Disa (plant)
Disa is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. It comprises about 182 species.[1][2] Most of the species are indigenous to tropical and southern Africa, with a few more in the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, and Réunion.[3] Disa bracteata is naturalised in Western Australia, where the local name is "African weed-orchid."[4]
| Disa | |
|---|---|
| Disa cardinalis | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Orchidoideae |
| Tribe: | Orchideae |
| Subtribe: | Disinae |
| Genus: | Disa P.J.Bergius 1767 |
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The genus Disa was named by P.J. Bergius in 1767.[5][6] It was named after Disa, the heroine of a Swedish legend.[7]
Description edit
The plants grow from a fleshy tuberous root which is a source of maltodextrins which are used as a sugar substitute. Some species attain a height of 90 cm. The flowers are solitary or arranged in racemes. The petals and the lip are small. The flowers consist essentially of the sepals. The flowers range in color from very light to dark red.
Pollination edit
Disa exhibits a variety of pollination syndromes. Each species of Disa usually has a single species as pollinator and nearly every available pollinating insect is employed by some species of Disa. Species that adapted to the same pollinator often independently evolved a similar floral morphology which confounded the infrageneric classification of Disa until cladistic analysis was applied to DNA sequences from this genus.[8]
Examples of convergent evolution in Disa pollination include the following:
- flowers pollinated by butterflies have evolved twice, for example the pollination of Disa uniflora by the Table mountain Pride Butterfly Aeropetes tulbaghia (Satyrinae)[9]
- flowers with conspicuous deception, pollinated by carpenter bees, have evolved twice.
- long-spurred flowers, pollinated by long-tongued flies, have evolved four times.
- night-scented flowers, pollinated by moths, have evolved three times.
Disa serves as an example of how speciation can be caused by changes in pollinator availability and evolution.
Some Disa species are pollinated by sunbirds and have pollinaria that stick to the feet of the sunbirds when they perch on the inflorescence.[10]
Phylogeny edit
The first molecular phylogeny of the genus involved comparison of nuclear ribosomal ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 sequences, and showed that Herschelia and Monadenia were nested within a paraphyletic Disa.[11]
In Genera Orchidacearum volume 2, Disa and Schizodium compose the subtribe Disinae of the tribe Diseae.[12] After that volume was published in 2001, molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Schizodium is nested within Disa.[13][14] Schizodium comprises only six species, all endemic to South Africa.[15]
In a classification of orchids that was published in 2015, Chase et alii placed Schizodium in synonymy under Disa. They also defined the subtribe Disinae as consisting of Pachites, Disa and Huttonaea. This version of Disinae is probably not monophyletic, but was created as a holding classification, to avoid the unnecessary designation of subtribes before further studies can clarify the relationships of these three genera.[1]
Seeds edit
The genus can be split into two groups based on the size of the seeds. Those with relatively large balloon-shaped seeds up to 1.5 mm long belong to the Disa uniflora group. The remaining species have seeds that are smaller than 0.7 mm. The Disa uniflora group comprises plants that grow along stream sides: Disa uniflora, Disa tripetaloides, Disa cardinalis, Disa caulescens and Disa aurata. They belong to the few species in Orchidaceae that do not rely on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, and are thought to be an adaptation to hydrochory.[16][17] This pattern was later extended to split the genus into summer rainfall species and non-summer rainfall species. Those in the second group added Disa cornuta to the list of Disa seeds that germinate readily.[18]
Horticulture edit
The species Disa uniflora is well known as an ornamental. It is a spectacular red orchid known as "The Pride of Table Mountain."[19] Other commonly cultivated species include Disa aurata, Disa cardinalis, Disa crassicornis, Disa racemosa, Disa sagittalis, and Disa tripetaloides.[20] Some of the species are grown only in African gardens.[21]
Once very rare in cultivation, Disa uniflora is gaining in popularity as a cut flower. However, they are difficult to grow, because of the needed mineral composition of the potting soil. Also, if exposed to excessive moisture, they can be easily killed by rot.
Hybrids edit
The following species have been used to create more than 400 hybrids : Disa cardinalis, Disa caulescens, Disa racemosa, Disa tripetaloides, Disa uniflora, Disa aurata and Disa venosa.
- Disa × brendae (D. caulescens × D. uniflora) (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa × maculomarronina (D. hircicornis × D. versicolor) (S. Africa)..
- Disa × nuwebergensis (D. caulescens × D. tripetaloides) (South Africa, Cape Prov.).
- Disa × paludicola (D. chrysostachya × D. rhodantha) (South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal).
Species edit
Species currently (May 2014) recognized:[2]
- Disa aconitoides (Ethiopia to S. Africa)
- Disa aconitoides subsp. aconitoides (Ethiopia to S. Africa) Tuber geophyte
- Disa aconitoides subsp. concinna (Congo to S. Trop. Africa) Tuber geophyte
- Disa aconitoides subsp. goetzeana (Ethiopia to Tanzania) Tuber geophyte
- Disa aequiloba (SW. Tanzania to Angola)
- Disa alinae (Congo)
- Disa alticola (Mpumalanga / East-Transvaal)
- Disa amoena ( Mpumalanga / East-Transvaal)
- Disa andringitrana (SE. & S. Madagascar)
- Disa aperta (SW. & S. Tanzania to Zambia)
- Disa arida (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa aristata (S. Africa, Northern Prov.)
- Disa atricapilla (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa atrorubens (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa aurata (South Africa, Cape Prov. (Swellendam)
- Disa barbata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa basutorum (S. Africa (Drakensberg)
- Disa baurii (Tanzania to S. Africa)
- Disa begleyi (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa bifida (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa biflora (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa bivalvata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa bodkinii (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa bolusiana (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa borbonica (Réunion)
- Disa brachyceras (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa bracteata, formerly Monadenia bracteata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.; naturalised in Australia)
- Disa brevicornis (S. Trop. & S. Africa)
- Disa brevipetala (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Kleinmond area)
- Disa buchenaviana (C. & SE. Madagascar)
- Disa caffra (Southern Congo to S. Africa, Madagascar)
- Disa cardinalis (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.; Riversdale)
- Disa caulescens (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa cedarbergensis (South Africa, Cape Prov.; Cedarberg)
- Disa celata (S. Tanzania to Angola)
- Disa cephalotes (S. Africa)
- Disa cephalotes subsp. cephalotes (S. Africa) Tuber geophyte
- Disa cephalotes subsp. frigida (Lesotho to KwaZulu-Natal) Tuber geophyte
- Disa cernua (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov)
- Disa chimanimaniensis (Chimanimani Mts, Zimbabwe)
- Disa chrysostachya (S. Africa)
- Disa clavicornis (Mpumalanga / East-Transvaal)
- Disa cochlearis (South Africa, Cape Prov.; Elandsberg)
- Disa comosa (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa conferta (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa cooperi (S. Africa)
- Disa cornuta (Zimbabwe to S. Africa)
- Disa crassicornis (S. Africa)
- Disa cryptantha (Ethiopia, S. Tanzania to Zambia)
- Disa cylindrica (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa danielae (S. Congo)
- Disa densiflora (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa dichroa (S. Congo to Zambia)
- Disa dracomontana (S. Africa (C. Drakensberg)
- Disa draconis (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa ecalcarata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Constantiaberg)
- Disa elegans (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa eminii (Rwanda to Zambia)
- Disa engleriana (Tanzania to Zambia)
- Disa equestris (Trop. Africa)
- Disa erubescens (Trop. Africa)
- Disa erubescens subsp. carsonii (Tanzania to Zambia)
- Disa erubescens subsp. erubescens (Trop. Africa) Tuber geophyte
- Disa esterhuyseniae (South Africa, WSW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa extinctoria (South Africa; Northern Prov., Eswatini)
- Disa fasciata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa ferruginea (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa filicornis (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa forcipata (South Africa, Cape Prov.; Possibly extinct)
- Disa forficaria (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa fragrans (Ethiopia to S. Africa)
- Disa fragrans subsp. deckenii (NE. & E. Trop. Africa to Congo) Tuber geophyte
- Disa fragrans subsp. fragrans (Tanzania to S. Africa) Tuber geophyte
- Disa galpinii (South Africa, E. Cape Prov. to KwaZulu-Natal)
- Disa gladioliflora (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa gladioliflora subsp. capricornis (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa gladioliflora subsp. gladioliflora (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa glandulosa (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa graminifolia (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa hallackii (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa harveyana (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa harveyana subsp. harveyana (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa harveyana subsp. longicalcarata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa helenae (Zambia)
- Disa hians (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa hircicornis (Trop. & S. Africa)
- Disa incarnata (C. & SE. Madagascar)
- Disa intermedia (South Africa, Eswatini)
- Disa introrsa (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Skurweberge)
- Disa karooica (South Africa, NW. & C. Cape Prov.)
- Disa katangensis (S. Congo to Angola)
- Disa linderiana (South Africa, W. Cape Prov.)
- Disa lineata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa lisowskii (Congo)
- Disa longicornu (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa longifolia (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa longilabris (SW. Tanzania to N. Malawi)
- Disa lugens (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa lugens var. lugens (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa lugens var. nigrescens (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.; Oyster Bay) Tuber geophyte
- Disa macrostachya (South Africa W. Cape Prov.; Rooiberg)
- Disa maculata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa marlothii (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa micropetala (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa miniata (SW. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa)
- Disa minor (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa montana (South Africa, E. Cape Prov.)
- Disa multifida (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa neglecta (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Worcester)
- Disa nervosa (S. Africa)
- Disa newdigateae (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.; Knysna area)
- Disa nigerica (Nigeria to Congo)
- Disa nivea (S. Africa, S. Drakensberg)
- Disa nubigena (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.; Devils Peak)
- Disa nyikensis (Malawi to Zambia)
- Disa obtusa (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa obtusa subsp. hottentotica (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa obtusa subsp. obtusa (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa obtusa subsp. picta (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa ocellata (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa ochrostachya (Cameroon to Tanzania and S. Trop. Africa)
- Disa oligantha (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa ophrydea (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa oreophila (S. Africa)
- Disa oreophila subsp. erecta (South Africa, S. Africa; Drakensberg) Tuber geophyte
- Disa oreophila subsp. oreophila (S. Africa.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa ornithantha (SW. Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa)
- Disa ovalifolia (South Africa, WSW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa patula (Zimbabwe to S. Africa)
- Disa patula var. patula (South Africa, E. Cape Prov. to Mpumalanga / East-Transvaal) Tuber geophyte
- Disa patula var. transvaalensis (Zimbabwe to S. Africa) Tuber geophyte
- Disa perplexa (Nigeria, E. & S. Trop. Africa)
- Disa physodes (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa pillansii (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa polygonoides (Mozambique to S. Africa)
- Disa porrecta (S. Africa)
- Disa praecox (S. Trop. Africa; Nyika Plateau)
- Disa pulchella (Ethiopia, Yemen)
- Disa pulchra (S. Africa)
- Disa purpurascens (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa pygmaea (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa racemosa (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa renziana (Congo)
- Disa reticulata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa rhodantha (Zimbabwe to S. Africa)
- Disa richardiana (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa robusta (EC. Trop. Africa)
- Disa roeperocharoides (S. Congo to Zambia)
- Disa rosea (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa rufescens (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa rungweensis (SW. Tanzania to Malawi)
- Disa sabulosa (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa sagittalis (South Africa, S. & SE. Cape Prov. to S. KwaZulu-Natal)
- Disa salteri (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov)
- Disa sanguinea (South Africa, E. Cape Prov. to S. KwaZulu-Natal)
- Disa sankeyi ( S. Africa)
- Disa satyriopsis (Tanzania to Zambia)
- Disa saxicola (Tanzania to S. Africa)
- Disa schizodioides (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa schlechteriana (South Africa, SSW. Cape Prov.; Langeberg)
- Disa scullyi (South Africa, E. Cape Prov. S. KwaZulu)
- Disa scutellifera (NE. & E. Trop. Africa)
- Disa similis (S. Trop. & S. Africa)
- Disa spathulata (South Africa, Cape Prov.)
- Disa spathulata subsp. spathulata (South Africa, Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa spathulata subsp. tripartita (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa stachyoides (S. Africa)
- Disa stairsii (NE. Congo to E. Trop. Africa)
- Disa stricta (S. Africa)
- Disa subtenuicornis (South Africa, Cape Prov.; Riversdale)
- Disa telipogonis (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa tenella (South Africa, Cape Prov.)
- Disa tenella subsp. pusilla (South Africa, W. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa tenella subsp. tenella (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.) Tuber geophyte
- Disa tenuicornis (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa tenuifolia (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa tenuis (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa thodei (S. Africa, Eastern Cape to Drakensberg)
- Disa triloba (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov)
- Disa tripetaloides (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov. to S. KwaZulu-Natal)
- Disa tysonii (South Africa, S. & E. Cape Prov. to Leshoto)
- Disa ukingensis (S. Tanzania to E. Zambia)
- Disa uncinata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa uniflora (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa vaginata (South Africa, SW. & S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa vasselotii (South Africa, S. Cape Prov.)
- Disa venosa (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa venusta (South Africa, SW. & E. Cape Prov.)
- Disa verdickii (S. Congo to Angola)
- Disa versicolor (S. Trop. & S. Africa)
- Disa virginalis (South Africa, SW. Cape Prov.)
- Disa walleri (Burundi to S. Trop. Africa)
- Disa walteri (SW. Tanzania)
- Disa welwitschii (Trop. & S. Africa)
- Disa welwitschii subsp. occultans (Trop. Africa)
- Disa welwitschii subsp. welwitschii (Trop. & S. Africa) Tuber geophyte
- Disa woodii (Zimbabwe to S. Africa)
- Disa zimbabweensis (Manicaland, Zimbabwe)
- Disa zombica (Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa)
- Disa zuluensis (Mpumalanga / East-Transvaal, KwaZulu-Natal)
References edit
- ^ a b Mark W. Chase; Kenneth M. Cameron; John V. Freudenstein; Alec M. Pridgeon; Gerardo A. Salazar; Cássio van den Berg; André Schuiteman (2015). "An updated classification of Orchidaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 177 (2): 151–174. doi:10.1111/boj.12234.
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Hans Peter Linder and Hubert Kurzweil. 1999. Orchids of Southern Africa. 504 pages. A. A. Balkema. ISBN 978-90-5410-445-2.
- ^ Weeds Australia, Weed Identification, African weed-orchid, Disa bracteata May 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Disa Query Results". International Plant Names Index.
- ^ Peter Jonas Bergius. 1767. Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei: 348. (See External links below).
- ^ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume II. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2676-9 (vol. II). (see External links below).
- ^ Waterman, Richard J.; Pauw, Anton; Barraclough, Timothy G.; Savolainen, Vincent (2009). "Pollinators underestimated: A molecular phylogeny reveals widespread floral convergence in oil-secreting orchids (sub-tribe Coryciinae) of the Cape of South Africa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 51 (1): 100–110. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.020. PMID 18586527.
- ^ Johnson, S.D.; Linder, H.P.; Steiner, K.E. (1998). "Phylogeny and radiation of pollination systems in Disa (Orchidaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 85 (3): 402–411. doi:10.2307/2446333. JSTOR 2446333.
- ^ Johnson, S. D.; Brown, M. (2004). "Transfer of pollinaria on birds' feet: a new pollination system in orchids". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 244 (3): 181–188. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0106-y. S2CID 23288375.
- ^ Douzery, Emmanuel J. P.; Pridgeon, Alec M.; Kores, Paul; Linder, H. P.; Kurzweil, Hubert; Chase, Mark W. (1999-06-01). "Molecular phylogenetics of Diseae (Orchidaceae): a contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences". American Journal of Botany. 86 (6): 887–899. doi:10.2307/2656709. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2656709. PMID 10371730.
- ^ Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip J. Cribb, Mark W. Chase, and Finn N. Rasmussen. 1999-2014. Genera Orchidacearum Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850513-6 (volume 1), ISBN 978-0-19-850710-9 (volume 2), ISBN 978-0-19-850711-6 (volume 3), ISBN 978-0-19-850712-3 (volume 4), ISBN 978-0-19-850713-0 (volume 5), ISBN 978-0-19-964651-7 (volume 6).
- ^ Bytebier, Benny; Bellstedt, Dirk U.; Linder, Hans Peter (2007). "A molecular phylogeny for the large African orchid genus Disa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (1): 75–90. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.014. PMID 17081772.
- ^ Benny Bytebier; Dirk U. Bellstedt; Hans Peter Linder (2008). "A New Phylogeny-Based Sectional Classification for the Large African Orchid Genus Disa". Taxon. 57 (4): 1233–1251. doi:10.1002/tax.574015. JSTOR 27756776..
- ^ Linder Hans Peter (1981). "Taxonomic studies on the Disinae: 2. A revision of the genus Schizodium Lindl". Journal of South African Botany. 47: 339–371.
- ^ Thompson, David Ian (2003). Conservation of select South African Disa Berg. Species (Orchidaceae) through in vitro seed germination. University of Natal.
- ^ Kurzweil, H. (September 1993). "Seed morphology in Southern African Orchidoideae (Orchidaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 185 (3–4): 229–247. doi:10.1007/BF00937660. S2CID 41321812.
- ^ Thompson, Dave I.; Edwards, Trevor J.; Staden, Johannes van (2001). "In Vitro Germination of Several South African Summer Rainfall Disa (Orchidaceae) Species: Is Seed Testa Structure a Function of Habitat and a Determinant of Germinability?". Systematics and Geography of Plants. 71 (2): 597–606. doi:10.2307/3668704. JSTOR 3668704.
- ^ PlantZAfrica.com, Disa uniflora Bergius
- ^ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
- ^ Eric Harley, Sid Cywes, and H. Peter Linder. 2013. A Disa Companion: The Art and Science of Disa Cultivation. Author House. 123 pages. ISBN 978-1-48179-767-2.
External links edit
- Media related to Disa at Wikimedia Commons
- page 348 2015-12-10 at the Wayback Machine At: View Book 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine At: Descriptiones plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei At: Bergius, Peter Jonas At: Biodiversity Heritage Library
- CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: D-L At: Botany & Plant Science At: Life Science At: CRC Press
- Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Disa". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.