^Démonstration d’un théorème d’Abel. Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées 2nd series, tome 7 (1862), pp. 253–255 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine.
^"Where does the sum of $\sin(n)$ formula come from?".
Referencesedit
Hardy, G. H., A Course of Pure Mathematics, Ninth edition, Cambridge University Press, 1946. (pp. 379–380).
Voxman, William L., Advanced Calculus: An Introduction to Modern Analysis, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1981. (§8.B.13–15) ISBN0-8247-6949-X.
External linksedit
PlanetMath.org
January 01, 1970
dirichlet, test, mathematics, method, testing, convergence, series, named, after, author, peter, gustav, lejeune, dirichlet, published, posthumously, journal, mathématiques, pures, appliquées, 1862, contents, statement, proof, applications, improper, integrals. In mathematics Dirichlet s test is a method of testing for the convergence of a series It is named after its author Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and was published posthumously in the Journal de Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees in 1862 1 Contents 1 Statement 2 Proof 3 Applications 4 Improper integrals 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksStatement editThe test states that if a n displaystyle a n nbsp is a sequence of real numbers and b n displaystyle b n nbsp a sequence of complex numbers satisfying a n displaystyle a n nbsp is monotonic lim n a n 0 displaystyle lim n to infty a n 0 nbsp n 1 N b n M displaystyle left sum n 1 N b n right leq M nbsp for every positive integer N where M is some constant then the series n 1 a n b n displaystyle sum n 1 infty a n b n nbsp converges Proof editLet S n k 1 n a k b k textstyle S n sum k 1 n a k b k nbsp and B n k 1 n b k textstyle B n sum k 1 n b k nbsp From summation by parts we have that S n a n 1 B n k 1 n B k a k a k 1 textstyle S n a n 1 B n sum k 1 n B k a k a k 1 nbsp Since B n displaystyle B n nbsp is bounded by M and a n 0 displaystyle a n to 0 nbsp the first of these terms approaches zero a n 1 B n 0 displaystyle a n 1 B n to 0 nbsp as n displaystyle n to infty nbsp We have for each k B k a k a k 1 M a k a k 1 displaystyle B k a k a k 1 leq M a k a k 1 nbsp Since a n displaystyle a n nbsp is monotone it is either decreasing or increasing If a n displaystyle a n nbsp is decreasing k 1 n M a k a k 1 k 1 n M a k a k 1 M k 1 n a k a k 1 displaystyle sum k 1 n M a k a k 1 sum k 1 n M a k a k 1 M sum k 1 n a k a k 1 nbsp which is a telescoping sum that equals M a 1 a n 1 displaystyle M a 1 a n 1 nbsp and therefore approaches M a 1 displaystyle Ma 1 nbsp as n displaystyle n to infty nbsp Thus k 1 M a k a k 1 textstyle sum k 1 infty M a k a k 1 nbsp converges If a n displaystyle a n nbsp is increasing k 1 n M a k a k 1 k 1 n M a k a k 1 M k 1 n a k a k 1 displaystyle sum k 1 n M a k a k 1 sum k 1 n M a k a k 1 M sum k 1 n a k a k 1 nbsp which is again a telescoping sum that equals M a 1 a n 1 displaystyle M a 1 a n 1 nbsp and therefore approaches M a 1 displaystyle Ma 1 nbsp as n displaystyle n to infty nbsp Thus again k 1 M a k a k 1 textstyle sum k 1 infty M a k a k 1 nbsp converges So the series k 1 B k a k a k 1 textstyle sum k 1 infty B k a k a k 1 nbsp converges by the absolute convergence test Hence S n displaystyle S n nbsp converges Applications editA particular case of Dirichlet s test is the more commonly used alternating series test for the caseb n 1 n n 1 N b n 1 displaystyle b n 1 n Longrightarrow left sum n 1 N b n right leq 1 nbsp Another corollary is that n 1 a n sin n textstyle sum n 1 infty a n sin n nbsp converges whenever a n displaystyle a n nbsp is a decreasing sequence that tends to zero To see that n 1 N sin n displaystyle sum n 1 N sin n nbsp is bounded we can use the summation formula 2 n 1 N sin n n 1 N e i n e i n 2 i n 1 N e i n n 1 N e i n 2 i sin 1 sin N sin N 1 2 2 cos 1 displaystyle sum n 1 N sin n sum n 1 N frac e in e in 2i frac sum n 1 N e i n sum n 1 N e i n 2i frac sin 1 sin N sin N 1 2 2 cos 1 nbsp Improper integrals editAn analogous statement for convergence of improper integrals is proven using integration by parts If the integral of a function f is uniformly bounded over all intervals and g is a non negative monotonically decreasing function then the integral of fg is a convergent improper integral Notes edit Demonstration d un theoreme d Abel Journal de mathematiques pures et appliquees 2nd series tome 7 1862 pp 253 255 Archived 2011 07 21 at the Wayback Machine Where does the sum of sin n formula come from References editHardy G H A Course of Pure Mathematics Ninth edition Cambridge University Press 1946 pp 379 380 Voxman William L Advanced Calculus An Introduction to Modern Analysis Marcel Dekker Inc New York 1981 8 B 13 15 ISBN 0 8247 6949 X External links editPlanetMath org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dirichlet 27s test amp oldid 1210619999, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,