 3 195 206 doi 10 1016 j drugalcdep 2008 03 032 PMID 18485621 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Jiloha RC Prevention early intervention and harm reduction of substance use in adolescents Indian J Psychiatry 2017 Jan Mar 59 1 111 118 doi 10 4103 0019 5545 204444 PMID 28529370 PMCID PMC5418996 O Connell M E Boat T Warner K E 2009 Preventing Mental Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People Progress and Possibilities Committee on the Prevention of Mental Disorders and Substance Abuse Among Children Youth and Young Adults Research Advances and Promising Interventions Institute of Medicine National Research Council ISBN 9780309126748 Retrieved 2 February 2010 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Faggiano Fabrizio Minozzi Silvia Versino Elisabetta Buscemi Daria 2014 Universal school based prevention for illicit drug use The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014 12 CD003020 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD003020 pub3 ISSN 1469 493X PMC 6483627 PMID 25435250 National Institute of Drug Abuse Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents www drugabuse gov Retrieved 6 October 2014 Research Center for Drug Evaluation and 2019 09 25 Information about Naloxone FDA Walley Alexander Y Xuan Ziming Hackman H Holly Quinn Emily Doe Simkins Maya Sorensen Alawad Amy Ruiz Sarah Ozonoff Al 2013 01 31 Opioid overdose rates and implementation of overdose education and nasal naloxone distribution in Massachusetts interrupted time series analysis BMJ 346 f174 doi 10 1136 bmj f174 ISSN 1756 1833 PMC 4688551 PMID 23372174 Naloxone FDA prescribing information side effects and uses Drugs com Retrieved 2019 11 21 Narcan FDA prescribing information side effects and uses Drugs com Retrieved 2019 11 21 lynne walsh 2015 06 16 Naloxone www samhsa gov Retrieved 2019 11 21 Moore Dorothy James 2019 05 01 Nurse Practitioners Pivotal Role in Ending the Opioid Epidemic The Journal for Nurse Practitioners 15 5 323 327 doi 10 1016 j nurpra 2019 01 005 ISSN 1555 4155 S2CID 86853490 Nurses Can Help Minimize Opioid Crisis NSU Northeastern State University Online 2018 10 18 Retrieved 2022 09 28 Teen Substance Abuse Treatment Retrieved 2023 10 27 Diagnosis and Treatment of Drug Abuse in Family Practice American Family Physician Monograph January 1 2003 October 2014 is National Substance Abuse Prevention Month Office of National Drug Control Policy 12 March 2015 via National Archives U S Department of Health and Human Services Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Prevention 2010 Focus On Prevention PDF HHS Publication No SMA 10 4120 Revision 2010 1 Retrieved 6 October 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Commissioner Office of the 2019 08 13 Opioid Policy Steering Committee FDA chanell baylor 2014 05 14 National Helpline www samhsa gov Retrieved 2019 11 21 Abuse National Institute on Drug Preventing Drug Misuse and Addiction The Best Strategy www drugabuse gov Retrieved 2019 11 21 Abuse National Institute on Drug 7 March 2016 Principles of Substance Abuse Prevention for Early Childhood www drugabuse gov Retrieved 2019 11 21 Abuse National Institute on Drug Preface www drugabuse gov Retrieved 2019 11 21 Opioid Epidemic ANA 2017 10 19 Retrieved 2022 09 26 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Substance abuse prevention Hot Topic Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention Service learning related substance abuse prevention information at Learn and Serve America s National Service Learning Clearinghouse Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration official website National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA for Teens Further reading editEditor N 2019 June 27 Nursing plays a critical role in addressing the opioid crisis Consult QD Retrieved September 5 2022 from https consultqd clevelandclinic org nursing plays a critical role in addressing the opioid crisis Nurses role in the opioid epidemic EIU online Eastern Illinois University 2022 September 2 Retrieved September 5 2022 from https learnonline eiu edu programs rn to bsn nurses role in the opioid epidemic Phillips J Bakerjian D amp Malliaris A 2021 April 21 Nursing and patient safety Patient Safety Network Retrieved August 30 2022 from https psnet ahrq gov primer nursing and patient safety Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Substance abuse prevention amp oldid 1182157403, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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