"Dehgan" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Dehgan, Iran.
The dehqân (Persian: دهقان) or dehgân (Persian: دهگان), were a class of land-owning magnates during the Sasanian and early Islamic period, found throughout Iranian-speaking lands.[1] The deqhans started to gradually fade away under the Seljuks and Qarakhanids, due to the increase of the iqta' (land grants) and the decline of the landowning class. By the time of their dissolution, they had played a key role in preserving the Iranian national identity. Their Islamization and cultural Iranianization of the Turks led to the establishment of the Iranian essence within the Islamic world, something which would continue throughout the Middle Ages and far into modern times.[2][1]
The term dehqân descended from Middle Persiandahigān meaning "countryman, peasant, villager" or "farmer".[3] The original meaning was "pertaining to the deh" (Old Persian: dahyu)—the latter term not in the latter sense of “village” (as in Modern Persian) but in the original sense of “land”.[1]Deh (ده / 𐭬𐭲𐭠) has both the same meaning of "village" in Middle Persian and in Modern Persian.
Pre-Islamic eraedit
In the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire, the dehqans were considered minor landowners. The term dehqan emerged as a hereditary social class in the later Sassanid era, that managed local affairs and whom peasants were obliged to obey.
Following the suppression of the Mazdakite uprising, Khosrau I implemented social reforms which benefited the dehqans.[4][5] Under reign of Khosrau, who followed the same policies as his father, the dehqans gained influence as the backbone of the Sasanian army and as imperial tax collectors,[5] eventually replacing the nobility as the base for the army under Khosrau reforms.[6] As their influence grew, they maintained Persian ethics, ideals and social norms which were later reawakened during medieval times in Islamic Persia.[7]
Islamic eraedit
In early Islamic texts, the dehqans function almost as local rulers under the Arab domain and the term was sometimes juxtaposed with marzabān (“marcher-lord, governor”). By the 11th century, the dehqans were landowners or directly involved in agriculture; either the planting or the management of the land.[8] Aside from their political and social role, the dehqans who were well versed in the history and culture of pre-Islamic Iran, played an important cultural role by serving rulers and princes as learned men.[9][page needed]
Iranians had not only preserved the ideals of the dehqans from the Sassanid times and brought them into the Islamic period, but they also inculcated these ideals to the minds of the ruling Arab aristocracy, who also fused with Iranians.[9][page needed] In the 9th century, the Tahirids, who were of Persian dehqan origin, initiated a resurgence of Persian culture.[10]
During the Saljuq era, the dehqans played a major role as the Saljuqs turned to the dehqan aristocracy in order to govern their empire. The alliance between the dehqans and the Saljuqs actually created resentment among the Turcoman tribesmen after 1055 when Toghril Beg took over Baghdad.[9][page needed] Due to the attachment of the dehqans to Iranian culture, the term dehqan had already become synonymous to “a Persian of noble blood” in contrast to Arabs, Turks and Romans. According to some sources, including Nezami ‘Aruzi, the Iranian national poet Ferdowsi was also of the dehqan lineage.[9][page needed] Another poet that refers to himself as a dehqan is Qatran Tabrizi who was also well versed about ancient Iran. His poetry is replete with the references to ancient Iranian characters and their role.[9][page needed]
^Brill Publishers (2014). Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055. Bertold Spuler. p. 225. ISBN9789004282094.
^Anna Szombierska (2016). "Surnames and National Identity in Turkey and Iran". Pisma Humanistyczne. XIV: 182. ISSN 1506-9567.
Daftary, F. (1999). "Sectarian and national movements in Iran, Khurasan and Transoxanial during Umayyad in early Abbasid times". In Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV. Motilal Banarsidass.
Daryaee, Touraj (2009). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B. Tauris.
Lambton, Ann K. S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia. SUNY Press.
Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria (ed.). On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi. Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies.
Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire. I.B. Tauris.
dehqan, dehgan, redirects, here, village, iran, dehgan, iran, dehqân, persian, دهقان, dehgân, persian, دهگان, were, class, land, owning, magnates, during, sasanian, early, islamic, period, found, throughout, iranian, speaking, lands, deqhans, started, graduall. Dehgan redirects here For the village in Iran see Dehgan Iran The dehqan Persian دهقان or dehgan Persian دهگان were a class of land owning magnates during the Sasanian and early Islamic period found throughout Iranian speaking lands 1 The deqhans started to gradually fade away under the Seljuks and Qarakhanids due to the increase of the iqta land grants and the decline of the landowning class By the time of their dissolution they had played a key role in preserving the Iranian national identity Their Islamization and cultural Iranianization of the Turks led to the establishment of the Iranian essence within the Islamic world something which would continue throughout the Middle Ages and far into modern times 2 1 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Pre Islamic era 3 Islamic era 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further readingEtymology editThe term dehqan descended from Middle Persian dahigan meaning countryman peasant villager or farmer 3 The original meaning was pertaining to the deh Old Persian dahyu the latter term not in the latter sense of village as in Modern Persian but in the original sense of land 1 Deh ده 𐭬𐭲𐭠 has both the same meaning of village in Middle Persian and in Modern Persian Pre Islamic era editIn the pre Islamic Sasanian Empire the dehqans were considered minor landowners The term dehqan emerged as a hereditary social class in the later Sassanid era that managed local affairs and whom peasants were obliged to obey Following the suppression of the Mazdakite uprising Khosrau I implemented social reforms which benefited the dehqans 4 5 Under reign of Khosrau who followed the same policies as his father the dehqans gained influence as the backbone of the Sasanian army and as imperial tax collectors 5 eventually replacing the nobility as the base for the army under Khosrau reforms 6 As their influence grew they maintained Persian ethics ideals and social norms which were later reawakened during medieval times in Islamic Persia 7 Islamic era editIn early Islamic texts the dehqans function almost as local rulers under the Arab domain and the term was sometimes juxtaposed with marzaban marcher lord governor By the 11th century the dehqans were landowners or directly involved in agriculture either the planting or the management of the land 8 Aside from their political and social role the dehqans who were well versed in the history and culture of pre Islamic Iran played an important cultural role by serving rulers and princes as learned men 9 page needed Iranians had not only preserved the ideals of the dehqans from the Sassanid times and brought them into the Islamic period but they also inculcated these ideals to the minds of the ruling Arab aristocracy who also fused with Iranians 9 page needed In the 9th century the Tahirids who were of Persian dehqan origin initiated a resurgence of Persian culture 10 During the Saljuq era the dehqans played a major role as the Saljuqs turned to the dehqan aristocracy in order to govern their empire The alliance between the dehqans and the Saljuqs actually created resentment among the Turcoman tribesmen after 1055 when Toghril Beg took over Baghdad 9 page needed Due to the attachment of the dehqans to Iranian culture the term dehqan had already become synonymous to a Persian of noble blood in contrast to Arabs Turks and Romans According to some sources including Nezami Aruzi the Iranian national poet Ferdowsi was also of the dehqan lineage 9 page needed Another poet that refers to himself as a dehqan is Qatran Tabrizi who was also well versed about ancient Iran His poetry is replete with the references to ancient Iranian characters and their role 9 page needed References edit a b c Tafazzoli 2011 Brill Publishers 2014 Iran in the Early Islamic Period Politics Culture Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests 633 1055 Bertold Spuler p 225 ISBN 9789004282094 Anna Szombierska 2016 Surnames and National Identity in Turkey and Iran Pisma Humanistyczne XIV 182 ISSN 1506 9567 Pourshariati 2008 p 85 a b Daryaee 2009 p 29 Atef Alyssa Khusrau I Anushirvan Undergraduate Journal of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations 9 University of Toronto 37 Daryaee 2009 p 55 Lambton 1988 p 138 note 5 a b c d e Lornejad amp Doostzadeh 2012 Daftary 1999 p 57 Sources editDaftary F 1999 Sectarian and national movements in Iran Khurasan and Transoxanial during Umayyad in early Abbasid times In Asimov M S Bosworth C E eds History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol IV Motilal Banarsidass Daryaee Touraj 2009 Sasanian Persia The Rise and Fall of an Empire I B Tauris Lambton Ann K S 1988 Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia SUNY Press Lornejad Siavash Doostzadeh Ali 2012 Arakelova Victoria ed On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies Pourshariati Parvaneh 2008 Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire I B Tauris Tafazzoli Aḥmad 2011 DEHQAN Encyclopaedia Iranica Further reading editPaul Jurgen 2015 Dihqan In Fleet Kate Kramer Gudrun Matringe Denis Nawas John Rowson Everett eds Encyclopaedia of Islam 3rd ed Brill Online ISSN 1873 9830 Miller Isabel 2017 Dihqan In Madelung Wilferd Daftary Farhad eds Encyclopaedia Islamica Online Brill Online ISSN 1875 9831 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dehqan amp oldid 1213588786, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
