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Dimale

August 21, 2023

Dimale or Dimallum (Illyrian: Διμάλη /Dimálē;[1] Ancient Greek: Διμάλη or Διμάλλον; Latin: Dimallum) was a town in southern Illyria in classical antiquity which was situated in the vicinity or within the territory of the Parthini, an Illyrian tribe. It was built on a hill of 450 m above sea level, in the hinterland of Apollonia, about 30 km from the eastern coast of the Adriatic. It is located in today Krotinë, Berat County, Albania.[2]

Dimale
Διμάλη
Shown within Albania
Alternative nameΔιμάλλον, Dimallum
LocationKrotinë, Berat County, Albania
RegionIllyria
Coordinates40°42′59″N 19°47′49″E / 40.71639°N 19.79694°E / 40.71639; 19.79694
TypeSettlement
History
PeriodsIron Age, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman
CulturesIllyrian, Greek, Roman
Site notes
OwnershipPublic

The first walls of Dimale were built around mid-4th century BC when the Illyrians went through a dynamic development founding their own cities. The urban settlement was built on an already existent Illyrian hilltop proto-urban area dating back to the previous century.[3] In the Hellenistic period (between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC) the town experienced its climax, during a phase marked by intense urban planning, including the construction of a new city wall and the building of several stoas, a temple, and a theater, showing a significant influence of the Ancient Greek culture on the local Illyrian inhabitants. Manufacturing and materials seem to witness an intense exchange with nearby Apollonia.[4]

The fortified town of Dimale was regarded as impenetrable by Illyrians.[5] It was involved in the Second Roman-Illyrian War[6] and the First Roman-Macedonian War.[7]

Name

The Illyrian toponym is attested in literary sources and epigraphic material, written as Διμάλη in Greek script and Dimallum in Latin script.[1]

The toponym belongs to the southeast Dalmatian onomastic area of Illyrian.[8] It is a compound of di + mal. The root mal – is reflected in many ancient Balkan (Illyrian or Thracian) toponyms such as Malontum, Maloventum, Malontina, Dacia Maluensis etc.[9][10] The Illyrian toponym Dimallum has been connected to Albanian di-male, meaning "two mountains", with the Proto-Albanian form of the second component reconstructed as mol-no.[10] The Illyrian reconstruction of the first component has been rendered as *d(ṷ)i-, 'two'. Therefore Dimale must have meant '(settlement between) two mountains' in Illyrian.[1]

History

At Dimale an Illyrian pre-urban and proto-urban settlement of the 5th-4th centuries BC is confirmed by pottery found in the site.[11][12] However physical architectural remains of this period have not been preserved.[13] The Illyrian settlement seems to have included initially only a small inhabited area on the hill, which was fortified in the 4th century BC,[14][12] representing one of the proto-urban centres that were established in the hinterland of southern Illyria (today Albania), especially during the developed Iron Age. These proto-urban centres were fortified sites different to the small unwalled villages known as komai. The processes of the development of these proto-urban settlements are unclear to scholars, who also have not yet completely understood the role of these sites, whether they were hilltop shelters, towns or meeting centres of regional trading.[15]

The development and prosperity of the town occurred in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. During this period a new wall was built replacing the first fortification. The new wall comprised the whole hill of Dimale. The town made available sufficient financial resources to undertake a social and religious construction program. Several stoas, a temple, and a theater were built, showing a significant influence of the Ancient Greek culture on the local Illyrian inhabitants.[16] It has been indicated that the city was a centre of the Illyrian tribe of Parthini, and was belatedly Hellenized under the influence of Apollonia and the Epirote League.[17]

Roman period

Dimale appears in ancient sources of the Roman period that describes the wars involving the Roman Republic. During the Second Illyrian War in 219 BC, Demetrius of Pharos, after expelling all his opponents from Dimale, fortified the city against an imminent Roman attack and left to defend Pharos. In spite of the fortress of Dimale being considered impregnable, the Romans, under the command of L. Aemilius Paullus, captured the city in a seven-day siege with local Illyrian help. After Demetrius' complete defeat at Roman hands and ultimate flight to Macedonia, Dimale entered into a friendly relationship (amicitia) with Rome.[6] During the First Macedonian war, in 213 or 212 BC, Philip V of Macedon managed to take control of the city[18] but, after an unsuccessful Roman assault led by P. Sempronius Tuditanus in 205 BC, the city reverted to its previous status in the negotiations between Philip V and Rome Phoenice (Treaty of Phoenice) the same year.[19]

Findings and organization

 
Sketch of the fortress of Dimale at the site of Krotinë by Camillo Praschniker, 1918.

The identification of the site of Krotinë with the ancient Illyrian city became possible thanks to the discovery of ancient tiles stamped with the word DIMALLITAN (Greek: ΔΙΜΑΛΛΙΤΑΝ).[20][21] The epigraphic material found at Dimale is mainly constituted by stamps on tiles datable between the 3rd and 2nd century BC, and by some stone inscriptions.[21] The inscriptions are written in northwest Doric Greek.[22] The name of the polis is written in the form Διμάλλας, Dimallas, while the name of the ethnicon is written in the genitive plural Διμαλλίταν, Dimallitan.[21]

Epigraphy in Dimale mentions a number of Greek offices[22] such as prytanis, grammateus and phylarchos as well as a single dedication to Phoebus.[23] The inscriptions bear both non-Greek onomastics and Greek onomastics with names typical of Epirus and the Corinthian colonies.[22] The city hosted a number of monuments, typical of the ancient Greek architectural style, such as a stoa.[22] The indication of the office of phylarchos, also attested at Epidamnos, would imply that the Illyrian city of Dimale adopted in Hellenistic times a system of phylai on the model of the nearby Corinthian poleis. Archaeological investigation suggests the economic and cultural influence of nearby Apollonia, however, in terms of institutional organization, the office of phylarchos at Dimale is hardly attributable to the Apollonian influence.[24] It is difficult to determine whether Dimale was the capital of a koinon or organized as a city-state. The inscriptions of the ethnicon depicted on coins do not provide a definitive answer. The proximity of the theater and the agora seems to be closer to the Illyrian-Epirote model rather than to the Greek city model. It can therefore be assumed that the theater was used as a place for political assemblies.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Lippert & Matzinger 2021, p. 131.
  2. ^ Muka & Heinzelmann 2014, p. 223; Lasagni 2019, p. 64; Jaupaj 2019, p. 194; Christ 1974, p. 290; Bengtson 2009, p. 399; Kaffka 2007, p. 10; Wilkes 1992, p. 133; Gruen 1986, p. 381; Winnifrith 2002, p. 33; Stipčević 1974, p. 99; Hatzopoulos 1997, pp. 144–145; Šašel Kos 2005, p. 406.
  3. ^ Dautaj 2009, p. 281; Muka & Heinzelmann 2012, p. 390; Lasagni 2019, p. 65; Fiedler et al. 2021, p. 137.
  4. ^ Lasagni 2019, p. 65; Muka & Heinzelmann 2012, p. 390.
  5. ^ Stipčević 1974, p. 53: "Demetrus took refuge in the fortified town of Dimallum. The Illyrians had regarded Dimallum as impregnable, and this was precisely the reason why the Romans had decided to attack it.
  6. ^ a b Errington 1989, pp. 92–93.
  7. ^ Errington 1989, pp. 98, 104.
  8. ^ De Simone 2018, p. 1869
  9. ^ Doçi 2008, p. 718
  10. ^ a b Illyés 1992, p. 220: "mal: "shore, bank, edge." Thracian toponym Malua, Dacia Maluensis, translated to Dacia Ripensis, also Illyrian Malontum, Dimallum, cf., Alb. Dimale, "two mountains." The ancient Albanian form is reconstructed as *mol-no; modern Alb. mal, "mountain," Romanian mal, "bank, mountain"."
  11. ^ Dautaj 2009, p. 281: "Emërtimi qeramikë e pikturuar helenistike e Dimalit, në një farë mënyre, nënkupton vazhdimësinë e saj nga periudhat e mëparshme, konkretisht të qeramikës së pikturuar para dhe protourbane ilire, me të cilën ka mjaft dukuri e pika takimi, natyrisht me risi e novatorizëm në kushtet e zhvillimit të gjithanshëm të jetës urbane në periudhën helenistike."
  12. ^ a b Muka & Heinzelmann 2012, p. 390: "Në përmbledhje të rezultateve të dy fushatave arkeologjike, krijohet një panoramë më e plotë rreth Dimalit: vendbanimi ilir duket të ketë qenë banuar fillimisht gjatë shek. V-IV p.e. sonë, në një sipërfaqe më të vogël, të përqendruar kryesisht në kodrën e akropolit, e cila u fortifikua në shek. IV p.e. sonë."
  13. ^ Muka & Heinzelmann 2014, p. 228.
  14. ^ Lasagni 2019, p. 65: "l'insediamento illirico venne fortificato nel IV sec. a.C.; nel periodo III-II sec. a.C. la città conobbe il suo floruit, accompagnato da un'intensa attività urbanistica: a questa fase risale, tra le altre cose, l'edificazione di una nuova cinta muraria e del teatro; lavorazioni e materiali sembrano testimoniare un intenso scambio con la vicina Apollonia."
  15. ^ Papadopoulos 2016, p. 440.
  16. ^ Muka & Heinzelmann 2012, p. 390: "Zhvillimi dhe begatia e qytetit shënohen gjatë shek. III-II p.Kr., periudhë gjatë së cilës fotifikimi i parë i akropolit braktiset dhe në vend të tij qyteti fortifikohet me një mur të ri, i cili përfshin tashmë gjithë kodrën e Dimalit. Gjatë kësaj periudhe, qyteti vuri në dispozicion burime të mjaftueshme financiare për të ndërmarrë një program ndërtimesh me karakter shoqëror dhe religjioz, përfshirë këtu ndërtimin e disa stoave, një tempulli dhe një teatri. Gjithë këto ndërtime dëshmojnë për një gjurmë të konsiderueshme që kultura helene ka lënë tek banorët vendas ilirë."
  17. ^ Lasagni 2019, p. 65: "È da considerarsi del tutto superata l’ipotesi, avanzata da Hammond 1968, 14-15, che Dimalla fosse una polis di origine greca, fondata sotto Pirro con un contingente di coloni da Apollonia; cf. infatti Hatzopoulos 1997, 145, che indica piuttosto questa città come centro dell’ethnos illirico dei Parthini, senza alcuna origine greca, ma tardivamente ellenizzato grazie all’influenza di Apollonia e del koinon degli Epiroti."
  18. ^ Errington 1989, p. 98.
  19. ^ Errington 1989, p. 104.
  20. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 133: "The location of Dimale (or Dimallum), a settlement in the territory of the Parthini, at Krotinc west of Berat, depends on tiles stamped DIMALLITAN (in Greek)."
  21. ^ a b c Lasagni 2019, p. 64: "La città illirica di Dimalla (o Dimale), identificata nell’odierna Krotinë/Berat, a nordovest di Apollonia, ha restituito un insieme di documenti epigrafici costituito per la stragrande maggioranza di bolli su tegole databili tra III e II sec. a.C., e da alcune iscrizioni su pietra. Tra i primi, si segnalano in particolare una serie di bolli relativi ad ateliers pubblici, alcuni recanti il nome della polis, ancora nella forma dorica-nordoccidentale Διμάλλας, altri recante l’etnico al genitivo plurale Διμαλλίταν, indicazioni che l’editore, B. Dautaj, suggeriva di interpretare come afferenti rispettivamente alla sola polis di Dimalla, da una parte, e al koinon dei Dimallitai, dall’altra." p. 74: "si vedano, quali esempi significativi, la compresenza delle scritte ΔΙΜΑΛΛΙΤΑΝ e ΔΙΜΑΛΛΑ negli stampi su tegola da Dimalla"
  22. ^ a b c d Hatzopoulos 1997, pp. 144–145.
  23. ^ Myrto 1998: "Dimale"
  24. ^ Lasagni 2019, p. 65: "L’indicazione della carica del phylarchos, che abbiamo visto essere attestata a Epidamnos, implicherebbe che la città illirica di Dimalla avesse adottato in età ellenistica un sistema di phylai – quali che fossero le loro precise funzioni e composizione – sul modello delle vicine poleis corinzie. L’influenza economica e culturale delle poleis hellenides dell’area, e in particolare di Apollonia, sembra emergere dalla stessa indagine archeologica; ma, sul piano istituzionale, sembra difficile credere che la figura del phylarchos possa essere esistita a Dimalla provenendo da tale matrice.
  25. ^ Jaupaj 2019, pp. 440–441

Bibliography

  • Bengtson, Hermann (2009). Griechische Geschichte: von den Anfängen bis in die römische Kaiserzeit. C.H.Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-58940-9.
  • Christ, Karl (1974). Hannibal. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-534-06077-1.
  • Dautaj, Burhan (2009). "Qeramika e pikturuar helenistike e Dimalit". Iliria (in Albanian). 34: 281–321. doi:10.3406/iliri.2009.1090.
  • De Simone, Carlo (2018). "Illyrian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
  • Doçi, Rexhep (2008). "Illyrian-Albanian Toponyms". In Eichler, Ernst; Hilty, Gerold; Löffler, Heinrich; Steger, Hugo; Zgusta, Ladislav (eds.). Namenforschung / Name Studies / Les noms propres. 1. Halbband. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110203424.
  • Errington, R. M. (1989). "Rome and Greece to 250 B.C.". In A. E. Astin; F. W. Walbank; M. W. Frederiksen; R. M. Ogilvie (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. Vol. VIII (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–106. ISBN 0-521-23448-4.
  • Fiedler, M.; Lahi, B.; Shehi, E.; Pánczél, S.-P.; Velo, K.; Döhner, Gregor (2021). "Ausgrabungen in der Kleinsiedlung Babunjë bei Apollonia (Albanien) Bericht zu den Kampagnen 2018–2019". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung (RM). 127: 110–144.
  • Gruen, Erich S. (1986). The Hellenistic world and the coming of Rome. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05737-1.
  • Hatzopoulos, M. B. (1997). "The Borders of Hellenism in Epirus during Antiquity". In M. V. Sakellariou (ed.). Ηπειρος: 4000 χρόνια ελληνικής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού. Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 9789602133712.
  • Illyés, Elemér (1992) [1988]. 2nd (revised) edition 1992). Ethnic continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian area, p. 220].
  • Jaupaj, Lavdosh (2019). Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro-épirote du VII au III siècle av. J.-C (Thesis). Université de Lyon; Instituti i Arkeologjisë (Albanie).
  • Kaffka, Thomas (2007). Der Erste Makedonische Krieg: Imperialismus, Hegemoniestreben oder Expansion?- Rom und die östliche Mittelmeerwelt im 2./1. Jh. V. Chr. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-84946-3.
  • Lasagni, Chiara (2019). Cresci Marrone, Giovannella; Culasso Gastaldi, Enrica (eds.). Le realtà locali nel mondo greco: Ricerche su poleis ed ethne della Grecia occidentale. Studi e testi di epigrafia. Edizioni dell'Orso. ISBN 978-88-6274-962-6.
  • Lippert, Andreas; Matzinger, Joachim (2021). Die Illyrer: Geschichte, Archäologie und Sprache. Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 9783170377103.
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  • Muka, Belisa; Heinzelmann, Michael (2014). "Dimal: new results of the Albanian-German research project". In Molla, Nevilla (ed.). Proceedings of the International Congress of Albanian Archaeological Studies: 65th Anniversary of Albanian Archaeology (21-22 November, Tirana 2013). Tiranë: Botimet Albanologjike. pp. 223–231. ISBN 9789928141286.
  • Myrto, Halil (1998). Albania archeologica: bibliografia sistematica dei centri antichi. Vol. 1: A-D. Bari: Edipuglia.
  • Papadopoulos, John (2016). "Komai, Colonies and Cities in Epirus and Southern Albania: The Failure of the Polis and the Rise of Urbanism on the Fringes of the Greek World". In Molloy, Barry P.C. (ed.). Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours. Oxbow Books. pp. 435–460. ISBN 978-1-78570-232-7.
  • Rubini, Mario; Zaio, Paola (2015). "A Paleoanthropological and Paleopathological Approach to the Dimal Population (3rd–2nd Century BCE, Albania)". Kölner und Bonner Archaeologica. 15.
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  • Stipčević, Aleksandar (1974). The Illyrians: history and culture (1977 ed.). Noyes Press. ISBN 978-0815550525.
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External links

  • Polybius, Histories, 3.18 - Demetrius Fortifies Dimale
  • Polybius, Histories, 7.9 - Treaty Between Hannibal and King Philip V of Macedon
  • Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 29.12
  • Krotine Locator

August 21, 2023
dimale, dimallum, illyrian, Διμάλη, dimálē, ancient, greek, Διμάλη, Διμάλλον, latin, dimallum, town, southern, illyria, classical, antiquity, which, situated, vicinity, within, territory, parthini, illyrian, tribe, built, hill, above, level, hinterland, apollo. Dimale or Dimallum Illyrian Dimalh Dimale 1 Ancient Greek Dimalh or Dimallon Latin Dimallum was a town in southern Illyria in classical antiquity which was situated in the vicinity or within the territory of the Parthini an Illyrian tribe It was built on a hill of 450 m above sea level in the hinterland of Apollonia about 30 km from the eastern coast of the Adriatic It is located in today Krotine Berat County Albania 2 DimaleDimalhShown within AlbaniaAlternative nameDimallon DimallumLocationKrotine Berat County AlbaniaRegionIllyriaCoordinates40 42 59 N 19 47 49 E 40 71639 N 19 79694 E 40 71639 19 79694TypeSettlementHistoryPeriodsIron Age Classical Hellenistic RomanCulturesIllyrian Greek RomanSite notesOwnershipPublicThe first walls of Dimale were built around mid 4th century BC when the Illyrians went through a dynamic development founding their own cities The urban settlement was built on an already existent Illyrian hilltop proto urban area dating back to the previous century 3 In the Hellenistic period between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC the town experienced its climax during a phase marked by intense urban planning including the construction of a new city wall and the building of several stoas a temple and a theater showing a significant influence of the Ancient Greek culture on the local Illyrian inhabitants Manufacturing and materials seem to witness an intense exchange with nearby Apollonia 4 The fortified town of Dimale was regarded as impenetrable by Illyrians 5 It was involved in the Second Roman Illyrian War 6 and the First Roman Macedonian War 7 Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Roman period 3 Findings and organization 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksName EditThe Illyrian toponym is attested in literary sources and epigraphic material written as Dimalh in Greek script and Dimallum in Latin script 1 The toponym belongs to the southeast Dalmatian onomastic area of Illyrian 8 It is a compound of di mal The root mal is reflected in many ancient Balkan Illyrian or Thracian toponyms such as Malontum Maloventum Malontina Dacia Maluensis etc 9 10 The Illyrian toponym Dimallum has been connected to Albanian di male meaning two mountains with the Proto Albanian form of the second component reconstructed as mol no 10 The Illyrian reconstruction of the first component has been rendered as d ṷ i two Therefore Dimale must have meant settlement between two mountains in Illyrian 1 History Edit A R D I A E I D A R D A N I L A B E A T A E P E N E S T A E T A U L A N T I P A R T H I N I D A S S A R E T I BYLLIONES AMANTES Rhizon Meteon Doclea Buthoe Skodra Ulkinion Lissos Scupi Epidamnos Dyrrhachion Lychnidos Royal Tombs Apollonia Dimale Byllis Amantia Orikos Skardon Kandavia Tomaros Ceraunia Meropus Tsangon S o u t h e r n I l l y r i ai n t h e 3rd 2ndc e n t u r i e s B C E At Dimale an Illyrian pre urban and proto urban settlement of the 5th 4th centuries BC is confirmed by pottery found in the site 11 12 However physical architectural remains of this period have not been preserved 13 The Illyrian settlement seems to have included initially only a small inhabited area on the hill which was fortified in the 4th century BC 14 12 representing one of the proto urban centres that were established in the hinterland of southern Illyria today Albania especially during the developed Iron Age These proto urban centres were fortified sites different to the small unwalled villages known as komai The processes of the development of these proto urban settlements are unclear to scholars who also have not yet completely understood the role of these sites whether they were hilltop shelters towns or meeting centres of regional trading 15 The development and prosperity of the town occurred in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC During this period a new wall was built replacing the first fortification The new wall comprised the whole hill of Dimale The town made available sufficient financial resources to undertake a social and religious construction program Several stoas a temple and a theater were built showing a significant influence of the Ancient Greek culture on the local Illyrian inhabitants 16 It has been indicated that the city was a centre of the Illyrian tribe of Parthini and was belatedly Hellenized under the influence of Apollonia and the Epirote League 17 Roman period Edit Dimale appears in ancient sources of the Roman period that describes the wars involving the Roman Republic During the Second Illyrian War in 219 BC Demetrius of Pharos after expelling all his opponents from Dimale fortified the city against an imminent Roman attack and left to defend Pharos In spite of the fortress of Dimale being considered impregnable the Romans under the command of L Aemilius Paullus captured the city in a seven day siege with local Illyrian help After Demetrius complete defeat at Roman hands and ultimate flight to Macedonia Dimale entered into a friendly relationship amicitia with Rome 6 During the First Macedonian war in 213 or 212 BC Philip V of Macedon managed to take control of the city 18 but after an unsuccessful Roman assault led by P Sempronius Tuditanus in 205 BC the city reverted to its previous status in the negotiations between Philip V and Rome Phoenice Treaty of Phoenice the same year 19 Findings and organization Edit Sketch of the fortress of Dimale at the site of Krotine by Camillo Praschniker 1918 The identification of the site of Krotine with the ancient Illyrian city became possible thanks to the discovery of ancient tiles stamped with the word DIMALLITAN Greek DIMALLITAN 20 21 The epigraphic material found at Dimale is mainly constituted by stamps on tiles datable between the 3rd and 2nd century BC and by some stone inscriptions 21 The inscriptions are written in northwest Doric Greek 22 The name of the polis is written in the form Dimallas Dimallas while the name of the ethnicon is written in the genitive plural Dimallitan Dimallitan 21 Epigraphy in Dimale mentions a number of Greek offices 22 such as prytanis grammateus and phylarchos as well as a single dedication to Phoebus 23 The inscriptions bear both non Greek onomastics and Greek onomastics with names typical of Epirus and the Corinthian colonies 22 The city hosted a number of monuments typical of the ancient Greek architectural style such as a stoa 22 The indication of the office of phylarchos also attested at Epidamnos would imply that the Illyrian city of Dimale adopted in Hellenistic times a system of phylai on the model of the nearby Corinthian poleis Archaeological investigation suggests the economic and cultural influence of nearby Apollonia however in terms of institutional organization the office of phylarchos at Dimale is hardly attributable to the Apollonian influence 24 It is difficult to determine whether Dimale was the capital of a koinon or organized as a city state The inscriptions of the ethnicon depicted on coins do not provide a definitive answer The proximity of the theater and the agora seems to be closer to the Illyrian Epirote model rather than to the Greek city model It can therefore be assumed that the theater was used as a place for political assemblies 25 See also EditList of ancient cities in IllyriaReferences Edit a b c Lippert amp Matzinger 2021 p 131 Muka amp Heinzelmann 2014 p 223 Lasagni 2019 p 64 Jaupaj 2019 p 194 Christ 1974 p 290 Bengtson 2009 p 399 Kaffka 2007 p 10 Wilkes 1992 p 133 Gruen 1986 p 381 Winnifrith 2002 p 33 Stipcevic 1974 p 99 Hatzopoulos 1997 pp 144 145 Sasel Kos 2005 p 406 Dautaj 2009 p 281 Muka amp Heinzelmann 2012 p 390 Lasagni 2019 p 65 Fiedler et al 2021 p 137 Lasagni 2019 p 65 Muka amp Heinzelmann 2012 p 390 Stipcevic 1974 p 53 Demetrus took refuge in the fortified town of Dimallum The Illyrians had regarded Dimallum as impregnable and this was precisely the reason why the Romans had decided to attack it a b Errington 1989 pp 92 93 Errington 1989 pp 98 104 De Simone 2018 p 1869 Doci 2008 p 718 a b Illyes 1992 p 220 mal shore bank edge Thracian toponym Malua Dacia Maluensis translated to Dacia Ripensis also Illyrian Malontum Dimallum cf Alb Dimale two mountains The ancient Albanian form is reconstructed as mol no modern Alb mal mountain Romanian mal bank mountain Dautaj 2009 p 281 Emertimi qeramike e pikturuar helenistike e Dimalit ne nje fare menyre nenkupton vazhdimesine e saj nga periudhat e meparshme konkretisht te qeramikes se pikturuar para dhe protourbane ilire me te cilen ka mjaft dukuri e pika takimi natyrisht me risi e novatorizem ne kushtet e zhvillimit te gjithanshem te jetes urbane ne periudhen helenistike a b Muka amp Heinzelmann 2012 p 390 Ne permbledhje te rezultateve te dy fushatave arkeologjike krijohet nje panorame me e plote rreth Dimalit vendbanimi ilir duket te kete qene banuar fillimisht gjate shek V IV p e sone ne nje siperfaqe me te vogel te perqendruar kryesisht ne kodren e akropolit e cila u fortifikua ne shek IV p e sone Muka amp Heinzelmann 2014 p 228 Lasagni 2019 p 65 l insediamento illirico venne fortificato nel IV sec a C nel periodo III II sec a C la citta conobbe il suo floruit accompagnato da un intensa attivita urbanistica a questa fase risale tra le altre cose l edificazione di una nuova cinta muraria e del teatro lavorazioni e materiali sembrano testimoniare un intenso scambio con la vicina Apollonia Papadopoulos 2016 p 440 Muka amp Heinzelmann 2012 p 390 Zhvillimi dhe begatia e qytetit shenohen gjate shek III II p Kr periudhe gjate se ciles fotifikimi i pare i akropolit braktiset dhe ne vend te tij qyteti fortifikohet me nje mur te ri i cili perfshin tashme gjithe kodren e Dimalit Gjate kesaj periudhe qyteti vuri ne dispozicion burime te mjaftueshme financiare per te ndermarre nje program ndertimesh me karakter shoqeror dhe religjioz perfshire ketu ndertimin e disa stoave nje tempulli dhe nje teatri Gjithe keto ndertime deshmojne per nje gjurme te konsiderueshme qe kultura helene ka lene tek banoret vendas ilire Lasagni 2019 p 65 E da considerarsi del tutto superata l ipotesi avanzata da Hammond 1968 14 15 che Dimalla fosse una polis di origine greca fondata sotto Pirro con un contingente di coloni da Apollonia cf infatti Hatzopoulos 1997 145 che indica piuttosto questa citta come centro dell ethnos illirico dei Parthini senza alcuna origine greca ma tardivamente ellenizzato grazie all influenza di Apollonia e del koinon degli Epiroti Errington 1989 p 98 Errington 1989 p 104 Wilkes 1992 p 133 The location of Dimale or Dimallum a settlement in the territory of the Parthini at Krotinc west of Berat depends on tiles stamped DIMALLITAN in Greek a b c Lasagni 2019 p 64 La citta illirica di Dimalla o Dimale identificata nell odierna Krotine Berat a nordovest di Apollonia ha restituito un insieme di documenti epigrafici costituito per la stragrande maggioranza di bolli su tegole databili tra III e II sec a C e da alcune iscrizioni su pietra Tra i primi si segnalano in particolare una serie di bolli relativi ad ateliers pubblici alcuni recanti il nome della polis ancora nella forma dorica nordoccidentale Dimallas altri recante l etnico al genitivo plurale Dimallitan indicazioni che l editore B Dautaj suggeriva di interpretare come afferenti rispettivamente alla sola polis di Dimalla da una parte e al koinon dei Dimallitai dall altra p 74 si vedano quali esempi significativi la compresenza delle scritte DIMALLITAN e DIMALLA negli stampi su tegola da Dimalla a b c d Hatzopoulos 1997 pp 144 145 Myrto 1998 Dimale Lasagni 2019 p 65 L indicazione della carica del phylarchos che abbiamo visto essere attestata a Epidamnos implicherebbe che la citta illirica di Dimalla avesse adottato in eta ellenistica un sistema di phylai quali che fossero le loro precise funzioni e composizione sul modello delle vicine poleis corinzie L influenza economica e culturale delle poleis hellenides dell area e in particolare di Apollonia sembra emergere dalla stessa indagine archeologica ma sul piano istituzionale sembra difficile credere che la figura del phylarchos possa essere esistita a Dimalla provenendo da tale matrice Jaupaj 2019 pp 440 441Bibliography EditBengtson Hermann 2009 Griechische Geschichte von den Anfangen bis in die romische Kaiserzeit C H Beck ISBN 978 3 406 58940 9 Christ Karl 1974 Hannibal Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ISBN 978 3 534 06077 1 Dautaj Burhan 2009 Qeramika e pikturuar helenistike e Dimalit Iliria in Albanian 34 281 321 doi 10 3406 iliri 2009 1090 De Simone Carlo 2018 Illyrian In Klein Jared Joseph Brian Fritz Matthias eds Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG ISBN 978 3 11 054243 1 Doci Rexhep 2008 Illyrian Albanian Toponyms In Eichler Ernst Hilty Gerold Loffler Heinrich Steger Hugo Zgusta Ladislav eds Namenforschung Name Studies Les noms propres 1 Halbband Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3110203424 Errington R M 1989 Rome and Greece to 250 B C In A E Astin F W Walbank M W Frederiksen R M Ogilvie eds The Cambridge Ancient History Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B C Vol VIII 2 ed Cambridge University Press pp 81 106 ISBN 0 521 23448 4 Fiedler M Lahi B Shehi E Panczel S P Velo K Dohner Gregor 2021 Ausgrabungen in der Kleinsiedlung Babunje bei Apollonia Albanien Bericht zu den Kampagnen 2018 2019 Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts Romische Abteilung RM 127 110 144 Gruen Erich S 1986 The Hellenistic world and the coming of Rome University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 05737 1 Hatzopoulos M B 1997 The Borders of Hellenism in Epirus during Antiquity In M V Sakellariou ed Hpeiros 4000 xronia ellhnikhs istorias kai politismoy Ekdotike Athenon ISBN 9789602133712 Illyes Elemer 1992 1988 2nd revised edition 1992 Ethnic continuity in the Carpatho Danubian area p 220 Jaupaj Lavdosh 2019 Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro epirote du VII au III siecle av J C Thesis Universite de Lyon Instituti i Arkeologjise Albanie Kaffka Thomas 2007 Der Erste Makedonische Krieg Imperialismus Hegemoniestreben oder Expansion Rom und die ostliche Mittelmeerwelt im 2 1 Jh V Chr GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3 638 84946 3 Lasagni Chiara 2019 Cresci Marrone Giovannella Culasso Gastaldi Enrica eds Le realta locali nel mondo greco Ricerche su poleis ed ethne della Grecia occidentale Studi e testi di epigrafia Edizioni dell Orso ISBN 978 88 6274 962 6 Lippert Andreas Matzinger Joachim 2021 Die Illyrer Geschichte Archaologie und Sprache Kohlhammer Verlag ISBN 9783170377103 Muka Belisa Heinzelmann Michael 2012 Dimal Iliria in Albanian 36 387 391 doi 10 3406 iliri 2012 2402 Muka Belisa Heinzelmann Michael 2014 Dimal new results of the Albanian German research project In Molla Nevilla ed Proceedings of the International Congress of Albanian Archaeological Studies 65th Anniversary of Albanian Archaeology 21 22 November Tirana 2013 Tirane Botimet Albanologjike pp 223 231 ISBN 9789928141286 Myrto Halil 1998 Albania archeologica bibliografia sistematica dei centri antichi Vol 1 A D Bari Edipuglia Papadopoulos John 2016 Komai Colonies and Cities in Epirus and Southern Albania The Failure of the Polis and the Rise of Urbanism on the Fringes of the Greek World In Molloy Barry P C ed Of Odysseys and Oddities Scales and Modes of Interaction Between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and their Neighbours Oxbow Books pp 435 460 ISBN 978 1 78570 232 7 Rubini Mario Zaio Paola 2015 A Paleoanthropological and Paleopathological Approach to the Dimal Population 3rd 2nd Century BCE Albania Kolner und Bonner Archaeologica 15 Sasel Kos Marjeta 2005 Appian and Illyricum Narodni Muzej Slovenije ISBN 978 961 6169 36 3 Stipcevic Aleksandar 1974 The Illyrians history and culture 1977 ed Noyes Press ISBN 978 0815550525 Stipcevic Aleksandar 1989 Iliri povijest zivot kultura The Illyrians history and culture in Croatian Skolska knjiga ISBN 9788603991062 Wilkes John J 1992 The Illyrians Oxford United Kingdom Blackwell Publishing ISBN 0 631 19807 5 Winnifrith Tom J 2002 Badlands borderlands a history of Northern Epirus Southern Albania London Duckworth ISBN 0 7156 3201 9 External links EditPolybius Histories 3 18 Demetrius Fortifies Dimale Polybius Histories 7 9 Treaty Between Hannibal and King Philip V of Macedon Titus Livius Ab Urbe Condita 29 12 Krotine Locator Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dimale amp oldid 1160007485, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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